Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-302). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004. / "A dissertation in community psychology." Advisor: Joseph B. Hughey. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Frb. 23, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-370). Online version of the print edition.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

O consumo e a degradação dos recursos naturais no ritmo em que está sendo realizado pode comprometer seriamente a sobrevivência das gerações futuras. Neste contexto, uma das atividades onde a boa prática operacional poderia fazer diferença no que diz respeito aos impactos ao meio ambiente é o transporte, setor que merece destaque, pois tem grande participação nas práticas impactantes para o meio ambiente, dada a quantidade de produtos que são movimentados. A indústria química utiliza em larga escala os serviços logísticos oferecidos por terceiros para armazenar, manusear e transportar matérias-primas, intermediários e produtos químicos industrializados. Com objetivo de reduzir riscos envolvidos nos serviços logísticos de produtos químicos, foi criada uma ferramenta denominada Sistema de Avaliação de Saúde, Segurança, Meio Ambiente e Qualidade - SASSMAQ, utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação compulsória para os serviços logísticos prestados a esse setor. Das questões abordadas pelo SASSMAQ 16% estão relacionadas aos cuidados ambientais, sendo 14% classificadas como mandatórias. A questão a ser analisada por esta pesquisa é de tentar identificar, por meio de um estudo de caso voltado ao transporte de produtos perigosos, se não poderiam ter mais elementos que indicariam a possibilidade de inserir indicadores ambientais no SASSMAQ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso utilizando trinta e quatro caminhões durante o processo de carga-transporte-descarga visando identificar, por meio de dados gerados durante quatro anos, quais as possíveis ações a serem realizadas tendo como foco a prevenção da poluição e minimização da utilização de recursos não renováveis. Os dados coletados foram gerados desde a aquisição dos caminhões até o final de vida produtiva e sua baixa no sistema, sendo considerados o abastecimento, revisões, manutenções corretivas e preventivas, trocas de pneus, testes de ruídos e opacidade, geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos produzidos durante este período de análise. Como resultado pretende-se identificar oportunidades de inserção de parâmetros que possam auxiliar na formatação de indicadores de ecoeficiência e que também possam ser propostos no SASSMAQ. / The consumption and degradation of natural resources at the current rate being held may be seriously compromising the survival of future generations. In this context, one of the activities where good operating practice could make a difference with regard to the impacts on the environment is the transportation sector, which is noteworthy since a large role in impacting practices for the environment, given the amount of products are moved. The chemical industry uses large-scale logistics services offered by third parties for storing, handling and transporting raw materials, intermediates and industrial chemicals. SASSMAQ used as a compulsory assessment tool for logistics services to this sector - aiming to reduce risks involved in logistics services for chemicals, a tool called Assessment System Health, Safety, Environment and Quality was created. The subjects addressed by SASSMAQ 16% are related to environmental care, 14% are classified as mandatory. The question to be addressed by this research is trying to identify, through a case study focused on the transportation of dangerous goods, it could not have more elements that indicate the possibility of including environmental indicators SASSMAQ. Thus, a case study using thirty-four trucks during the load-haul-dump was performed to identify, through data generated during four years what possible actions to be undertaken with a focus on pollution prevention and minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources. Data were generated from the acquisition of trucks by the end of their productive life and low in the system, being considered supplies, reviews, corrective and preventive maintenance, tire changes, noise and opacity tests, generation of solid and liquid waste produced during this analysis. As a result we intend to identify opportunities for insertion of parameters that can assist in formatting eco-efficiency indicators and can also be offered on SASSMAQ.

