A new torque transfer standard using metallic TBTF resonant sensor was developed to overcome the overload capability problem which occurs with conventional metallic resistance strain gauges. Previous research work, however, has shown that the first prototype of the metallic TBTF resonant sensor was not suitable for use in a torque transfer standard due to its size and subsequent sensitivity to parasitic lateral forces. To maximize the benefits from this sensor, particularly overload capability and long-term stability, in the high accuracy torque measurement application area, there is a need to develop significantly smaller devices. The aim of this thesis is to research through FEA modelling and experimental characterisation the key performance parameters required to produce a miniaturised metallic TBTF resonant sensor that provides better performance when applied in a torque measurement system. For high accuracy any torque transducer using these sensors ought to have low sensitivity to parasitic influences such as bending moments and lateral forces, which can only be achieved with reduced size. The problems with the existing design, key design issues, possible configuration and packaging solutions of the metallic TBTF resonant sensor that could be used for achieving a higher accuracy torque transfer standard are considered. Two designs of miniaturised metallic TBTF resonant sensors, SL20 and SL12, are considered and experimentally investigated. The lateral forces are reduced by 52% for SL20 design and by 80% for SL12 design when compared to the original SL40 design. A torque transducer using the SL20 design was calibrated falling into the Torque Transfer Standard class of accuracy 1 category, uncertainty 0.8%. A torque transducer using the SL12 design was made and calibration showed a class of accuracy 0.5 category, uncertainty 0.2%. The results from this research indicate that the SL12 design is suitable for use in a torque transfer standard. The SL12 design is optimal and the smallest size possible based on the overload capability design criteria requiring the tine cross sectional area to remain constant.

This thesis presents details of x-ray and neutron scattering experiments used to probe quantum magnets with strong spin-orbit interaction. The first of these systems are the three-dimensional iridate compounds, in which the three-fold co-ordination of IrO₆ octahedra has been theoretically hypothesized to stabilize anisotropic exchange between Ir⁴⁺ ions. This novel interaction between these spin-orbital entangled, J_eff=1/2 moments is described by a Hamiltonian first proposed by Kitaev, and would be the first physical realization of this Hamiltonian in a condensed matter system. This thesis details the determination of the structure of a new polytype within these compounds, the 'stripyhoneycomb' &gamma;-Li₂IrO₃. Furthermore, through resonant magnetic x-ray diffraction experiments on single crystals of &beta;-Li₂IrO₃ and &gamma;-Li₂IrO₃, an incommensurate, non-coplanar structure with counter-rotating moments is found. The counter-rotating moment structure is a rather counter-intuitive result, as it is not stabilizied by Heisenberg exchange between magnetic sites, however, the Kitaev exchange naturally accounts for this feature. As such, these experiments reveal, for the first time, systems which exhibit dominant Kitaev interactions. The ordering wavevector of both &beta;- and &gamma;-Li₂IrO₃ polytypes are found to be identical, suggesting that the same magnetic interactions are responsible for stabilizing magnetic order in both materials, despite their different lattice topologies. Following this, the spinel FeSc₂S₄ is considered. Here, despite the presence of strong exchange between Fe<sup>2+,/sup>, and the fact that these ions sit in a Jahn-Teller active environment, the system does not order in the spin or orbital degrees of freedom. A 'spin-orbital singlet' has been theoretically proposed to describe the groundstate of this system, and here inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is used to probe the resulting triplon excitations. This allows determination of microscopic parameters in the single ion and exchange Hamiltonians, and moreover experiments in external magnetic field reveal the true spin-and-orbital nature of these triplon excitations. Finally, Ba₃CoSb₂O₉, a physical realization of the canonical triangular antiferromagnet model is explored with INS and the high energy excitations from the 120 degree magnetic structure are found to display significant differences from those calculated by linear spin wave theory, suggesting the presence of quantum dynamics not captured in the 1/S linear spin wave expansion.

A pattern-reconfigurable, low-profile, efficient, electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP), Huygens source antenna is presented. The design incorporates both electric and magnetic NFRP elements. The electric ones are made reconfigurable by the inclusion of a set of p-i-n diodes. By arranging these electric and magnetic NFRP elements properly, a set of three Huygens sources are attained, each covering a 120 degrees sector. Pattern reconfigurability is obtained by switching the diodes on or off; it encompasses the entire 360 degrees azimuth range. A prototype was fabricated and tested. The numerical and experimental studies are in good agreement. The experimental results indicate that in each of its instantaneous states at f(0) = 1.564 GHz, the antenna provides uniform peak realized gains, front-toback ratios, and radiation efficiencies, respectively, as high as 3.55 dBi, 17.5 dB, and 84.9%, even though it is electrically small: ka = 0.92, and low profile: 0.05 lambda(0).

