Krum waste stabilization lagoon is a hypereutrophic system with relatively high thermal regimes and primary production. Corixids, particularly Corisella edulis and Corisella inscripta utilize the vast quantities of algae produced.

O presente estudo visou caracterizar as variações nictemerais e sazonais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica do sistema australiano de lagoas de estabilização, localizado no município de Novo Horizonte, SP, por meio de análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e de índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade. Para a realização desse objetivo, as amostras foram coletadas nas lagoas facultativa 1 e facultativa 2 e no efluente final, em quatro épocas: maio/2002 – outono, agosto/2002 – inverno, novembro/2002 – primavera e fevereiro/2003 – verão, a cada seis horas, durante vinte e quatro horas, no total de cinco amostragens (t0, t1, t2, t3 e t4), com início aproximadamente às 9:30 horas; com exceção do efluente final, que foi coletado apenas em t0 e t4. Nestes dois horários também foram coletadas amostras na entrada e na saída da lagoa anaeróbia, para avaliação da eficiência do sistema. Além das variáveis biológicas foram realizadas análises de material em suspensão, nutrientes (nitrogênio total e amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo e ortofosfato), oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica da água, DBO e transparência da água. Foram encontrados organismos pertencentes às classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae e Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa em quase todos os períodos de estudo; mais de 40% da riqueza foi representada por ela e sua maior densidade foi registrada a 0,7 m de profundidade na lagoa facultativa 1, em t3, no inverno (875.834,7 org/ml). Entre as espécies dessa classe, a predominante, em todas as épocas de coleta, foi Chlorella vulgaris, considerada dominante no inverno e abundante nas demais estações. Os outros organismos, no entanto, foram somente comuns, ocasionais ou raros. Apesar de ter sido observada estratificação térmica em alguns horários de coleta, principalmente em t1 (por volta das 15:00h), esta não foi duradoura, talvez por se tratar de um sistema raso. Portanto, pode-se considerar que o ambiente manteve-se homogêneo em relação à comunidade algal ao longo da coluna de água / The aim of this study were to characterize the seasonal and diary cycle variations of the phytoplankton in waste stabilization ponds from Novo Horizonte, SP. The sample were collected in 1 and 2 facultative ponds and effluent in four times: may/2002 – autumn, august/2002 – winter, november/2002 – spring, february/2002- Summer, each six hours in cycle diary. Were analysed abundance, biomass, densith, wealth and diversity index of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, pheopigments, suspended solids, nutrients, dissolvid oxygen, pH, biochimical oxygen demand, electric conductivity and water’s transparence. The groups meet were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae contribute with bigger wealth, density and biomass; of the kinds this group, Chlorella vulgaris, were prevalent, recognized since dominant in the winter and abundant in others seasons. The other organisms, however, were commons, occasionalls or rares. The environment of ponds remain homogeneous in relation to the algal community

No presente trabalho foi empregada a aritmÃtica fuzzy com NFTs para o cÃlculo do Ãndice de ConcordÃncia Fuzzy (ICF) e do Risco Fuzzy (RF), com fins de anÃlise de aspectos operacionais, desempenho e qualidade dos efluentes de 14 ETEs do tipo lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo (6 lagoas facultativas primÃrias - LFPs e 8 sÃries- LSs) em escala real, tratando esgotos domÃsticos. A lÃgica fuzzy provou ser um recurso eficiente na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho de ETEs e suas compatibilidades ambientais. O estudo propiciou tambÃm uma melhor compreensÃo do funcionamento operacional de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo. Exceto por dois sistemas (LFP4 e a LS8) o ICF mostrou que as LFPs e LSs operaram em mÃdia 81,3 e 86,3% do tempo, abaixo do valor estipulado em projeto. Nestas seriam possÃveis incrementos mÃdios de vazÃo de 74,7 e 84,5%, respectivamente. Quanto Ãs cargas orgÃnicas afluentes (&#61548;) os valores de ICF mostraram a possibilidade de acrÃscimos de 91,8 e 71,9%, para as LSs e LFPs, respectivamente. Sobre a qualidade dos efluentes, o OD obteve os maiores valores de ICF (LSs = 0,945 e LFPs = 0,867). Os valores de ICF para qualidade do efluente tratado foram mais elevados nas sÃries, com maior concordÃncia fuzzy com as normas ambientais. O risco fuzzy concernente à sobrecarga (orgÃnica e hidrÃulica) foi maior nas sÃries. Individualmente, os sistemas LFP4 e LS8 apresentaram maior risco difuso de sobrecarga, por operarem sob condiÃÃes prÃximas Ãs estabelecidas em projeto. O RF para anÃlise de desempenho mostrou que as ETEs tiveram perfomance um pouco abaixo do que observa a literatura tÃcnica. Os menores valores de RF foram observados nos sistemas em sÃrie. O risco difuso para nÃo atendimento das expectativas de desempenho foi maior em relaÃÃo a SST (0,929 nas LFPs e 0,903 nas LSs), seguido de amostras nÃo filtradas de DQO (0,846 nas LFPs e 0,677 nas LSs). Na violaÃÃo das normas ambientais o