O consumo e a degradação dos recursos naturais no ritmo em que está sendo realizado pode comprometer seriamente a sobrevivência das gerações futuras. Neste contexto, uma das atividades onde a boa prática operacional poderia fazer diferença no que diz respeito aos impactos ao meio ambiente é o transporte, setor que merece destaque, pois tem grande participação nas práticas impactantes para o meio ambiente, dada a quantidade de produtos que são movimentados. A indústria química utiliza em larga escala os serviços logísticos oferecidos por terceiros para armazenar, manusear e transportar matérias-primas, intermediários e produtos químicos industrializados. Com objetivo de reduzir riscos envolvidos nos serviços logísticos de produtos químicos, foi criada uma ferramenta denominada Sistema de Avaliação de Saúde, Segurança, Meio Ambiente e Qualidade - SASSMAQ, utilizada como ferramenta de avaliação compulsória para os serviços logísticos prestados a esse setor. Das questões abordadas pelo SASSMAQ 16% estão relacionadas aos cuidados ambientais, sendo 14% classificadas como mandatórias. A questão a ser analisada por esta pesquisa é de tentar identificar, por meio de um estudo de caso voltado ao transporte de produtos perigosos, se não poderiam ter mais elementos que indicariam a possibilidade de inserir indicadores ambientais no SASSMAQ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso utilizando trinta e quatro caminhões durante o processo de carga-transporte-descarga visando identificar, por meio de dados gerados durante quatro anos, quais as possíveis ações a serem realizadas tendo como foco a prevenção da poluição e minimização da utilização de recursos não renováveis. Os dados coletados foram gerados desde a aquisição dos caminhões até o final de vida produtiva e sua baixa no sistema, sendo considerados o abastecimento, revisões, manutenções corretivas e preventivas, trocas de pneus, testes de ruídos e opacidade, geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos produzidos durante este período de análise. Como resultado pretende-se identificar oportunidades de inserção de parâmetros que possam auxiliar na formatação de indicadores de ecoeficiência e que também possam ser propostos no SASSMAQ. / The consumption and degradation of natural resources at the current rate being held may be seriously compromising the survival of future generations. In this context, one of the activities where good operating practice could make a difference with regard to the impacts on the environment is the transportation sector, which is noteworthy since a large role in impacting practices for the environment, given the amount of products are moved. The chemical industry uses large-scale logistics services offered by third parties for storing, handling and transporting raw materials, intermediates and industrial chemicals. SASSMAQ used as a compulsory assessment tool for logistics services to this sector - aiming to reduce risks involved in logistics services for chemicals, a tool called Assessment System Health, Safety, Environment and Quality was created. The subjects addressed by SASSMAQ 16% are related to environmental care, 14% are classified as mandatory. The question to be addressed by this research is trying to identify, through a case study focused on the transportation of dangerous goods, it could not have more elements that indicate the possibility of including environmental indicators SASSMAQ. Thus, a case study using thirty-four trucks during the load-haul-dump was performed to identify, through data generated during four years what possible actions to be undertaken with a focus on pollution prevention and minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources. Data were generated from the acquisition of trucks by the end of their productive life and low in the system, being considered supplies, reviews, corrective and preventive maintenance, tire changes, noise and opacity tests, generation of solid and liquid waste produced during this analysis. As a result we intend to identify opportunities for insertion of parameters that can assist in formatting eco-efficiency indicators and can also be offered on SASSMAQ.

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is conducting a study focusing on risk assessment associated with movement of hazardous materials, and determination of corresponding vulnerable areas in the state. A goal of this research is to make the hazardous material risk assessment an integral part of accident analysis find risk management functions in transportation agencies. To achieve these objectives, the authors developed an interactive, user friendly microcomputer package. The risk assessment model behind this package relies on the notion that data can be obtained easily and updated over time. This package, therefore, employs existing data on accident reports, traffic information, and geometric parameters that is transferred from a mainframe database to the microcomputer. The modelling framework consists of several modules: LEVEL, EDIT, INFO, ZOOM, ANALYZE, MITIGATE, PRINT, HELP, RESET, and QUIT Module. It employs a color coding of streets, municipalities, counties, and states for easy and clear interpretation. To enhance graphic display capabilities of the model, shape points are digitized for each network link. In the LEVEL module three different scales are defined ranging from a small scale county level to a large scale street level, namely, 1)County, 2)Municipality, and 3)Street Any scale may be selected for analysis at any time in the procedure. All other modules are, then, performed on the basis of chosen scale. The EDIT module can be used for data input or investigating hypothetical changes in order to determine the best strategies for problem alleviation. Creating or deleting techniques are included to avoid redigitizing the whole map provided link geometries will be changed over time. Edited data can either be saved on diskette files or be used temporarily in memory without altering original flies. The INFO module employs dialogue boxes with bar graphs or color shadow maps to facilitate depicting numeric values of input and output statistics. The ZOOM module allows user to see the area in question in more detail. The ANALYZE module comprises the main part of this package. Two primary features include : 1) vulnerability and risk assessment at the macro level which provides a ranking of the most affected counties, municipalities and streets (Macro analysis), and 2) risk analysis at the micro level (i.e. street level) which determines corridors of least risk between fixed origins and destinations (Micro analysis). The MITIGATION module is provided for evaluation of mitigating measures. The HELP module uses pop-window techniques to provide quick information with minimal program disruption. The RESET module exits ZOOM module and resets screen. Finally, QUIT module shells out to DOS or exits the package. / Ph. D.