Certaines applications haute température telles que le forage, l’aéronautique ou l’aérospatial, amènent à repenser la conception des alimentations isolées permettant la commande des éléments de puissance. Ce mémoire s’articule autour de l’étude de la faisabilité et de l’enfouissement d’un convertisseur isolé possédant une forte isolation statique (10kV) et dynamique (<10 pF), pouvant travailler sous de hautes températures (>250°C), dans les gammes de tension de sortie de la dizaine de volts et de puissance de l’ordre du Watt. Pour ne pas être contraint par la température de Curie d’un matériau magnétique, cette alimentation DC/DC se base sur un transformateur à air. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse détaille l’origine, la mesure et l’estimation des éléments du modèle électrique choisi pour le transformateur. Ensuite, afin de maximiser la transmission de puissance, nous constituons un système résonnant en ajoutant des condensateurs en parallèle ou en série avec le transformateur, puis nous développons une méthode permettant d’accorder l’ensemble. La comparaison entre les topologies nous amène ensuite à choisir compensation série-série. Puis nous constatons que la technologie choisie pour les condensateurs, la contrainte d’isolation statique et dynamique peuvent diviser par plus de deux la puissance transmise au travers d’une surface. Enfin, nous abordons comment redresser et réguler la tension de sortie sans affecter la résonnance ou l’isolation apportée, tout en minimisant les pertes générées. Une dernière partie montre que, moyennant un système de dissipation un processus de fabrication adapté, il est possible d’intégrer la structure complète sur silicium / High temperature applications such as deep drilling, aeronautics or aerospace, lead to rework the isolated power supplies used for the control of the power elements. This work study the feasibility of an embedded converter with high static (10kV) and dynamic (<10 pF) insulation, able to work under high temperatures (> 250 ° C), in the ranges of dozens volts for the output voltage and several Watt of transmitted power. To avoid being constrained by a magnetic material Curie temperature of, we use a coreless transformer based DC/DC power supply. First of all, this thesis details the origin, the measurement and the estimation of the elements of the chosen transformer electric model. Then, to maximize the transferred power, we form a resonant structure by adding capacitors in parallel or in series with the transformer, then we develop a method to tune the whole. The comparison between the topologies leads us to choose a serial-serial compensation. Then we note that the technology chosen for capacitors, the static and dynamic insulation constraint can divide by more than two the power transmitted through a surface. Finally, we discuss how to rectify and regulate the output voltage without affecting the resonance or insulation provided, while minimizing the losses generated. A last part exhibit that with a suitable dissipation system and manufacturing process, it is possible to integrate the complete structure on silicon chips

Propõe-se analisar teoricamente a instabilidade disruptora que ocorre em plasmas confinados em Tokamaks, investigando-se a influencia de campos helicoidais ressonantes em seu equilíbrio. Para isso, considerou-se a superposição do campo magnético do plasma em equilíbrio MHD estático com o campo associado às ressonâncias, levando-se em conta a geometria toroidal do Tokamak. Devido a falta de simetria, as linhas do campo magnético total resultante desta superposição devem formar superfícies magnéticas apenas em algumas regiões do plasma. Usando o método da media, foram obtidas (analiticamente) funções de superfícies aproximadas que contem, em torno das regiões de ressonância do plasma, as linhas deste campo magnético total. Verificou-se que estas superfícies aproximadas têm estruturas de ilhas magnéticas. / It is proposed to analyse theoretically the disruptive instability that occurs in confined plasmas in Tokamaks, through investigation of the influence of resonant helical fields on their equilibrium. With this aim, a superposition of the magnetic field of the plasma in static MHD equilibrium with the field associated with the resonances is considered, taking into account the toroidal geometry of the tokamak. Due to the lack of symmetry, the lines of the total magnetic field resulting from this superposition must form magnetic surfaces only around some regions of the plasma. Using the averaging method, functions of approximate magnetic surfaces are obtained (analitically) around the regions of resonances of the plasma (they contain the lines of this total magnetic field). It was verified that these approximate surfaces have structures of magnetic islands.

