Conversion of discrete volumetric data to boundary representation is quite common operation. Standard approach to resolve this problem is to use well-known Marching cubes algorithm, which although simple and robust, generates low-quality output that requires subsequent post-processing. This master's thesis deals with uncommon algorithms used for isosurface extraction from volumes. The reader will be acquainted with fundamental principles of Hierarchical Iso-Surface Extraction method, that was independently implemented and tested in this work.

Goals of this work are to summarize the process and existing methods of 3D models watermarking, to choose relevant methods for embedding/extraction of a watermark to/from 3D models. The final solution is based on Spectral Mesh Compression technique. This method is robust, imperceptible and informed. The embedded watermark is detectable and robust against geometrical transformations, added random noise, mesh smoothing and simplification, compression and cropping.  The realized tool allows a user to embedding watermark into the mesh, modify the mesh and extraction of a watermark from mesh. Testing was conducted on a set of 5 models differing in size, shape and density of points. The resulting tool inserts a watermark composed of four characters that can detect both undamaged models and the models affected. Among the attacks against which the watermark is robust, include transformations, rotation, scale, adaptive random noise, and combination of this.

This project is engaged in optimalization of 3D polygonal models. Main automatic and also manual principles and methods used in the area of character model optimalization are introduced and discussed. Next the approach named geometry mapping, which was created as a part of the project and enables the creation of models with desired topology, is described.

[pt] A tese apresenta o modelo poligonal, um paradigma autoral criado para a análise de canções populares centrado no peso de quatro parâmetros: melodia, contabilidade, forma e sentido. Traduções de canções podem ser avaliadas usando os mesmos quesitos, o que permite uma visualização rápida dos erros e acertos do tradutor. O modelo é colocado à prova com a análise e tradução autoral (e comentada) de três canções: Highway 61 Revisited e All Along the Watchtower, de Bob Dylan, e Idioteque, do Radiohead. Uma semelhança influenciou a escolha desses dois artistas: eles têm fases musicais muito bem definidas: Dylan começou a carreira como músico folk tocando instrumentos acústicos e acabou adotando instrumentos elétricos; já o Radiohead tinha um som rock n roll e lançou álbuns com uma influência mais eletrônica. Então, para pensar na questão da performance e nas influências artísticas de cada canção, as três traduções foram gravadas. / [en] This dissertation introduces the polygonal model, a paradigm for the analysis of translation of popular music centered around four parameters: melody, singability, form, and sense. Translations of songs can be evaluated with the same criteria, which allows for a quick way to visualize the translator s mistakes and successes. The model is tested with the analyses of commented translations of three songs: Highway 61 Revisited and All Along the Watchtower, written by Bob Dylan, and Idioteque, written by Radiohead. A similarity influenced why those two artists were chosen: Dylan started out as a folk musician playing acoustic instruments and then went electric; Radiohead had a rock n roll sound, but then released albums with a heavy electronic influence. In order to think about performance and the artistic influences from each song, the three translations were recorded.

The scattered field from an object, when illuminated with ultrasound, is useful in the reconstruction of it's cross section - a problem broadly classified as 'tomography'. In many situations of medical imaging, we will be interested in getting to know the location and the extent of growth of the inhomogeneity. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation of the location and the shape parameters (of scale and orientation angle), has been done along with the corresponding CR bounds, for the case of weakly scattering objects, where the Fourier Diffraction Theorem(FDT) holds. It has been found that the a-priori information of a reference object function helps in drastic reduction of the number of receivers and illuminations required. For a polygonal object, the shape is specified, when the corner locations are known. We have formulated the problem as, estimation of the frequencies of sum of undamped sinusoids. The result is a substantial reduction in the number of illuminations and receivers required. For acoustically soft and rigid polygons, where the FDT does not hold, the necessary theory is developed to show the dependence of the scattered field on the corner location, using an On Surface Radiation Condition(OSRC). The corner locations are estimated along similar lines, to the one adopted for the weakly scattering objects.