RF tambÃm foi maior nas LFPs. Observou-se que nas sÃries, quanto maior o nÃmero de lagoas menor o RF. CorrelaÃÃes lineares positivas (nÃvel de significÃncia de 95%) mostraram que quanto menor o conteÃdo de DBO e DQO (amostras nÃo filtradas), e de SST, menor o risco difuso em relaÃÃo a CTm. No caso do RF para pH e CTm a correlaÃÃo foi negativa. Foi estabelecido um Ãndice de Desempenho Fuzzy (IFD) para lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, para comparar a qualidade dos efluentes das ETEs. O modelo propÃs uma escala (1 a 18) baseada nos parÃmetros DBOf, DQOf, SST, AMT, OD e CTm. Os resultados apresentaram o seguinte ordenamento: IFD LFP3 (2,09) < IFD LFP2 (2,15) < IFD LFP4 (2,30) < IFD LFP5 (3,49) < IFD LFP1 (3,62) < IFD LFP6 (4,96) < IFD LS5 (9,59) < IFD LS8 (9,67) < IFD LS4 (9,72) < IFD LS3 (10,01) < IFD LS1 (10,38) < IFD LS2 (13,57) < IFD LS6 (15,49) < IFD LS7 (15,69). A anÃlise do RF para ovos de helmintos mostrou que para uma margem e risco difuso de atà 10% seria necessÃrio um TDH de 28,8 dias com oH &#8804; 1,0 ovo/L e 38,0 dias com oH &#8804; 0,1 ovo/L. Em duas sÃries (LS5 e LS8) o cÃlculo de ICF e RF em relaÃÃo à qualidade do efluente de cada lagoa componente permitiu observar distinÃÃes impostas pela configuraÃÃo e condiÃÃo operacional de cada uma dessas ETEs. Nas citadas sÃries os NFTs foram empregados para avaliar &#61548;r de DBO e AMT. As representaÃÃes mostraram taxas de remoÃÃo superficial com valores negativos, que ofereceram uma interpretaÃÃo anÃmala de geraÃÃo de poluente por via fÃsica ou biÃtica. A causa foi a assincronia entre as concentraÃÃes afluentes e efluentes, associadas à flutuaÃÃes nas vazÃes, e, de forma indireta, a fatores climÃticos e hidrÃulica das lagoas. / In the present study fuzzy arithmetic via triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) was applied to compute Fuzzy Agreement Index (FAI) and Fuzzy Risk (FR) for the evaluation of operational aspects, performance and effluent quality in 14 full-scale waste stabilization pond plants (6 primary facultative ponds â PFPs and 8 pond series- PSs) treating domestic sewage. Findings showed that fuzzy logic is an attractive approach for the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants and their environmental compatibilities. The study also provided a better understanding of operational aspects of waste stabilization ponds. Except for two pond systems (PFP4 and PS8) the FAI in PFPs and PSs showed that they operated on average 81.3 and 86.3% of the time below the value stipulated in their original designs. Results indicated average potential increments of 74.7 and 84.5% in influent flow rates to PFPs and PSs, respectively. With respect to organic load (&#61548;) FAI numbers indicated possible increases of 91.8 and 71.9% in PSs and PFPs respectively. In the case of the regulatory standards the FAI applied to effluent quality had best results for DO (PSs = 0.945 and PFPs = 0.867). In general pond series had higher numbers for FAI than PFPs. The fuzzy risk regarded to overloading (organic and hydraulic) was higher in pond series. Comparatively, systems PFP4 and PS8 showed higher fuzzy risk of overloading because these plants operated close to the design numbers. The FR on performance analysis showed that all ponds plants had actual performance slightly below that expected and reported by the literature. The lowest FR values were observed in pond series. On the performance analysis the highest fuzzy risk numbers were for TSS (0.929 in PFPs and 0.903 in PSs), followed by unfiltered COD (0.846 in PFPs and 0.677 in PSs). As expected, fuzzy risk regarded to the violation of environmental standards was higher in PFPs. In pond series by increasing number of cells FR was lower. Positive linear correlations (at a significance level of 95%) showed that lower content of BOD and COD (unfiltered samples), and TSS implied in lower FR with respect to termotolerant coliform concentrations (TTFC). Correlations between FR of pH and TTFC were negative. A Fuzzy Performance Index (FPI) was proposed to compare effluent quality with respect to the environmental standard regulation. The model considered a scale (1-18) based on the following parameters: BODf, CODf, TSS, TAN, DO and TTFC. The results showed the following order: FPI PFP3 (2.09) < FPI PFP2 (2.15) < FPI PFP4 (2.30) < FPI PFP5 (3.49) < FPI PFP1 (3.62) < FPI PFP6 (4.96) < FPI PS5 (9.59) < FPI PS8 (9.67) < FPI PS4 (9.72) < FPI PS3 (10.01) < FPI PS1 (10.38) < FPI PS2 (13. 57) < FPI PS6 (15.49) < FPI PS7 (15.69). The analysis of FR for helminth eggs showed that for a marginal fuzzy risk of 10% pond systems would require a HRT of 28.8 days for oH &#8804; 1.0 egg/L, and 38.0 days for oH &#8804; 0.1 egg/L. In two series (LS5 and LS8) the FAI and FR with respect to effluent quality from each pond component provided distinctions imposed by the configuration and operational status in each of these plants. Along pond cells in these series BOD and TAN surface removal rates (&#61548;r) were represent by TFNs. These fuzzy numbers showed negative surface removal rates. They offered an anomalous interpretation for pollutant generation via physical or biotic means. The probable and reasonable cause was the asynchrony between affluent and effluent concentrations, associated with fluctuations in flow rates. Climatic factors and hydraulic behavior of ponds might also influence this.

