There are two independent streams of health care in South Africa: traditional healing and Western medicine. Proposals to formally integrate the two streams have been made by the World Health Organization and by the South African Department of Health. In this study, the philosophical background behind each of the two health care models is discussed, as well as literature on the possible integration of the two systems. It has not been clear if Western-trained health-care practitioners would be prepared to work with traditional healers. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine health care practitioners’ opinions, attitudes, knowledge and experiences with traditional healers, and to determine to what extent these variables would predict their intentions to work with these healers. A Within-Stage Mixed Model design was used, and data were collected using a selfdeveloped questionnaire. A total of 319 health care practitioners from State hospitals and clinics in Gauteng and Limpopo provinces participated in the study. The results of the study revealed significant differences between groups of health care practitioners in terms of their opinions, attitudes, experiences and intentions to work with traditional healers. Psychiatric nurses and psychiatrists showed more positive opinions, more positive attitudes, more knowledge and more willingness to work with traditional healers than do general nurses and physicians. Psychiatric and general nurses also had more experiences with traditional healing than did psychiatrists and physicians. The results also revealed that attitudes, knowledge, opinions and experiences predict Western health care practitioners’ intentions to work with traditional healers, with attitudes being the strongest and experiences the weakest predictors. Health care practitioners’ views of traditional healing were contradictory and ambivalent in many instances. This implies that integration of the two health care systems will be complex, that the current potential to integrate the systems is weak and that such integration can only be realised with considerable effort from all stakeholders. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

In this study, I investigated the search for health and healing in a region of modern Zambia, tracing the imbricated forms of medical knowledge and practices. Drawing on my completed original Honours research project, and enlarging the number of informants and data collection methods by including some of my new materials in this dissertation, this study sets out to ask new and deeper questions about the sociology of health and healing. Firstly, through published work (from before independence, in 1964 to the 1990s), then through primary material (archival sources; published statistical and census data; medical and public health data etc.); and finally from interviews that I recently conducted. The study addresses the following objectives: 1. To describe the complex health system of care in Zambia. 2. To describe and analyse the pattern of healthcare seeking behaviour in a complex, inequality and multi-layered healthcare system. 3. To investigate social relations of power, stigma and discrimination in a multi-layered healthcare system. 4. To explore wider considerations of how both men and women in Eastern Zambia perceive, navigate and use different forms of healthcare systems. This study shows that men and women in this region of Zambia travel a complex journey in search of their well-being necessitated by the inequalities and complexities of regional healthcare systems. The study concludes by showing that the people of this region, demonstrate agency in their health practices, and their health seeking behaviour and actions are adjusted in an effort to facilitate their wellness. Given the gendered and patriarchal context of Zambian culture, the findings of this study are perhaps surprising that birthing women reported male midwives to be more gentle, calm, and respectful than female midwives, and that nurses who work in rural health posts are perceived to be more respectful than the nurses who work at central hospitals, thus these findings may suggest more need to explore these two themes. / Mini Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to determine alternative ways of controlling costs that are more reliable, updated and useful than traditional budgeting. To identify the advantages and disadvantages of the budgeting process. To determine whether a South African company combines different planning methods to suit its specific planning needs. To determine how key performance drivers for planning purposes are chosen in the event that the company makes use of key performance drivers. Finally, to determine the relevance of traditional budgeting when combined with alternative planning methods for a South African company. This study should contribute greatly to how unique the budgeting process has become in the modern economy. Unlike previous studies that only focussed on abandoning budgets completely or on alternative methods, this study will investigate the use of the traditional budget in conjunction with alternative planning and the extent of alternative planning methods being used. As far as it could be determined, this will be the first study of the implementation of alternative budgeting in conjunction with the traditional budget in a South African context. The study will also make a unique contribution by investigating new combinations of planning techniques used by a South African company. For this mixed-method study, one single case was selected for an in-depth analysis of the budgeting process. Data was collected by means of questionnaires that were given to all participants of the budgeting process and a once off face-to-face in-depth interview with the CFO of the company. It was concluded that the budgeting process is unique for this South African company. It includes various alternative planning methods used in conjunction with the annual budgeting process. Disadvantages and advantages of the budgeting process were discussed as found form previous research and from the current study. Alternative methods of planning used by the company in conjunction to the traditional budget were identified and discussed. Further research in a South African context would prove very interesting on the unique budgeting processes implemented by South African companies today. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Financial Management / unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis deploys deliberative democracy in order to explore interactions in polity dualism in Matebeleland South and Matebeleland North, in Zimbabwe. The thesis was premised on two major problems in the way the issue of traditional leadership is generally talked about and studied. First, there is a theoretical problem in terms of how we study and talk about traditional leaders and their contribution in a democracy. Secondly, the institution of traditional leadership is assessed based on assumptions as opposed to hard facts. Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative case study research design using focus group discussions, key informant interviews and document analysis that enabled an analysis of perceptions, opinions, experiences, and attitudes of residents regarding Zimbabwe’s dual local government system.