The response of several plant species to heavy metal contaminated soils was evaluated using plant bioassays with a soil substrate. A natural soil was collected from Dinwiddie County, Virginia and soil analysis was performed. The plant species, Lolium multiflorum, setaria italica and Trifolium rep ens latum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Andropogon gerardi, Asclepias syriaca, Echinacea purpurea, Rudbeckia hirta and Festuca rubra were grown in to determine the response to cupric and cadmium chloride in soils (mg Cu/kg soil). A few plant species were grown in small pots in a plant growth chamber for 28 days using control, 10, 30, 100 and 300mg Cu or Cd/kg soil. Germination proved to be less sensitive than root length. S. italica had highest ECSOs. In eu 20.7 and 15.3 in Cd. All plant species were grown for 7 days in 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 10.0, and 30.0mg Cu/kg soil and in control. Germination was not effected by metal concentrations in most species (p=0.07-0.6), except T.repens latum, R. hirta and F. rubra at 30mg/kg (p=0.0007). Root length was significantly effected by Cu concentrations for almost all species (p=0.0001-0.0112). Setaria italica had the highest EC50 at 10.86mg/kg. Robinia pseudoacacia root length was not significantly affected by CU concentrations. The other species had EC50s ranging from 3.74-7.51mg/kg. Both inhibition and stimulation of root growth were observed. Preliminary studies regarding germination rates, fungicides and rangefinding are included. / Master of Science

The most important thermal, chemical, physical, and biological methods for treating hazardous wastes and the fate of their land-disposed residues are reviewed and evaluated. Technologies are described as major, minor, and emerging according to their stage of development or application to hazardous waste; major ones include rotary kiln, liquid injection, and cement kiln incineration; neutralization, chemical oxidation-reduction, and ion exchange; filtration, distillation and settling techniques; and activated sludge, aerated lagoon, and landfarming treatment. Emerging technologies include molten salt and fluidized- bed combustion, liquid-ion extraction and other processes, none of which are considered to be outside the realm of current or future economic feasibility. In addition, waste reduction strategies and the land burial of stabilized/solidified wastes are discussed. Residues from these technologies vary widely according to waste type and composition, but a common component in many of them is heavy metals, which, as elements, cannot be further degraded to other products. The results of the available literature suggests that these metals will be retained in clay liners beneath a landfill through the mechanism of cation exchange, with the adsorption of metals favored by their smaller hydrated size, lower heat of hydration, and in some cases, higher valences than the naturally occurring alkali earth metals. Other important factors include ionic activity, the pH and ionic strength of the solution, the presence of complexing agents, and the possible surface heterogeneity of the clay. In soils, metal binding through cation exchange with clay is augmented by adsorption onto iron and manganese oxides and complexing with organic matter such as humic acids. Many field studies with landfarmed metal-bearing wastes show that these mechanisms are usually sufficient to retain metals to within several inches of their zone of application. / M.S.

[Integrative executive summary] NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd manufactures and distributes Chlor alkali products such as chlorine, hydrochloric acid, caustic soda flakes, etc. and in the process generates both hazardous and general waste. Following changes in South African waste management legislation in 2011, the organisation’s waste service provider had to increase the costs associated with the handling of site’s hazardous waste. Top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd requested a meeting with the waste service provider in order to establish the reasons behind the price increase. In that meeting, which the researcher attended, the waste service provider explained the changes in waste legislation and how it was going to impact on their business. Top management understood the reasons behind the price increase; however, they requested the waste service provider to review the price increase. The waste service provider gave the top management of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd assurance that they were going to discuss the price reduction request with their own senior management and would provide feedback. The researcher did not participate in the feedback meetings; however, to this day, NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd still uses the services of the same waste service provider. The effect the escalating annual waste handling costs has had on NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s management team led to the study. Environmental impacts have costs that directly impact on company’s bottom line, such as the costs associated with the generation of waste. Although environmental costs are only one of the many costs incurred by businesses, they deserve management’s attention. According to Jasch (2003), there is an apparent lack of awareness and understanding of the magnitude of the environmental costs generated by organisations, and many opportunities for cost savings through good environmental management are lost. However, using a relatively new tool in environmental management, that is, environmental management accounting (EMA), management would ensure that relevant and significant environmental costs are considered when making business decisions (Jasch, 2003). The main purpose of the thesis is to explore the level of