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The topic of this diploma thesis is the loneliness and the alienation of characters that we can find in works of George Orwell. In the first part I am going to focus on Orwell's life and on events that influenced him as a writer. I am also going to try to find the manner in which Orwell projected his own feelings into the characters of his books. In the second part I am going to introduce some of George Orwell's novels and essays. In these works I am going to try to find the topic of loneliness that often occurs in his works.

The aim of this essay is to explore the possibilities of using science fiction short stories when discussing the morals and values prescribed by the Swedish curriculum for upper secondary level. The two main focus points are pinpointing the ways in which the four short stories depict cognitive estrangement, and examining how these elements of cognitive estrangement aid in the use of these stories in the classroom. A hermeneutic method, in which the material is analyzed and interpreted from a didactic viewpoint, is used to achieve these two goals. Through the analysis of the four short stories, values such as tolerance, responsibility, autonomy, and understanding others’ viewpoints can be found, and the illustrations are well suited for a variety of topics for discussion in a classroom scenario. These values are illustrated through the fictious environments and situations that signify the science fiction genre – the element of cognitive estrangement.

Yes / In this article I look at the emotional effects of alienation in modern capitalist societies. I begin by considering Marx’s theory of alienation, focusing especially on the alienation between people and between them and the social institutions to which they should be connected. In this way, alienation is understood as a form of estrangement within social relations and I draw out the emotional implications of this, in terms of the relations between people and in the way people feel about their own self. This is enhanced through an understanding of emotions as relational phenomena, a position highly attuned to Marx’s own mode of social analysis. I then illustrate and develop this understanding of alienation and emotion by drawing on the empirical examples of political relations and property relations in the UK, concluding with a discussion of what this tells us about alienation and emotion in contemporary capitalist societies.

Quiconque scrute le statut de l’éloquence chez Hume ne peut se dispenser d’interroger les analyses de l’auteur dans le Traité de la nature humaine, tout en accordant une attention soutenue aux Essais moraux, politiques et littéraires, et à l’Enquête sur l’entendement humain. L’examen de la verve au sein de la philosophie humienne peut s’avérer risquée et complexe, d’autant que la fragmentation dans la manière d’aborder le sujet s’accompagne de considérations qui peuvent obscurcir plutôt qu’éclaircir la compréhension d’un certain nombre de problèmes. Le présent travail cherche à démontrer que, chez Hume, l’’éloquence peut être comprise sous le prisme d’une activité délibérée et amusante de « connaissance de soi de l’imagination (esprit), puisque celle-ci se replie sur elle-même lorsqu’elle se représente une myriade d’existences possibles. De cette manière, l’éloquence quitte son statut de pratique risquée et hasardeuse pour se faire la garante d’une propédeutique scientifique, c’est-à-dire d’une discipline d’initiation à la science humienne de l’homme. / Anyone who scrutinizes the status of eloquence in Hume cannot dismiss questioning the author's analyses in A Treatise on Human Nature, while paying close attention to the Moral, Political, and Literary Essays, and to An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Examination of the verve within humian philosophy can be risky and complex, especially as the fragmentation in the approach to the subject is accompanied by considerations that may obscure rather than clarify the understanding of a number of problems. This work seeks to demonstrate that, in Hume, eloquence can be understood under the prism of a deliberate and amusing activity of “self-knowledge of the imagination (spirit)”, since it is withdrawn on itself even when it represents a myriad of possible existences. In this way, eloquence abandons its status of risky and hazardous practice to make itself the guarantor of a scientific propaedeutic endeavor, that is to say, a discipline of initiation to the humian science of man.