The history of African Traditional Religions (ATRs), both inside and outside academia, is one dominated by exclusions. These exclusions were created by the colonial framing of ATRs as primitive, irrational and inferior to other religions. This colonial legacy is in danger of being preserved by the absence of ATRs from the academic study of religion, legal definitions of religion, and global and local conversations about religion. This thesis will explore the ways that a more considered and accurate examination of the understudied religious dimensions within ATRs can potentially dismantle this legacy. It will do so by demonstrating what this considered examination might look like, through an examination of Yoruba divine conceptualizations and the insights they bring to our understanding of three concepts in Religious Studies discourse: Worship, Gender, and Syncretism. This thesis will demonstrate how these concepts have the ability to challenge and contribute to a richer understanding of various concepts and debates in Religious Studies discourse. Finally, it will consider the implications beyond academia, with a focus on the self-understanding of ATR practitioners and African communities. It frames these implications under the lens of the colonial legacy of ‘monstrosity’, which relates to their perception as primitive and irrational, and concludes that a more considered examination of ATRs within the Religious Studies framework has the potential to dismantle this legacy.

This thesis presents the results of standardized testing conducted on two groups of elementary school students. Test results indicated the progress and growth of traditionally educated sixth graders in Phillips, Texas when compared to newer trends.

This is a qualitative study that explores meanings around fatherhood among Xhosa fathers in Cape Town. In so doing, the dissertation goes on to explore attitudes, beliefs, and needs of these township fathers have with regards to taking care of their children. This is a descriptive and exploratory qualitative study which was conducted with a sample of 4 Xhosa fathers. Responses around fathering clustered into the following themes: challenging notions of nurturing as women's roles, changing patterns in fatherhood, fatherhood as a process, multiple ways of fathering, communal and familial support structures, and deviation from ‘traditional' norms and ‘traditional' ideas around fathering. The fathers in this study identified a number of benefits and opportunities to being good fathers who were actively involved in their children's lives.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters in Counselling Psychology in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / The focus of this research is in the area of the role of traditional Zulu medicine on psychosis. Such a study is important in order to have an in-depth-understanding of how people of the African ancestry conceptualise and treat a mental disorder such as psychosis. The research approach adopted in in this dissertation includes qualitative content analysis. The findings of this research provide evidence that Traditional Zulu healers and a few community members view psychosis as a curable illness that is usually caused by bewitchment. This dissertation recommends that further in-depth investigation into how Africans tend to conceptualise the concept of a “mental disorder” be undertaken in in order for this group of people to be better understood by mental health care practitioners whose approach is predominantly western. This might benefit both parties.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, 2001. / Lolu cwaningo kuhloswe ngalo ukweneka obala ukubaluleka komculo kaMasikandi kanye noweSicathamiya esikweni lesizwe samaZulu. Isahluko sokuqala-ke sichaza ngayo le njongo. Lapha kubuye kwenekwe nendlela ezosetshenziswa, okuwukuhlolwa kwamaBhuku athile aqukethe ulwazi olufanele. Kubuye kufakanwe imilomo nezinzululwazi ngomculo woMdabu. Kubanjwe izingxoxo nabaculi oPhuzekhemisi benoJoseph Shabalala, okuyibona abawumgogodla walo ucwaningo. Konke okwenziwayo kuhlahla indlela yocwaningo lonke. Isahluko sesibili sibheka umlando nobunjalo bukaMasikandi. Lapha kubhekwa umlando kaPhuzekhemisi, amaqembu ayizingqalabutho namaqembu abesifazane. Kubuye kubhekwe nemvunulo koMasikandi, izimfijoli zomculo kaMasikandi kanye nezinhiobo zezindikimba ezidingidwa koMasikandi. Isahluko sesithathu sibhekana nomlando weSicathamiya. Kubhekwa namaqembu azingqalabutho eSicathamiyeni. Kobuye kuhlelwe nomlando kaJoseph Shabaiala kanye naMambazo aMnyama. Isahluko sesine sicubungula isakhiwo sobunkondlo eculweni likaMasikandi neteSicathamiya. isahluko sesihianu sicubungula izinhlobo zamaculo kaMasikandi neSicathamiya. Lapha kubhekwa amacuio esililo, alandayo, amalirikhi njaio njalo. Isahluko sesithupha siqukethe ukuqhathaniswa kwamaculo, elikaMasikandi kanye neleSicathamiya. Lapha kuthathwa iculo elilodwa ezinhlangothini zombili, lihluzwe ngokupheleie njengoba kwenzeka enkondtweni. Kubhekwa inhloso, umqondo, imizwa nokunye okuphathelene nokuhiuza. Isahluko sesikhombisa sidingida ukufana kwengqikithi eculweni likaMasikandi neleSicathamiya. Lapha kuhlolwa izingqikithi ezifana nothando, inkolo, ukubulalana kwezombangazwe, uxolo, ukubuyisana, inhlonipho emakhosini kanye nenhlalo yesiNtu. isahluko sesishiyagalombili nokungesokugcina, siyisihlaziyo nesiphetho. Kulesi sahluko kwethulwa izincomo bese kusongwa lonke ucwaningo.