awareness of environmental costs associated with hazardous waste within NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd. In order to carry out the study, literature about environmental and cost accounting as well as literature on waste management was reviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to staff members, and meetings were held with different senior personnel. This case study seeks to answer the following questions: What is NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff members’ level of understanding of waste management? What is the level of awareness of NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s staff of environmental costs with regard to the generation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste? How can the current traditional accounting within the organisation be integrated with environmental management accounting? The findings of the first research objective revealed that staff members knew the site’s waste streams as per the South African legal definition of waste and as identified in the site’s environmental management system documentation. The conceptual approach to waste management is underpinned by the waste hierarchy. The respondents support the waste hierarchy in its approach to waste management, which is prevention of waste, reduction, reuse, recycle and safe disposal of waste as the last resort. Lack of awareness of environmental management, among other things, was cited as the cause of waste. In addition to that, the respondents believe the waste hierarchy can be achieved by employing recycling facilities, following procedures and by carrying out environmental awareness campaigns. Improving process design and control and including changes in raw material was cited, among other things, as the respondents’ perception on how waste can be reduced. The findings of the respondents’ understanding of waste hierarchy revealed that staff members understood waste management. The respondents cited the impacts of waste on the business as financial impact on the business, impact on their bonuses, and possible loss of business. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that staff members knew the hazardous waste streams and identified amongst other waste, sludge and chlorine emissions as NCP Chlorchem (Pty) Ltd’s hazardous waste. However, with regard to environmental management accounting data, an average of 55.1% of respondents were not familiar with the physical and monetary components of EMA. An average of 19.6% of respondents who were aware of EMA might have been senior personnel. It could further be established that those who were familiar with EMA information were actually working with the data, either for reporting purposes, or for employing waste minimisation strategies, as well as awareness purposes, to their juniors. On average, 80% of the respondents perceived the production department as the area within site that has the EMA information.

Hazardous waste substances are solid, semi-solid or non-aqueous liquids that exhibit characteristics of corrosivity, reactivity, ignitability, toxicity and infectious property. Major available options for management of hazardous waste include direct disposal into landfill or chemical treatment/stabilization of wastes prior to landfill disposal. Hazardous wastes are accepted for direct disposal in engineered landfills if they conform to the chemical concentration limit criterion (determined by water leach test followed by estimation of the concentration of the contaminant) and compressive strength (the material should have compressive strength > 50 kPa) criterion. Lead is classified as extremely toxic metal. Elevated levels of lead in water (surface and ground water) primarily arise from industrial discharges, and aerial deposition. During its residence in surface water bodies, the lead may interact detrimentally with aquatic life or be abstracted into public water supplies. According to National drinking water standards, the permissible limit of lead in drinking water is 0.05 mg/l. Deposition of air-borne lead, disposal of sewage sludge on land and disposal of industrial effluents on lands are major sources of lead contamination of soils. When incorporated in soil, lead is of very low mobility. Lead retained in soils can be slowly leached to the groundwater thereby impacting human health if consumed for potable needs. Alternatively lead deposited in soils can be absorbed by vegetation (crops/trees) and can impact human health on their consumption. Given the negative impacts of lead contamination on human health, the strong affinity of soils to retain deposited lead and the possible release for human consumption, this thesis focuses on characterization and chemical stabilization of artificially lead contaminated soils in the context of their disposal in hazardous waste landfills. The main objectives of the thesis are: characterize artificially lead contaminated soils for water leachability of lead and undrained strength characteristics as per CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) guidelines in the context of disposal criteria in hazardous waste landfills. Artificially lead contaminated soils in compacted and slurry states are used in the thesis. Red soil (from Bangalore District, Karnataka) and river sand are used in the preparation of compacted and slurry specimens. The red soil and red soil-sand specimens are artificially contaminated in the laboratory by employing aqueous lead salt solutions as remolding fluids. Lead concentrations of 160 to 10000 mg/l are used in this study. The results of characterization studies with artificially lead contaminated soils help identify contaminated soil materials that require chemical stabilization prior to disposal into engineered landfills. Based on the results of characterization studies with artificially