The trend of structural engineering in the recent years is toward the use of lighter and moreeconomical structural elements. In steel construction, peculiarly, thin-walled structural elements arebecoming more popular and have a growing importance. Improved techniques in a manufacturing ofthin-walled elements have led to increased competitiveness of such products in the buildingapplications. Some examples of such structural element can be found in everyday life in form ofcolumns, studs, roofing trusses, and light-weight frames. However, the use of slender profiles and acomplex cross sections shape lead to requirements to study instability phenomenon in a form of local,distortional, flexural, torsional and coupled instability. Such complex structural behavior is inevitablyaccompanied by demand to improve calculation methods and design provisions. In this thesis, aninnovative solution of structural element composed of thin-walled plates is proposed for theapplication on lattice support structure of wind turbine.Thin-walled cold-formed profiles are steel products usually made from cold rolled coils and folded inthe second step. In this way, only open profiles can be produced. The predominant problem of theopen cross-section is the excessive torsional effect caused by the non-coincidence between the shearcenter and mass center, and a poor torsional resistance. A better response is possible with closed crosssections, but such profiles could not be produced by the folding. The solution is to make semi-closedsection by assembling them into polygonal profiles with mechanical fasteners, as presented in thisthesis.Objective of this work is to study the proposed structural sections in design situation and toinvestigate possible design models. The expected structural behavior of the column is a mixturebetween the open and closed cross-section. These cases will be investigated through numerical study.In this thesis presented a comprehensive parametric study on the ultimate strength of proposed coldformedsteel columns using the Finite Element package ABAQUS. FE models were first developedfor columns by using automation that was made through MATLAB and Python script. The bucklingand non-linear FE study was done for the investigation of local (L), distortional (D) and global (G)possible buckling failures and ultimate resistance, respectively. Modelling issues such as boundaryconditions, meshing, initial imperfections, material models, and non-linear solution controls in FEAwere also addressed.The parametric study involved series of profiles of built-up polygonal cross-section types with variedthickness (t), number of corners (n), diameter (d), slenderness (slend), yield strength (fy), number ofpoints along corner radii (np), extension lip length (lext), gusset plate thickness (tg), member length (l),and density of fasteners (s/d ratio), loaded in compression and bending moment. The bending momentoccurs as the effect of forces acting on the connection. The purpose of this analysis is to study thecritical load, cross-sectional behavior, influence of the amplitude of initial imperfections on theultimate load, and influence of each parameter used in the analysis through Full Factorial Design.

[pt] A otimização topológica tem por objetivo buscar uma distribuição ótima de uma quantidade limitada de material em um dado domínio, de tal maneira a minimizar uma medida de desempenho, como, por exemplo, a flexibilidade da estrutura. Tradicionalmente, são utilizados algoritmos clássicos, baseados em gradiente, para se encontrar a solução deste problema de otimização. Este trabalho propõe a aplicação de uma técnica alternativa, baseada no conceito de derivada topológica, para a solução do problema de otimização topológica em domínios bidimensionais arbitrários, utilizando malhas de elementos finitos poligonais. Inicialmente, são apresentados os conceitos básicos da expansão assintótica topológica na solução de problemas de elasticidade linear em um domínio com pequenas perturbações. Usamos esse conceito para definir a derivada topológica a partir da solução desse problema e de um equivalente em um domínio sem perturbações. Em seguida, discutimos a obtenção da derivada topológica em problemas unidimensionais simples para depois estender este conceito para problemas de elasticidade linear bidimensional. Apresentamos uma implementação computacional da derivada topológica, em MATLAB, e aplicamos o código desenvolvido na solução de problemas de otimização topológica, conhecidos na literatura. Finalmente, apresentamos as conclusões sobre a qualidade dos resultados obtidos e a eficiência computacional da implementação proposta e sugerimos alguns tópicos para futuros desenvolvimentos. / [en] The purpose of topology optimization is to find the optimum material distribution of a limited amount of material in a given domain, in such a way that it minimizes a performance measure, such as the structure s compliance. Traditionally, classical algorithms based on gradients are used to obtain the solution of optimization problems. This work proposes the application of an alternative technique, based on the topological derivative concept, for the solution of topology optimization problems in arbitrary two-dimensional domains, using polygonal finite element meshes. Initially, the basic concepts of topological asymptotic expansion of linear elasticity problems in a domain with small perturbations are presented. We use this concept to define the topological derivative from the solution of this problem and an equivalent one on a domain without perturbations. Then, we discuss how to calculate the topological derivative for one-dimensional problems before extending this concept to two-dimensional linear stability problems. We present a computational implementation of the topological derivative in MATLAB, and apply the developed code to solve topology optimization problems known in the literature. Finally, we present some conclusions about the quality of the results obtained and the computational efficiency of the proposed implementation and suggest some topics for future developments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5050.pdf: 4225946 bytes, checksum: eef403ca886d7a47c3c8886fee5bc0f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The shortage of activities regarding recursive defined sequences, allied to the importance of this theme to young students has been contested in at least twenty years of experience teaching Mathematics. The elaboration of a learning product, in a form of sheets of activities which gradually lead the student to the understanding of the concept of recursion, the pattern recognition, conjectures tests and formulas acquisition, could be inferred by the application of these sheets of activities in two high school classrooms in a technical state school. The data attained from these activities applications were analyzed and compared to the previously formed hypothesis (previous analysis) which were formed during the elaboration of the sheets of activities. The investigation method used was the Didactical Engineering. The students did the activities in groups of two or three students .They were participative and felt challenged in doing every step (lessons) proposed in the sheets. It was verified that the teaching material developed works, as it reached its main goals, the biggest one, the students learning. It is believed that the material developed may be useful to other teachers who may wish to develop the theme proposed in their classrooms, even adapting them to their students needs. This work brought to this author a great profession evolution which began with the theme choice, passed through the development of the material, the application in the classes and finally in the reflection of everything that was done and that is recorded in these notes. / A escassez de atividades envolvendo sequências definidas recursivamente, aliada à importância desse tema para jovens estudantes, foi constatada em pelo menos vinte anos de experiência dando aulas de matemática. A elaboração de um produto de ensino, na forma de folhas de atividades que gradativamente levam o estudante à compreensão do conceito de recursividade, reconhecimento de padrões, testes de conjecturas e obtenção de fórmulas, pôde ser aferida através da aplicação dessas folhas de atividades em duas salas do ensino médio de uma escola técnica estadual. Os dados obtidos dessas aplicações foram analisados e comparados com as hipóteses levantadas (análises prévias), sendo estas feitas durante a elaboração das folhas de atividades. A metodologia de investigação usada foi a Engenharia Didática. Os alunos fizeram as atividades em grupos de dois ou três, foram participativos e se sentiram bastante estimulados em realizar todas as etapas (lições) propostas nas folhas. Constatou-se que o material de ensino produzido funciona, pois atingiu seus objetivos principais, sendo o maior deles o aprendizado do aluno. Acredita-se que o material elaborado possa ser útil a outros professores que desejarem desenvolver o tema proposto em suas aulas, podendo mesmo adaptá-los à realidade de suas turmas. Este trabalho trouxe, para esse autor, uma grande evolução profissional que se iniciou na escolha do tema, passou pela elaboração do material construído, pela aplicação nas turmas e finalmente pela reflexão de tudo que foi feito e que se encontra registrado nessas notas.