Many scholars contend that family relationships are nonvoluntary despite evidence that suggests family estrangement is both significant and on the rise. Typically, family estrangement is a serious life rupture often brought on by physical, emotional, or psychological abuse. In order to explore this understudied phenomenon, I began by applying a discourse dependence perspective framework to analyze 52 accounts from adult children who voluntarily and intentionally distanced themselves from a parent or parents with whom they had a negative relationship. Specifically, I engaged in thematic analysis to explore the communicative practices adult children enact to accomplish and maintain distance with a parent or parents as well as the practices they use to disclose and sustain their estrangement to members of their social network. Based on in-depth interviews, results suggest that estrangement is a complex process that requires many communicative practices. At a broad level, these practices were categorized as declarative, one-time, and/or continuously enacted. Of note, adult children reported having to spend a considerable amount of time engaging in communicative practices to maintain the distance they were able to create, which suggests that relational maintenance is more than a constellation of practices that keep relationships close. Additional results reveal that the majority of participants did not disclose their estrangement to members of their social work. In the event others knew about the distance, it was typically because they were there to witness the distancing practices or because the participant conditionally disclosed the information. Similar to the emphasis on maintenance, adult children revealed that sustaining the estrangement required extensive communicative work. In other words, adult children had to resist social network members who sought to reconcile them with their parents. Taken together, results from this study hold promising theoretical and practical implications for researchers, clinicians, social network members, and other individuals going through the estrangement process. These implications and directions for research are discussed.

Although presenting the concept of love in a form not accepted by societal conventions does indeed estrange the conception of love in Nabakov's Lolita, it does nothing to explain how readers accept Humbert's passion, without immediately and consistently disregarding it as lewd and inappropriate. I will argue that Nabakov estranges the romantic conceptions not by defamiliarizing the occasion of love (i.e. by making the romance a manifestation of pedophilia), but rather by defamiliarizing and complicating the acts of both reading and interpreting. First, I will make associations between the Romantics and Nabokov, regarding their shared desire to renew the habitual acts of both perceiving and interpreting human life, which they accomplish through methods of isolating the emotions effected by acts--not the acts themselves. After which, I will examine the theories of phenomenology and externalist philosophy to cement the concepts of anticipation and hermeneutics, starting in general and then narrowing to the act of reading. In following, I will demonstrate how Nabokov agitates this anticipation for readers, making the very act of reading Lolita a new experience, in which Romantic themes do not appear cliché and outdated. On the whole, I will maintain that it is this disruption in interpretation that absolves Humbert's ills, allowing Lolita to maintain its status as one of the greatest love stories of the twentieth century.

This creative thesis is a work of fiction exploring the family dynamics of the Van Der Weerd family, told from the point of view of three main characters: Katie (age 30) and her parents, Donna and Harold. Donna and Harold are about to divorce and their son, Brett is estranged from the entire family, including the young daughter he’s never known. The novel spans a year’s time, with the final chapter moving forward another year. Estrangement, addiction, death, and the custody of a four-year old niece and granddaughter are part of this story. (Preliminary pages only)