O presente estudo visou caracterizar as variações nictemerais e sazonais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica do sistema australiano de lagoas de estabilização, localizado no município de Novo Horizonte, SP, por meio de análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e de índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade. Para a realização desse objetivo, as amostras foram coletadas nas lagoas facultativa 1 e facultativa 2 e no efluente final, em quatro épocas: maio/2002 – outono, agosto/2002 – inverno, novembro/2002 – primavera e fevereiro/2003 – verão, a cada seis horas, durante vinte e quatro horas, no total de cinco amostragens (t0, t1, t2, t3 e t4), com início aproximadamente às 9:30 horas; com exceção do efluente final, que foi coletado apenas em t0 e t4. Nestes dois horários também foram coletadas amostras na entrada e na saída da lagoa anaeróbia, para avaliação da eficiência do sistema. Além das variáveis biológicas foram realizadas análises de material em suspensão, nutrientes (nitrogênio total e amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo e ortofosfato), oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica da água, DBO e transparência da água. Foram encontrados organismos pertencentes às classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae e Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa em quase todos os períodos de estudo; mais de 40% da riqueza foi representada por ela e sua maior densidade foi registrada a 0,7 m de profundidade na lagoa facultativa 1, em t3, no inverno (875.834,7 org/ml). Entre as espécies dessa classe, a predominante, em todas as épocas de coleta, foi Chlorella vulgaris, considerada dominante no inverno e abundante nas demais estações. Os outros organismos, no entanto, foram somente comuns, ocasionais ou raros. Apesar de ter sido observada estratificação térmica em alguns horários de coleta, principalmente em t1 (por volta das 15:00h), esta não foi duradoura, talvez por se tratar de um sistema raso. Portanto, pode-se considerar que o ambiente manteve-se homogêneo em relação à comunidade algal ao longo da coluna de água / The aim of this study were to characterize the seasonal and diary cycle variations of the phytoplankton in waste stabilization ponds from Novo Horizonte, SP. The sample were collected in 1 and 2 facultative ponds and effluent in four times: may/2002 – autumn, august/2002 – winter, november/2002 – spring, february/2002- Summer, each six hours in cycle diary. Were analysed abundance, biomass, densith, wealth and diversity index of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, pheopigments, suspended solids, nutrients, dissolvid oxygen, pH, biochimical oxygen demand, electric conductivity and water’s transparence. The groups meet were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae contribute with bigger wealth, density and biomass; of the kinds this group, Chlorella vulgaris, were prevalent, recognized since dominant in the winter and abundant in others seasons. The other organisms, however, were commons, occasionalls or rares. The environment of ponds remain homogeneous in relation to the algal community

Orientadores: Adriano Luiz Tonetti, Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T18:04:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaixaoFilho_JorgeLuizda_M.pdf: 2379245 bytes, checksum: 00497843fd17605c51498a78155246f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A geração de lodo de esgoto (LE) é uma característica intrínseca do tratamento das águas residuárias por processos biológicos. Aliado a isso, o aumento do número de estações de tratamento de esgoto tem demandado soluções para a disposição econômica e ambientalmente segura para o lodo gerado. Um sistema amplamente utilizado no Brasil para o tratamento de esgoto desde a década de 80 são as lagoas de estabilização, no entanto ao longo desses anos o lodo gerado nesse sistema não tem recebido atenção, devido a baixa produção per capita e seu longo tempo de residência na lagoa. Uma opção com grande destaque no cenário nacional para sua disposição é a aplicação do lodo na agricultura como fonte de nutrientes em culturas com elevada necessidade de fertilizantes, tal como a roseira. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a aplicação do lodo da lagoa facultativa primária da cidade de Coronel Macedo (Estado de São Paulo) na cultura de roseiras variedade 'Carola', avaliando os efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento da planta. O experimento foi instalado em uma área experimental do Departamento de Saneamento e Ambiente da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo (UNICAMP), no município de Campinas-SP. As roseiras foram plantadas em baldes de 20 L, sendo o lodo incorporado na camada superficial do solo. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: a massa seca das raízes (MSR), a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), volume das raízes, área das folhas (AF) e concentração de nitrogênio no tecido foliar (NTF). Também foi estudada a quantidade de nitrato lixiviado e a fração de mineralização (FM) do lodo. A quantidade de lodo aplicada foi baseada na necessidade de nitrogênio da cultura, de acordo com o cálculo proposto pela resolução CONAMA 375/06. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - tratamento testemunha absoluta, T2 - 12 Mg ha-1 de lodo em base seca (BS), T3 - 24 Mg ha-1 de lodo BS (dose calculada), T4 - 36 Mg ha-1 lodo BS e T5 - adubação mineral (100 kg N ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com seis repetições. Foi verificado que o aumento da dose de lodo aplicado na roseira aumentou a MSR, MSPA, AF e o NTF. O maior crescimento da roseira (MSR+MSPA) aconteceu nos tratamentos T4 e T5, com 93 e 104 g planta-1, respectivamente. Houve um incremento na MSR na aplicação de LE na dose recomendada pela norma, de 14,00 e 34,00 g planta-1 para T1 e T3 respectivamente. Na primeira análise a maior AF e NTF foi no T4 com 14,66 cm2 e 21,43 g kg-1. A lixiviação de nitrato foi de aproximadamente 5% do nitrogênio total aplicado para os tratamentos com lodo (T2, T3 e T4) e de 10% na adubação mineral (T5). A FM do lodo da lagoa facultativa, determinada em incubação aeróbia, foi de 40%, valor acima do sugerido para lodo digerido anaerobiamente pela norma brasileira (FM = 20 %). Deste modo, a aplicação de lodo de esgoto na cultura da roseira proporcionou aumento nos valores dos parâmetros observados e para o cálculo da aplicação do lodo da lagoa em estudo o FM deve ser de 40% / Abstract: The sewage sludge (SS) generation is an intrinsic characteristic of the treatment of wastewater by biological processes. Allied to this, the increasing number of wastewater treatment plants has demanded solutions for the economical and environmentally safe disposal for the SS. A widely system used in Brazil for the wastewater treatment since years 80's is the stabilization ponds, however over the years the sludge generated in this system has not received attention owing the low production per capita and to long residence time in the pond. An option with great emphasis on the national stage for their disposal is the application in agriculture as a source of nutrients in crops with high demand for fertilizers, such as the rose bush. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the application of sludge from the facultative lagoon from city Coronel Macedo (São Paulo State, Brazil) in cultured rose variety 'Carola', assessing the effects on plant development. The experiment was installed in an experimental area of Department of Sanitation and Environment, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism (UNICAMP) in Campinas-SP. The roses were planted in 20L buckets, the sludge being applied subsurface. The parameters evaluated were: root dry matter (RDM), the shoot dry mass (SDM), root volume, leaf area (LA) and nitrogen concentration in leaf tissue (NLT). Also studied was the amount of nitrate leaching and the mineralization fraction (MF) of the sludge. The amount of sludge was applied based on the need for nitrogen of the culture, according to the method proposed by CONAMA 375/06. The treatments were: T1 - absolute control treatment, T2 - 12 Mg ha-1 sludge on a dry basis (DB), T3 - 24 Mg ha-1 sludge DB (calculated dose), T4 - 36 Mg ha-1 sludge DB and T5 - mineral fertilizer (100 kg N ha-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replications. It was found that increasing the dose of sludge applied to the rose bush increased the RDM, SDM, LA and NLT. The largest growth of the rose (RDM + SDM) occurred in treatments T4 and T5, with 93 and 104 g plant-1, respectively. There was an increase in the RDM in the application of SS in the dose recommended by the standard of 14.00 and 34.00 g plant-1 for T1 and T3, respectively. In the first analysis the largest LA and NLT was 14.66 cm2 and 21.43 g kg-1 in T4. Nitrate leaching was about 5% of total nitrogen applied to the sludge treatments (T2, T3 and T4) and 10% in mineral fertilizer (T5). MF the sewage sludge of facultative lagoon, determined by aerobic incubation, was 40% above the value suggested for anaerobically digested sludge by Brazilian standard (MF = 20%). Thus, the application of sewage sludge in the culture of rose provided to increase the observed parameters and for calculating the application of sewage sludge of facultative lagoons in agriculture MF should be 40% / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Igrarapé (small streams) Grande, in Boa Vista, Roraima, is the receiving body of the wasterwater generated starting from the waste stabilization ponds, system of treatment of the sanitary sewers of part of the city. By the hypothesis that the spilling of those wasterwater in referred him body of water contributes so that the same presents physiochemical characteristics that you/they implicate in her degradation, lasting long in a similar way for good part of the course of water, mainly in the mount of nutrients, a manegament hydric resouses the behavior of physiochemical parameters was accomplished in that hydric body by the whole year 2005

Sanitation, renewable energy, and food security are among the most pressing global development needs of the century, especially for small cities with rapid population growth. Currently, 53% of the world’s population either lacks access to improved sanitation or discharges fecal waste to the environment without treatment. Furthermore, 80% of food consumed in developing regions is produced by 500 million small farms, and while many of them are still rain-fed, irrigated agriculture is increasing. The post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, recently adopted by the United Nations, include targets to address the water-energy-food nexus. Wastewater reuse in agriculture can be an important solution for these goals, if it is done safely. Globally, 18 – 20 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated with wastewater, but much is untreated, unregulated, or unsanctioned, causing concerns and uncertainty about health risks. There is a need to better understand pathogen removal in natural and non-mechanized wastewater treatment systems, such as waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, which