Devido à escassez de dados espectroscópicos sobre as interações de aminas aromáticas com SO2 e devido também à importância que complexos de transferência de carga assumem numa série de processos, inclusive biológicos, realizou-se um estudo objetivando a caracterização dessa interação através de várias técnicas espectroscópicas, como a espectroscopia Raman, no Infravermelho, no visível-ultravioleta e de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear. A partir dos dados obtidos nesses estudos concluímos que ocorre transferência de carga da amina para o SO2 ; essa transferência ocorre a partir do orbital ocupado de maior energia da amina , localizado principalmente no átomo de nitrogênio, para o orbital vago de mais baixa -energia do SO2 (&#960; * ) localizado no a-tomo de enxofre. Os espectros vibracionais mostram que não é possível correlacionar as frequências de estiramento do SO2 complexado com o pKb (ou potencial de ionização) da base e sugerem que fatores estéricos podem ser importantes, influenciando o recobrimento dos orbitais do doador e do aceptor. No caso particular da ANI.SO2 , alterações na região de estiramento N-H do espectro no infravermelho , indicam que muito provavelmente ocorre a formação de ligações de hidrogênio entre a amina e o SO2 além da interação através do átomo de nitrogênio. ° comportamento termocrômico dos complexos foi investigado através de espectroscopia Raman à baixa temperatura. As informações preliminares obtidas sugerem que o desaparecimento da côr é devido a uma depopulação dos estados vibracionais excitados, a partir dos quais se efetuam as transições eletrônicas com fatores de Franck-Condon muito favoráveis / The shortage of spectroscopic data on the interactions between amines and SO2, together with the relevance that molecular complexes have in several process, including biological ones, stimulated us to study these systems by Raman, Infrared, Visible-Ultra violet and NMR spectroscopic techniques. From the data obtained, it\'s possible to conclude that there is charge transfer from the HOMO of the amines, which is localized mainly at the nitrogen atom, to the LUMO of SO2, localized at the sulfur atom. The vibrational spectra show that it is impossible to correlate any of the SO2 vibrational bands to the pKb of the donor and suggest that steric hindrance may play an important role in such interations, affecting the overlap of donor and aceptor orbitals; in the case of ANI.SO2 , the band shape in the N-H stretching region led us to conclude that hidrogen bonding between the amine and SO2 occurs, together with the specific interation through the nitrogen atom. The complexes show Pré-Resonance Raman Effect and from its study one concludes that SO2 belongs to the chromophoric group. The thermochromism that the complexes present was investigated by Raman Spectroscopy at low temperature. The informations obtained strongly suggest that the vanishing of its colour may be atributed to a depopulation of an vibrational excited state from which the charge transfer eletronic transition can occur with apreciable Franck-Condon factors.

Neste trabalho, consideramos os efeitos de um campo magnético ressonante externo sobre o plasma confinado em um tokamak. Este campo magnético pode ser produzido quer por condutores helicoidais ou por um limitador magnético caótico. O principal propósito desse campo magnético ressonante é criar uma região de linhas de força caóticas na borda da coluna de plasma que pode melhorar o confinamento do plasma. O campo magnético de equilíbrio foi obtido resolvendo-se a equação de GRAD-SHAFRANOV em um sistema de coordenadas intrinsecamente toroidal (as coordenadas polares toroidais). Obtivemos o campo magnético, gerado pelos condutores helicoidais, através da solução explícita da equação de LAPLACE no mesmo sistema de coordenadas. A partir desse campo magnético, tomando o termo de mais baixa ordem, obtivemos analiticamente um mapa estroboscópico simplético para um conjunto de anéis limitadores magnéticos caóticos. Calculamos esse mapa estroboscópico simplético usando uma formulação hamiltoniana e adotando a. ação dos limitadores magnéticos caóticos como uma sequência de pulsos do tipo função delta. Com esse mapa estroboscópico simplético, caracterizamos algumas ilhas magnéticas ressonantes e a transição para um regime de caos global através da superposição das mesmas. Usamos esse mapa estroboscópico simplético para estudar o transporte das linhas de força na borda da coluna de plasma. A perda de linhas de força caóticas, que atingem a parede interna do tokamak, segue uma distribuição de POISSON. Calculamos, ainda, o número médio de voltas, ao redor da câmara de vácuo, necessárias para que uma linha de força caótica atinja a parede da câmara. / In this work, we have considered the effects of an external resonant magnetic field on the plasma