Submitted by PPGE PPGE (pgedu@ufba.br) on 2015-01-09T16:55:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dossertação de Mestrado.pdf.pdf: 1904618 bytes, checksum: c791e3a6e73aa6c2284c81353226c1a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2015-01-27T17:56:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dossertação de Mestrado.pdf.pdf: 1904618 bytes, checksum: c791e3a6e73aa6c2284c81353226c1a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-27T17:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dossertação de Mestrado.pdf.pdf: 1904618 bytes, checksum: c791e3a6e73aa6c2284c81353226c1a9 (MD5) / Se configurando como ponto de partida da pesquisa, definimos enquanto pergunta síntese: como se manifesta o fenômeno da alienação e estranhamento em uma produção humana de ordem não material, neste caso, na cultura corporal? Destacamos que não se trata de uma questão que surge de nossa cabeça; antes, está ancorada em uma realidade empírica de falta de acesso às produções humanas da cultura corporal. Nosso desafio foi o de entender como uma produçãoque incialmente o produto énão separável do produtor, pode se estranhar deste. Em definindo a pergunta síntese, identificamos que uma revisão bibliográfica nos ofereceria a instrumentalização necessária na busca pela resposta. Para tal, inicialmente recorremos aos clássicos marxianos – notadamente Manuscritos Econômicos de 1844, Sagrada Família e Ideologia Alemã-e textos marxistas por reconhecer que aí encontramos a definição de alienação/estranhamento por excelência. Coube uma análise diferenciada entre os fenômenos da alienação (Entausserung) e estranhamento (Entfremdung) entendendo-os a partir da determinação de um pelo outro. Após, a partir de um estudo ontológico, definimos a cultura corporal como atividade humana de caráter não material em que o produto é, inicialmente, não separável do produtor; afasta-se aparentemente do trabalho enquanto intercâmbio orgânico sem deixar de ser determinada pelo modo de produção. No terceiro e último capítulo sintetizamos a discussão relacionando o fenômeno do estranhamento no campo da cultura corporal. Apontamos as expressões objetivas e subjetivas do fenômeno. Ao fim destacamos que aquilo que inicialmente é não separável do produtor, por conta das determinações históricas, tem sua estrutura modificada, transita para o campo das produções separáveis onde o sentido passa a não corresponder com o significado e passa a se constituir enquanto mais uma das mercadorias a serem trocadas no grande mercado. Isto inevitavelmente causa uma limitação no acesso. O produtor se estranha do produto, do processo e do gênero humano. Esta expressão objetiva encontra correspondência no campo da subjetividade onde o processo de apropriação da cultura corporal se dá a partir de uma apropriação em-si, uma identificação espontânea, tendo-as não como suas produções, mas sim como pressupostos de sua atividade, ou seja, a cultura corporal se estranha ao produtor. / ABSTRACT As the starting point of this research defined as the synthesis question: how does the phenomenon of alienation and estrangement manifest itself in a non-material culture, in that case, in the body culture? We have distinguished that it is not about a question that sprouts up from our mind; otherwise, it is built on an empirical reality related to the absence of access to the human productions of the body culture. Our challenge was to understand how a production, which initially its result is non-separable from its producer, might estrange itself from the other one. Having defined the synthesis question we identified that a bibliographic review would offer us the necessary apparatus in search of this answer. For this, at the very beginning, we resorted to the Marxian classics – especially The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, The Holy Family and The German Ideology – and other Marxist texts for recognizing that there we found the definition of the phenomena of alienation (Entäußerung) and estrangement (Entfremdung) understanding them from the determination of each other. After that, as of an ontological study, we defined the body culture as a human activity featuring a non-material aspect in which the product is, initially, non-separable from the producer; put itself apparently away from the labor as an organic exchange shall not long be determined by the mode of production. In the third and in the last chapter we summarized the discussion relating the phenomenon of estrangement in the field of the body culture. We pointed to the objective and subjective expression of the phenomenon. Lastly, we highlighted that what primarily is not separable from the producer, due to the historical determinations, has its structure modified, and shifts itself to the field of the separable productions in which the sense does not correspond with the meaning and constitutes itself as one more commodity to be changed in the great market. This unavoidably causes a limitation in the access. The producer estranges himself from the product, from the process and from the human gender. This expression aims to meet a correspondence in the subjectivity field in which the process of appropriation of the body culture takes place from an appropriation itself, a spontaneous identity understanding them not as your productions but so as a presumption of his activity, it means, the body culture estranges itself to the producer.