lead contaminated soils, lime stabilization coupled with steam curing technique is resorted to immobilize lead in the red soil-sand slurry specimens and mobilize adequate undrained strength to meet the criteria for disposal of lead contaminated soils in hazardous landfills. After this first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature is performed towards highlighting the need to undertake chemical stabilization of artificially lead contaminated soils in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental program of the study. Chapter 4 presents the physico-chemical and mechanical characterization of the artificially lead contaminated soils. The ability of artificially contaminated soils to release (artificially added) lead during water leaching is explained using lead speciation results performed using the Visual MINTEQ program. Experimental results illustrated that contamination of compacted red soil and red soil + sand specimens with significant lead concentrations (21 to 1300 mg/kg) resulted in major fractions of the added lead being retained in the precipitated state. Results of water leach tests revealed that lead concentrations released in the water leachates are far less than (0.0011 to 0.48 mg/l) limits prescribed by CPCB (2 mg/l) for direct disposal of lead contaminated materials into hazardous waste landfills. Unconfined compressive strengths developed by the lead contaminated red soil and red soil-sand specimens were significantly higher (100-2700 kPa) than the strength requirement (> 50 kPa) for direct disposal of hazardous wastes in engineered landfills. Lead contamination did not affect the unconfined compression strengths of the specimens as matric suction prevalent in the unsaturated compacted soils had an overriding influence on the cementation bond strength created by the lead precipitates. Visual Minteq tool was helpful in predicting the amount of added lead that was converted to insoluble precipitate form. However the amounts of water leachable lead determined experimentally and predicted by Visual Minteq were very different-Visual Minteq predicted much higher amounts of water leachable lead than experimentally determined. Experimental results revealed that the levels of lead released by the red soil-sand slurries in water leach tests were in excess (13 to 36 mg/l) of the permissible lead concentration (2 mg/l) for direct disposal of hazardous waste in landfills. Owing to water contents generally being in excess of their liquid limit water contents (w/wL ratio > 1) the slurry specimens exhibited undrained strengths below 1 kPa. Lime stabilization and steam curing of the contaminated slurry specimens was therefore resorted to control the leachibility of lead and increase undrained strengths to acceptable limits. Chapter 5 deals with lime stabilization of artificially contaminated slurries that do not meet the leachate quality (lead concentration in water < 2 mg/l) or compressive strength (> 50 kPa). Procedures are evolved for lime stabilization of such artificially contaminated soils to meet both the water leachate quality and compressive strength criteria. Lime stabilization together with steam curing of the lead contaminated slurry specimens effectively immobilized the added lead (2500 mg/kg) and imparted adequate compressive strengths to the contaminated red soil-sand slurry specimens. The lime stabilized contaminated specimens released marginal lead concentrations (0.03 to 0.45 mg/l) in the water leach; these values are much lower than permissible limit (2 mg/l) for disposal in hazardous landfills or values exhibited by the unstabilized specimens (13 to 38 mg/l). Lime addition rendered the contaminated specimens strongly alkaline (pH values ranged between 10.68 and 11.66). Combination of the experimental and Visual Minteq results suggested that precipitation of lead as hydrocerrusite in the alkaline environments (pH 10.68 to 11.95) is not the sole factor for marginal release of lead in water leach tests of the 4, 7 and 10 % lime stabilized contaminated specimens. It is possible that fraction of lead ions are entrapped within the cemented soil matrix. Water leach tests performed at range of pH values (pH 2.5 to 9.6) with 7 % lime stabilized specimens suggested that immobilization of lead as hydrocerrusite or as entrapment in the cemented soil mass in the lime stabilized specimens is practically irreversible even on exposure to extreme pH conditions. The lime stabilized contaminated specimens developed unconfined compressive strengths ranging from 100 kPa (4 % lime stabilized 40 % red soil-60 % sand specimen) to 1000 kPa (10 % lime stabilized 100 % red soil specimen). The significant growth of compressive strength upon lime stabilization is attributed to growth of inter-particle cementation bonds by the CAH (calcium aluminate hydrate) and CSH (calcium silicate hydrate) compounds formed by lime-clay reactions, slight reduction in void ratios and growth of strong inter-particle cementation bonds the during steam curing at 800C. The results of this thesis bring out a procedure to immobilize high concentrations of lead and develop adequate compressive strength of lead contaminated slurry specimens by lime stabilization + steam curing technique. The red soil acted as pozzolana in reactions with lime, while, steam curing accelerated the lime-soil reactions. The procedure can be extended to non-organic slurry wastes that are devoid of pozzolanic material (example, lead contaminated smelting sands). In slurry wastes devoid of pozzolana, materials such as fly ash can be added and the reactions between lime and fly ash would immobilize lead + develop adequate compressive strength. Also, similar to the methodology being adaptable for any non-organic slurries, it can also be extended to other toxic metal bearing wastes, example, zinc, cadmium and nickel.