are commonly used in small cities and towns. Riverbank filtration (RBF) is also a natural technique used by farmers in developing countries to treat surface water polluted with untreated sewage, but pathogen removal in these systems has seldom been assessed in developing countries. The focus of this dissertation is on pathogen removal in natural and non-mechanized wastewater treatment and reuse systems, to evaluate the health implications of water reuse for irrigation, with the following three objectives: 1) assess the current understanding of virus removal in WSP systems through a systematic review of the literature; 2) measure the removal of viruses and their association with particles in systems with WSPs, UASB reactors, or both; and 3) assess the fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators in wastewater treatment systems with direct and indirect reuse for irrigation to estimate microbial risks. To advance the understanding of virus removal in WSP systems, a comprehensive analysis of virus removal reported in the literature from 71 different WSP systems revealed only a weak to moderate correlation of virus removal with theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT). For each log10 reduction of viruses a geometric mean of 14.5 days of retention was required, but the 95th percentile of the data analyzed was 54 days. Also, whereas virus-particle association and subsequent sedimentation has been assumed to be an important removal mechanism for viruses in WSPs, the literature review revealed a lack of evidence to confirm the validity of this assumption. The association of human adenovirus (AdV) with wastewater particles was assessed in five full-scale wastewater treatment systems in Bolivia, Brazil, and the United States (two with only WSPs, two with a UASB reactor and WSPs, and one with only UASB reactors). A mesocosm study was also conducted with WSP water from one of the full-scale systems, and some samples were also analyzed for pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), F+ coliphage, culturable enterovirus (EV), norovirus (NoV), and rotavirus (RV). Results indicate that WSPs and UASB reactors affect virus-particle associations in different ways, which may differ for different viruses. In UASB reactor effluent, PMMoV was more associated with particles <180 >µm, showed no indication of settling in subsequent ponds, and appeared to degrade in pond sediments after 5 days. In contrast, AdV in UASB reactor effluent was associated with small and large particles, and in subsequent ponds, particle-associated AdV showed evidence of possible settling or more rapid decay at the water surface. AdV and culturable EV were also more volumetrically-concentrated in UASB reactor sludge than they were in untreated sewage, WSP water, UASB effluent, and WSP sediments, indicating that the reactors may cause these viruses to become entrapped and concentrated in granular sludge. Some viruses may be removed in the sludge, but others exit the reactors in solution and attached to particles. The resuspension of pellets from centrifuged UASB reactor sludge samples in an eluant buffer indicated reversible AdV association with granular sludge, but some associations with particles in solution may not be reversible. The fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators was assessed in Bolivia for two WSP systems with direct reuse for irrigation, and one on-farm RBF system used to treat surface water polluted by untreated sewage. In the WSP systems, despite HRTs of 10 days, pathogen and fecal indicator removal was generally ≤1-log10, possibly due to overloading and short-circuiting from sludge accumulation. The RBF system provided removals on the order of 2-log10 for protozoan parasites, 3-log10 or more for viruses, and 4-log10 or more for bacteria. The use of RBF also reduced cumulative estimated health burdens associated with irrigated lettuce. Irrigation of lettuce with untreated river water caused an estimated disease burden that represents 37% of the existing burden from acute diarrhea in Bolivia; when RBF was used, this decreased to only 1.1%, which is not epidemiologically-significant, and complies with the World Health Organization guidelines. Ratios of concentrations of microorganisms in irrigation water to their respective concentrations in soil or crops were calculated, to assess transfer from irrigation water to soil or crops. These ratios (with units mL g-1) were generally < 0.1 mL g-1 for coliphage, between 1 and 100 mL g-1 for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and generally between 100 and 1,000 mL g-1 for helminth eggs. Higher ratios could indicate more efficient transfer from water to soil or crops, longer persistence in soil or on crops, or slower leaching away from soil or crops. The results from this research demonstrate that pathogen removal in full-scale natural wastewater treatment systems happens via complex mechanisms that vary with respect to pathogen type, treatment systems configuration, and other environmental and operational parameters. Future research and innovation efforts should focus on the use of a combination of natural and non-mechanized technologies, surface-flow systems (e.g., WSPs) and subsurface systems (e.g., RBF), applied at both semi-centralized (e.g., wastewater treatment plant) and decentralized levels (e.g., on farms), to evaluate how this affects the efficiency and resiliency of pathogen removal. Also, future research is needed to further elucidate reasons for the observed differences in virus-particle associations in natural wastewater treatment systems.