confined in a tokamak. This resonant field can be produced by helical windings or by a chaotic magnetic limiter. The main purpose of this resonant magnetic field is to create a region of chaotic field lines at the edge of the plasma that can improve the confinement of the plasma. The equilibrium tokamak field was obtained by solving the GRAD-SHAFRANOV equation in an intrinsically toroidal coordinate system (the toroidal polar coordinates). We have obtained the magnetic field which has been generated by helical windings through an explicit solution of the LAPCACE equation in the same coordinate system. From this magnetic field, taken in its lowest order, we have analytically obtained a sympletic stroboscopic map for a set of chaotic magnetic limiters. We have calculated this sympletic stroboscopic map by using a Hamiltonian formulation and by supposing the action of the chaotic magnetic limiters as a sequence of delta-function pulses. With this sympletic stroboscopic map we have characterized some resonant magnetic islands and the onset of global chaos through their overlap. We have used this sympletic stroboscopic map in order to study the transport of the field lines at the edge of the plasma. The loss of chaotic field lines that reach the inner wall of the tokamak follows a POISSON distribution. We have also calculated the average number of toroidal turns for a chaotic field line to reach the inner wall of the tokamak.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:07:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WEENDEL_TRINDADE_PEREIRA.pdf: 828783 bytes, checksum: 994f37fcb693c6f17f9c55c21c004214 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this dissertation there was calculated the photoemission current of an impurity with fluctuation of valence in a host metal using both the Anderson model of resonant level (U = 0) with screening G and the numerical renormalization group method. The Anderson model is composed by the conduction band, representing the host metal, by the bound energy εf of the orbital of the valence fluctuation impurity, by the Coulomb interaction G (the screening) between the electrons of this orbital and the conduction electrons and by the hybridization of that orbital with the conduction band, in our calculation the Coulomb interaction of the electrons was disregarded inside the orbital. For Γ = 0 and G = 0 the orbital can have the next configurations: orbital empty nf = 0 with energy 0, orbital singly occupied nf = 1 with energy εf (spin up or down) or orbital doubly occupied nf = 2 with energy 2εf . It were considered also what |εf| À Γ in such a way that it is possible to use the approximation nf ≈ < nf >, where < nf > it is a mean occupation number of the orbital of the impurity. For G = 0 the photoemission current σ (ε) presents a peak around ε0 ≈ |εf || and width of the order of Γ, when G 6= 0 increases that there takes place a reduction of the width of the peak and an increase of the height of the same. The increase of G also does so that the position of the peak takes place in ε0 > |εf |, until the value limits G ≈ D/π < nf >, where D the width of the conduction band from the host metal, for which ε0 = εmax ≈ |εf − Γ/2|. In such a way that for G ≈ D/π < nf > the peak in σ (ε) it starts to take place in ε0 < |εf − Γ/2|. In the limit G → ∞ the current σ (ε) is a Dirac s delta (line) centered in ε = |εf |. Since σ (ε) it must obey to Friedel sum rule. one has then a very well-located orbital. The reduction of the width of the peak with the increase of G is a competitive effect between G and Γ, so that for G À Γ the orbital is completely uncoupled the conduction band. So, in the ground state, the orbital is doubly occupied if εf < 0 and empty εf > 0. Taking into account the potential G 6= 0 between the f-electrons and conduction electrons, the current of photoemission σ (ε) is mapped onto the photoemission current of the model with G = 0, and the renormalized parameters εfG and ΓG. / Nesta dissertação calculou-se analíticamente a corrente de fotoemissão de uma impureza com flutuação de valência num metal hospedeiro utilizando o modelo de Anderson do nível ressonante com blindagem e a técnica do grupo de renormalização numérico. O modelo é composto pela banda de condução, representando o metal hospedeiro, pela energia de ligação εf do orbital da impureza de valência flutuante, pela interação de Coulomb G entre os elétrons deste orbital e os elétrons de condução e pela hibridização Γ daquele orbital com a banda de condução, no nosso cálculo não foi considerada a interação de Coulomb entre os elétrons dentro do orbital. Para Γ = 0 e G = 0 o orbital pode ter as seguintes configurações: orbital vazio nf = 0 com energia εf = 0, orbital unitariamente ocupado nf = 1 com energia εf (spin para cima ou para baixo) ou orbital duplamente ocupado nf = 2 com energia 2εf . Considerou-se também que |εf| À Γ de forma que pode-se utilizar aproximação nf ≈ hnf i, onde hnf i é a ocupação média do orbital da impureza Para G = 0 a corrente de fotoemissão σ (ε) apresenta um pico em torno de ε0 ≈ |εf | e largura da ordemde Γ, a medida G 6= 0 aumenta ocorre uma redução da largura do pico e um aumento da altura do mesmo. O aumento de G também faz com que a posição do pico ocorra em ε0 > |εf |, até que o valor limite G ≈ D/π hnf i, onde D a meia largura da banda de condução do metal hospedeiro, para qual ε0 = εmax ≈ |εf − Γ/2|. De forma que para G > D/π hnf i o pico em σ (ε)passa a ocorrer em ε0 < |εf − Γ/2|. No limite G → ∞ a corrente σ (ε) é uma delta de Dirac (linha) centrada em ε = |εf |. Visto que σ (ε) deve obedecer a regra de soma de Friedel., tem-se um orbital muito bem localizado. Aredução da largura do pico como aumento de G indica a presença de um efeito competitivo entre G e Γ, de modo que para G À Γ o orbital está completamente desacoplado da banda de condução. Assim , no estado fundamental, o orbital está duplamente ocupado se εf < 0 e vazio se εf > 0. Considerando-se o potencial G 6= 0, corrente de fotoemissão σ (ε) é mapeada na corrente σ (ε) do modelo com G = 0, com os parâmetros renormalizados εfG e ΓG.

With the growth of renewable energy usage and energy storage adoption in recent decades, people have started to reevaluate the possible roles of dc systems in current and future electrical systems. The dc voltage distribution has been applied in various applications, such as data centers and aircraft industry, for high efficiency and power density. However, for some applications such as subsea gas and oil fields, and ocean observatory systems, the dc current distribution is preferred over dc voltage distribution for its low cost and robustness against cable faults. Design and control of dc power distribution systems for different applications is an emerging research area with complex technical challenges. This dissertation solves the technical challenges in analysis, design, modeling, control and protection of series resonant converters (SRCs) for dc current distribution applications. An optimum design that has high efficiency, high reliability, and minimum required control efforts for the SRC with constant input current has been achieved and demonstrated by applying the analysis and design procedures developed in this dissertation. The modeling and analysis presented in this dissertation represents an operating condition that has not been studied in the literature and could be easily extended to other resonant converter topologies. Explicit analytical expressions have been provided for all key transfer functions, including input impedance and control-to-output, offering valuable resources to design feed-back regulation and to evaluate system stability. Based on the control strategies and control design presented in this dissertation, stable and reliable operation of dc current distribution systems with long distance cable has been achieved and demonstrated. The proposed analysis, design procedure, stability evaluation, control strategy and protection techniques in this dissertation can be applied to a wide range of similar scenarios as well, which greatly increases their value.

La motivation principale de cette thèse a été de déterminer les avantages et les inconvénients de l'utilisation de la spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en angle dans le domaine des rayons X mous.<br />L'étude d'un système bien connu, Ag(001) nous permet de discuter plusieurs questions telles que le rôle de la quantité de mouvement du photon, la pertinence de l'approximation d'électron libre à l'état final, et le rôle des phonons. La polarisation de la lumière incidente a aussi été exploitée. En choisissant un tel système, nous avons aussi voulu comparer les résultats expérimentaux avec des spectres calculés de photoémission résolue en angle dans cette gamme d'énergie.<br />Le comportement à basse température atypique des composés de Cérium est généralement imputé à l'effet Kondo. Des résultats originaux ont été obtenus en étudiant la bande de valence de trois composés monocristallins iso-structuraux de Cérium, CeCu2Ge2, CeNi2Ge2 et CeCo2Ge2. La position du seuil d'absorption M5 du Cérium dans la bande d'énergie des rayons X mous est exploitée pour isoler la contribution 4f à ces spectres. De plus, l'utilisation de photons incidents d'énergie relativement élevée permet de minimiser les effets de surface. Les spectres de photoémission présentés dans cette thèse incluent des études de dépendance en température, des spectres à la résonance, des spectres résolus en angle ou bien intégrés angulairement. Les premiers sont en accord avec le modèle d'impureté unique d'Anderson, alors que les derniers suggèrent qu'il est important de prendre en compte le réseau cristallin.