The purpose of this work was investigate and measure the possibility to exist multipath caused by the corona noise generated in high voltage electric lines recepting GNSS signals. Experiments were realized with a 69 kV tension electric line localized in Santa Maria/RS. A serie was located with eleven transversal points to the longitudinal ranging of the transmission line. In this points, the eletromagnetic field was estimated using an equipment to measure the electromagnetic field EM-8000 model. Valuations was realized about the interferences on positioning by the absolut method, using a GNSS receiver with C/A code Garmin GPS II Plus model and the positioning by the relative method with the GNSS receiver L1/L2 Topcon Hiper model. To estimate the interference in the points was necessary to obtain the geodesic coordinates of this points without multipath possibilities caused of corona noise. For this was implanted a squared topographical polygonal where the support points were located far from the transmission lines, free of the electromagnetic field influence. Calculating the variances among the coordinates was necessary transform the geodesic coordinates obtained at GNSS receivers to the Local Topographic System, to make the systems compatible, using the rotation and translation model. Calculating was possible conclude that to the raising method and the geodesic equipment used in this experiment, in a 69 kV transmission line, the found discrepancies were in the standard deviation of 17,10 mm admitted to equipment GNSS receiver L1/L2 and 15 mm to GNSS receiver C/A code, in a 95% confidence level. So it was not evidenced interferences in the electromagnetic field at GNSS signal reception. / O propósito deste trabalho foi investigar e mensurar a possibilidade de haver multicaminhamento pelo efeito corona gerado em linhas elétricas de alta tensão na recepção de sinais GNSS. Foram realizados experimentos em uma rede elétrica com tensão de 69 kV localizado no município de Santa Maria/RS. Foi implantada uma série de onze pontos transversais ao alinhamento longitudinal da linha de transmissão. Nestes pontos realizou-se uma avaliação do campo eletromagnético gerado utilizando um equipamento medidor de campo eletromagnético modelo EM- 8000. Foram realizadas avaliações da interferência no posicionamento pelo método absoluto utilizando o receptor GNSS de código C/A Garmin modelo GPS II Plus e o posicionamento pelo método relativo com o receptor GNSS portadora L1/L2 Topcon modelo Hiper. Para avaliar a interferência dos pontos foi necessário obter as coordenadas geodésicas desses pontos sem possibilidades de multicaminhamento pelo efeito corona. Para isto implantou-se uma poligonal topográfica enquadrada em que os marcos de apoio localizavam-se distantes a linha de transmissão sem a influência do campo eletromagnético. Ao realizar o cálculo das discrepâncias entre as coordenadas foi necessário realizar a transformação das coordenadas geodésicas obtidas pelos receptores GNSS para o Sistema Topográfico Local para a compatibilização dos sistemas, sendo utilizado o modelo das rotações e translações. Realizando os cálculos concluiu-se que para os métodos de levantamento e os equipamentos geodésicos utilizados neste experimento, em uma linha de transmissão de 69 kV, as discrepâncias constatadas ficaram dentro do desviospadrões de 17,10 mm admitido ao equipamento receptor GNSS portadora L1/L2 e 15 m ao receptor GNSS código C/A, a nível de confiança de 95%. Assim não se constatou interferências do campo eletromagnético na recepção dos sinais GNSS.

This thesis was elaborated on the topic: Proposal and model of the detailed point network of positional point field by using total station and GPS. The detailed point network of positional point field was construct for following etailed measure as a part of complex land adaptation in cadastral area Záblatí u Prachatic and in cadastral area Horní Záblatí in the region of Prachatice. The aim was reconnaissance of the interest locality and existing point field, propose and complete existing network to cover interest locality in the desiderative density. Following the geodetic reading and map bases the reconnaissance of the ground control was done. The point network was completed by 15 detailed measuring points using the GPS method and the method of polygonal traverse and polar method. There was used the electronic total station Leica TC407 for polar method and for polygonal traverse, for GPS was used apparatus Leica GPS system 300 for the measuring in terrain.