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.2 aims at providing access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and to end open defecation by 2030. Yet, 47 % of the population in Bolivia lacked access to basic sanitation services in 2012. There is a risk of actors focusing on only the construction of toilet facilities, without looking at the need for related service required for a sustainable development. El Alto is a rapidly growing city in Bolivia where the sanitation service is expanding fast. In order to enhance knowledge about the sustainability of existing sanitation systems in El Alto and to give recommendations for future development, this sustainability assessment was conducted. Two sanitation systems in El Alto were assessed against five sustainability criteria, related to: 1) health, 2) environment, 3) technical function, 4) socio-culture (institutional and user related) and 5) economy. The conventional sanitation system with sewers and an alternative small-scale sanitation system with urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) were selected as system options.  Results show that the "conventional system" entails higher health risks than the "UDDT system". For example, blockages in the main sewer lines cause overflows in the streets during rainy season when storm water gets mixed with potentially infectious wastewater. The UDDT system has a higher performance than the conventional system regarding the environment criterion, which is related to nutrients recovery and removal. Results related to the technical function criterion show that the conventional system has a better capacity to endure a change in quality or quantity of input products to the system. Both systems can handle the freezing temperatures in El Alto but the UDDT system has better resilience against climate change impacts such as flooding or drought events. The levels of complexity are reasonable in a local context for both systems. If assuming that the aspiration for flush toilets is as low in entire El Alto as in the area of investigation, results show that users of the UDDT system are more satisfied than uses of the conventional system. The dissatisfaction expressed by users of the conventional system mainly derives from malodors appearing during the wastewater overflows in the streets. The institutional capacity is stronger for the conventional system, making it harder for the UDDT system to expand. In addition, the UDDT system has difficulties with financing. Recommendations for future development are to inspect and renew the sewer network and to review and expand treatment capacity of the centralized treatment plant. Financial resources should be focused on the UDDT system where there is no sewer network. / Det globala hållbarhetsdelmålet 6.2 syftar till att senast 2030 säkerställa att alla har tillgång till fullgod och rättvis sanitet och hygien och att ingen behöver uträtta sina behov utomhus. År 2012 hade fortfarande 47% av Bolivias befolkning inte tillgång till acceptabel sanitet. Det finns en risk för att aktörer fokuserar på enbart snabb utbyggnation av toaletter, utan att ta hänsyn till behovet av relaterad service som krävs för en hållbar utveckling. För att sanitetssystem ska räknas som hållbara krävs, förutom att de skyddar hälsan, även att de är ekonomiskt genomförbara, socialt accepterade, tekniskt och institutionellt anpassade och att de skyddar miljön och hushåller med naturresurser. Med syftet att öka kunskapen kring hållbarheten av de existerande sanitetssystemen i El Alto, en snabbt växande stad i Bolivia, och för att ge rekommendationer till framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen, genomfördes en hållbarhetsanalys av två existerande sanitetssystem i området. Det ena var det konventionella systemet tillhörande avloppsledningar och det andra var ett alternativt småskaligt system tillhörande urinsorterande torrtoaletter (UDDT).  Resultaten visar på att det ”konventionella systemet” innebär högre hälsorisker än ”UDDT systemet” för arbetarna och för boende som vistas i områdena där systemen finns. Det dåligt underhållna avloppssystemet var den avgörande faktorn, eftersom under regnperioder orsakas översvämningar av avloppsvatten på gatorna. Det konventionella systemet orsakar ungefär sex gånger så höga utsläpp av övergödande ämnen som UDDT systemet. UDDT systemet har potential att återvinna ungefär 64 % av inkommande kväve medan den motsvarande siffran för det konventionella systemet är endast 9%. Det konventionella systemet klarar bättre av förändringar i kvalitet och kvantitet av inflöden än UDDT systemet men båda systemen klarar av perioder då minusgrader inträffar. UDDT systemet förväntas, till skillnad från det konventionella systemet, att kunna hantera eventuell torka eller översvämning bättre som kan inträffa till följd av klimatförändringar. Till stor del på grund av de årligt förekommande översvämningarna av avloppsvatten på gatorna verkar användarna av det konventionella systemet vara mindre nöjda med sitt sanitetssystem än vad användarna av UDDT systemet verkar vara. Det gäller då att viljan att skaffa vattentoaletter är lika låg i hela El Alto som i området där intervjuer gjordes. Den institutionella kapaciteten är högre för det konventionella systemet än för UDDT systemet, vilket gör det svårare för UDDT systemet att expandera. Dessutom har UDDT systemet finansiella svårigheter.  