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of phisophy in the Faculty of Arts, in the Department of IsiZulu naMagugu at the University of Zululand, 2004. / Lolu cwaningo luwumzamo wokuphonsa itshe esivivaneni sokushicilelwa nokulondolozwa kwalokho okungamagugu esizwe. Isizwe esingalondolozi amagugu nefa laso sinjengomuntu ovunule akangapheleia. Iqhaza lezimila emithini nasekudleni komdabu kumaZuiu kuyinto ebalulekile neyigugu. Kumele kubhekwe ngamehlo abanzi ukuze nezizukulwane ezizayo zilithole lela gugu zilisebenzise, kusimame isizwe. Uma isizwe sesibizwa ngesithuthukile leso sizwe sisuke kokuningi sikwazi ukuziphilisa ngalokho okuyifa namagugu aso. Izimila zingelinye lamafa amaZulu ngoba ngaphandle kokudla okuyisidingongqangi, nokwelapha kubalulekile. Kulezi zinsuku zanamuhia kubhoke indlala nezifo ezingomashayabhuqe, abantu bakhathazekile isizwe siyaphela. Inselelo le ebhekene nesizwe okumele siyihlangabeze ngolwazi nangesibindi. Bekungamele siqaiaze kude kodwa bekufanele sibheke esinakho sisebenzise khoaa kuxazululeke inkinga esikhungethe. Umcwaningi ubona sengathi iqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu lithanda ukushabalala. Impucuko yaseNtshonalanga yenza abantu abaningi babone sengathi ukudla komdabu kuyinto ephansi futhi kungukudla okungenamsoco. Umsoco bekucatshangwa ukuthi utholakala ekudleni kwesilungu kuphela. Iqhaza lezimila emithini yomdabu nalo futhi belibukelwa phansi. Bekubonakala sengathi imithi yesilungu yodwa engasetshenziswa ukwelapha abantu kulezi zinsuku, ngoba mhlawumbe kube nomuntu mumbe ongenalwazi ngemithi yesintu. Ukudla okunomsoco kugcina umuntu ephilile enamandla. Ukudla ukudla okungenamsoco kudala isizwe esingondlekile nesintekenteke. Uma kubhekwa lezi zimila zomdabu kubonakala kusuka izizwe phesheya kwezilwandle zizokwenza ucwaningo lapha kwaZulu-Natali zibuyele emuva ziyokwenza amaphilisi nemithi ngazo lezi zimila zethu. Lokho kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi, sicebile, sinefa, okumele siligcine silisebenzise ngokuyikho ukuxazulula tzinkinga esinazo njengesizwe samaZuIu. Ucwaningo luyindlela yokufika ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga ezisikhungethe. Inhlosongqangi yalolu cwaningo bekuwukucwaninga ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu esizweni samaZulu. Inhloso exhanteleyo yona kuwukucwaninga ukuthi lungakanani ulwazi ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu yesizwe samaZulu kotbisha abachibiyela izifundo zabo zokufundisa. Kusetshenziswe uhlelo nohiu lwemibuzo ukufeza ie nhloso. Kube sekubhekwa nalokho osekuke kwabhalwa ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu. Kucwaningwe ngezimila ezinhlobonhlobo, ezidliwayo, ezinobuthi nalezo ezeiaphayo. Imfuyo nayo ayisalanga ngaphandle, kubukwe izhnila ezelapha imfuyo kanye nalezo eziyingozi emfuyweni. Imiphumela etholakele ibe isihlaziywa kwenziwa izincomo, kwaba isiphetho emva kwalokho.