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-15T00:15:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Margarida_M_Sandeski_2016.pdf: 842940 bytes, checksum: 82cf10444175d9dbe9989bc6690391f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T00:15:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Margarida_M_Sandeski_2016.pdf: 842940 bytes, checksum: 82cf10444175d9dbe9989bc6690391f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation has an objective to show the concept of man in Marx from the Economic-Philosophic Manuscript of 1844. For justification of this purpose, relevant categories will be discussed such as: work, private property, alienation, estrangement, destrangement and emancipation. We seek to understand: 1) how man, between alienated and estranged work, can achieve the quality of emancipated man; 2) how a Marx theoretical construction contributes by work proposition as founding category of social being, for man builds and rebuilds himself in the midst a capitalist society. First, we are going to show that the founding structure of the capitalist system is in a private property. The capitalist, when uses the estranged work, empowers the capital gain, makes the social division of work an instrument of worker accumulation and exploitation which earns a too little pay and his existence just has sense while it is useful to the capitalist, i.e. he does not exist as a human, but only as human good. To maximize the gains of capital, the capitalist structure feeds itself by man work which turned into good is sold by a wage which guarantees his survival. In this way, work and capital depend each other, the worker aims in the work, his existence is subjected in object and the human dimension is emptied. Second, we start with the assumption of the capitalist society has in the private property a production way which uses the alienated work to get and enhance its capital. Thus, the man by the modern conditions is in an alienation condition and generates the estrangement of the man in relation to his work product, in his activity, in his generic being in relation to the other men. The loss of himself, in his activity performance (work) changes his life in mere way of life and the man while he becomes alienated and estranged, his exteriority opposes him because it takes part of a set of social coercions; So Marx points out in the private property the cause of this man estrangement. Finally, we are going to talk at length about the man, the only being who can register in his own nature the freedom attribute as a becoming. Marx shows us that by a practical and real action, to remove the estrangement by the destrangement and build emancipatory actions. By the revolutionary action, the private property and the estranged work, which result in man brutalization, form this way besides the reflection about awareness importance of the working class which can support his estrangement state understanding the world is produced by it, since the capitalism is a historic construction. So, the man when requires his emancipation, which does not occur without a deep social transformation, notices this revolutionary action is not the return of his state of nature, but for the emancipation is connected to the history and aims the development of human capacities. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar a concepção de homem em Marx a partir da obra Manuscritos Econômico-Filosóficos de 1844. Para a fundamentação desse propósito, serão abordadas categorias relevantes, tais como: trabalho, propriedade privada, alienação, estranhamento, desestranhamento e emancipação. Buscaremos compreender: 1) como o homem, em meio ao trabalho alienado e estranhado, pode se alçar à qualidade de [homem] emancipado; 2) como a construção teórica de Marx contribui, por meio da proposição do trabalho como categoria fundante do ser social, para que o homem se construa e reconstrua em meio à sociedade capitalista. Inicialmente mostraremos que a estrutura fundante do sistema capitalista está na propriedade privada. O capitalista, ao utilizar-se do trabalho estranhado, potencializa o ganho do capital, faz da divisão social do trabalho um instrumento de acumulação e de exploração do trabalhador que recebe um salário miserável, e sua existência só tem sentido enquanto útil ao capitalista, isto é, ele não existe enquanto homem, mas somente como mercadoria humana. Para maximizar os ganhos do capital, a estrutura capitalista alimenta-se do trabalho do homem que, transformado em mercadoria, é vendido por um salário que garante sua sobrevivência. Desta forma, trabalho e capital se interdependem, o trabalhador objetiva-se no trabalho, sua existência é subjetivada no objeto e a dimensão humana é esvaziada. No segundo capítulo, partiremos do pressuposto de que a sociedade capitalista tem na propriedade privada um modo de produção que se utiliza do trabalho alienado para obter e aumentar seu capital. Assim, o homem pelas condições modernas está numa condição de alienação e gera o estranhamento do homem em relação ao seu produto do trabalho, em sua atividade, em seu ser genérico e em relação aos outros homens. A perda de si, na realização de sua atividade (trabalho) transforma sua vida em mero meio de vida, e o homem à medida que se aliena e se estranha, sua exterioridade se opõe a ele, pois faz parte de um conjunto de coerções sociais; Marx então fundamenta na propriedade privada a causa desse estranhamento do homem. Por fim, iremos discorrer sobre o homem, único ser que pode inscrever na própria natureza o atributo de liberdade como um vir a ser. Marx nos dá indicativos para que, por meio de uma ação prática e real, suprimamos o estranhamento, por meio do desestranhamento ao construir ações emancipatórias. Pela ação revolucionária, a propriedade privada e o trabalho estranhado, que resultam no embrutecimento do homem, constituem esse caminho, além da reflexão sobre a importância da conscientização da classe trabalhadora que pode superar seu estado de estranhamento ao compreender que o mundo é produzido por ela, uma vez que o capitalismo é uma construção histórica. Logo, o homem ao requerer sua emancipação, que não ocorrerá sem uma profunda transformação social, percebe que essa ação revolucionária não é o retorno ao seu estado de natureza, mas sim que a emancipação está conectada à história e visa ao desenvolvimento das capacidades humanas.