Rekommendationer för framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen i El Alto är delvis att underhålla och förnya avloppsledningarna och att expandera kapaciteten på det konventionella vattenreningsverket innan fler hushåll ansluts till ledningsnätet. Finansiella medel rekommenderas fokuseras på UDDT systemet i områden där avloppsledningar inte täcker. / El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6 Meta 2 incluye que hasta el 2030, se logre el acceso a servicios de saneamiento e higiene adecuados y equitativos para todos y poner fin a la defecación al aire libre. Todavía, 47 % de la población en Bolivia carecía de acceso a saneamiento básico en 2012. Para alcanzar la meta sin comprometer los otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, la Alianza Sustenable de Saneamiento (SuSanA) identificó cinco criterios de sostenibilidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de saneamiento. Estos criterios son relacionados con: 1) salud e higiene, 2) medio ambiente y recursos naturales, 3) tecnología 4) asuntos financieros y económicos, y 5) aspectos socioculturales e institucionales (SuSanA, 2008). Con el objeto de mejorar el conocimiento sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de saneamiento existentes en El Alto, una ciudad en rápido crecimiento en Bolivia, y para dar recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo, se realizó una evaluación comparativa sobre la sostenibilidad de dos de los sistemas. Se evaluó el ”sistema convencional”, que tiene conexiones al alcantarillado y una planta de tratamiento centralizado. Tabmbien se evaluó el ”sistema UDDT”, que tiene baños secos ecológicos de los cuales existen en menor escala en El Alto. Los resultados muestran que existe alto riesgo para la salud derivados del alcantarillado del sistema convencional. Durante la temporada de lluvia suele ocurrir bloqueos taponamientos en la red del alcantarillado. Los bloqueos causan desbordes de aguas residuales en las calles que se mezclan con aguas pluviales. Los resultados muestran también que emisiones de eutrofización son aproximadamente seis veces más altas que el sistema convencional en comparación con el sistema UDDT. El potencial para el reciclaje de nitrógeno se puede estimar en 64%del sistema UDDT y solo 9%del sistema convencional. Los resultados sobre robustez muestran que el sistema convencional tiene una mejor capacidad para soportar un cambio en la calidad o cantidad de productos de entrada al sistema. Ambos sistemas pueden manejar las temperaturas de congelación en El Alto, pero el sistema UDDT tiene una mejor resistencia contra los impactos del cambio climático, como una inundación o una sequía. Existe insatisfacción que expresan los usuarios del sistema convencional debido a los desbordes anuales de aguas residuales en las calles. En general, los usarios del sistema UDDT estaban satisfechos. Parece que la aspiración de inodoros con descarga de agua es más baja en El Alto comparado con una ciudad más al sur de Bolivia. Por que la capacidad institucional es más fuerte para el sistema convencional comparado con el sistema UDDT, es más fácil para el sistema convencional expandirse. Además, los recursos financieros no están asegurados para el sistema UDDT. Las recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo del situación de saneamiento es inspeccionar y renovar la red de alcantarillado existente y revisar y ampliar la capacidad de tratamiento de la planta de tratamiento centralizada antes de expandir la red de alcantarillado. Los recursos financieros deben centrarse en el sistema UDDT donde ya no existe una red de alcantarillado. / This thesis has been a pre-study linked to the Stockholm Environment Institute-led Bolivia WATCH program (contributing to more integrated sanitation and watershed management planning in Bolivia), and particularly to its sub-project ‘Comparative sustainability assessment of sanitation services’, which aims at generating a fair and comprehensive comparison between different sanitation system approaches. The comparative assessment, developed in collaboration with RISE, AguaTuya and Unicef, is expected to provide insights and guide future sanitation investments in Bolivia, but also highlight where both conventional and alternative approaches have improvement potential from a sustainability perspective in the Bolivian setting.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlaGracyRM.pdf: 2168953 bytes, checksum: c493025d0ce540e9abdc851f15c87e7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) have been widely used for sewage treatment in hot climate regions because they are economic and environmentally sustainable. In the present study a WSP complex comprising a primary facultative pond (PFP) followed by two maturation ponds (MP-1 and MP-2) was studied, in the city of Natal-RN. The main objective was to study the bio-degradability of organic matter through the determination of the kinetic constant k throughout the system. The work was carried out in two phases. In the first, the variability in BOD, COD and TOC concentrations and an analysis of the relations between these parameters, in the influent raw sewage, pond effluents and in specific areas inside the ponds was studied. In the second stage, the decay rate for organic matter (k) was determined throughout the system based on BOD tests on the influent sewage, pond effluents and water column samples taken from fixed locations within the ponds, using the mathematical methods of Least Squares and the Thomas equation. Subsequently k was estimated as a function of a hydrodynamic model determined from the dispersion number (d), using empirical methods and a Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation (PHE), obtained from tracer studies in a section of the primary facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length. The concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, measured as BOD and COD, gradually reduced through the series of ponds, giving overall removal efficiencies of 71.95% for BOD and of 52.45% for COD. Determining the values for k, in the influent and effluent samples of the ponds using the mathematical method of Least Squares, gave the following values respectively: primary facultative pond (0,23 day-1 and 0,09 day-1), maturation 1 (0,04 day-1 and 0,03 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,03 day-1 and 0,08 day-1). When using the Thomas method, the values of k in the influents and effluents of the ponds were: primary facultative pond (0,17 day-1 and 0,07 day-1), maturation 1 (0,02 day-1 and 0,01 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,01 day-1 and 0,02 day-1). From the Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation, in the first section of the facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length, it can be concluded from the dispersion number obtained of d = 0.04, that the hydraulic regime is one of dispersed flow with a kinetic constant value of 0.20 day-1 / Lagoas de estabiliza??o t?m sido utilizadas para tratamento de efluentes em regi?es de clima quentes apresentando viabilidade econ?mica e ambiental. No presente trabalho foi estudado um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o, na cidade do Natal, constitu?do por uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria (LFP) seguida de duas lagoas de matura??o (LM1 e LM2) e tem como objetivo o estudo da biodegradabilidade da mat?ria org?nica atrav?s da determina??o da constante cin?tica k ao longo deste sistema. O trabalho foi baseado em duas etapas: na primeira foi estudada a variabilidade da concentra??o da DBO, DQO e COT e an?lise das rela??es entre esses par?metros, no afluente, efluente e em ?reas dentro das lagoas. Na segunda etapa foi determinada a constante de biodegrada??o da mat?ria org?nica k inicialmente ao longo do sistema (afluentes, ?reas e efluentes), utilizando os m?todos matem?ticos dos M?nimos Quadrados e Thomas. Em seguida, k foi avaliado em fun??o do modelo hidrodin?mico determinado atrav?s do n?mero de dispers?o (d), pelos m?todos emp?ricos e pela Avalia??o Parcial Hidrodin?mica (APH), realizada por meio de tra?agem na lagoa facultativa prim?ria, em uma faixa correspondente a 10 % do comprimento total da lagoa. Na avalia??o dos par?metros analisados, durante o monitoramento, as concentra??es da mat?ria org?nica biodegrad?vel, medida pela DBO e DQO, foram, gradativamente, reduzidas entre os afluentes e efluentes do sistema, apresentando uma efici?ncia 71,95 % para DBO e de 52,45 % para DQO. Na determina??o da constante cin?tica k, pelos m?todos matem?ticos, considerando o M?todo dos m?nimos quadrados, temos os seguintes valores de k no afluente e efluente das lagoas: facultativa prim?ria (0,23 dia-1 e 0,09 dia-1), matura??o 1 (0,04 dia-1 e 0,03 dia-1) e matura??o 2 (0,03 dia-1 e 0,08 dia-1) e pelo m?todo de Thomas os valores de k no afluente e efluente das lagoas s?o: facultativa prim?ria (0,17 dia-1 e 0,07 dia-1), matura??o 1 (0,02 dia-1 e 0,01 dia-1) e matura??o 2 (0,01 dia-1 e 0,02 dia-1). Atrav?s da Avalia??o Parcial Hidrodin?mica, na faixa correspondente a 10% do comprimento total da lagoa facultativa prim?ria, pode-se concluir que, pelo numero de dispers?o encontrado (d = 0,04) o escoamento ? do tipo disperso e a constante cin?tica apresenta um valor de 0,20 dia-1

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O corpo hídrico, objeto deste estudo, o igarapé Grande, localiza-se no Município de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, na região Norte do Brasil. O igarapé Grande possui como afluente à sua margem direita, o igarapé da Paca, tendo sua foz no rio Branco. O presente estudo visa avaliar, através da determinação de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológico (clorofila-a) o nível de contaminação do Igarapé Grande após receber efluente da ETE/Boa Vista-RR e o impacto ambiental causado pelo aporte de substâncias no igarapé e possivelmente no rio Branco. Na realização deste estudo foram selecionados seis pontos de coletas considerados estratégicos para o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Foram analisados os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, condutividade, pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrito, amônia, fósforo total, cloreto, DBO5, DQO, clorofila-a, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro e níquel. As técnicas de coleta, transporte e preservação e análises das amostras obedeceram às recomendações da NBR n 9898 de junho de 1987 e os métodos padrões descritos no Standart Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Através das observações realizadas pode-se verificar que o igarapé sofre o impacto humano através da retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamentos de agentes poluidores. Através dos resultados, com exceção das espécies metálicas, foi possível confirmar o impacto do lançamento do efluente sobre igarapé Grande. Parâmetros como fósforo, amônia, nitrito e clorofila-a demonstraram que o igarapé Grande não possui capacidade de assimilação, em especial nos períodos de seca, dos nutrientes e espécies contaminantes durante o percurso até a sua foz no rio Branco. / The water body, the object of this study, the creek Grande, located in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, in northern Brazil. The river has as large tributary to the right bank of the creek Paca, and his mouth in the rio Branco. This study aims to evaluate, through the determination of physico-chemical and biological (chlorophyll-a) the level of contamination of the igarapé Grande after receiving STP effluent/Boa Vista-RR and the environmental impact caused by the injection of substances into the creek and possibly in rio Branco. In this study we selected six collection points considered strategic to the achievement of objectives. Parameters were assessed: color, turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus, chloride, BOD5, COD, chlorophyll-a, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and nickel. The techniques of collection, transportation and preservation of samples and analysis followed the recommendations of the NBR N. 9898 of June 1987 and the standard methods described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Through the observations can be verified that the stream is impacted by human removal of vegetation, soil sealing by the occupation of the surroundings and releases of pollutants. Through the results, with the exception of metal species, it was possible to confirm the impact of effluent discharge on igarapé Grande. Parameters such as phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and chlorophyll-a showed that the creek does not have great capacity to assimilate, especially in periods of drought, nutrient and contaminant species en route to its mouth on the rio Branco.