Etruscan architecture underwent various changes between the later Iron Age and the Archaic period (c. 800-500 BC), as seen in the evidence from several sites. These changes affected the design and style of domestic architecture as well as the use of raw materials and construction techniques. However, based on a supposed linear progression from inferior to superior building materials, explanations and interpretations often portray an architectural transition in Etruria from ‘prehistoric’ to ‘historic’ building types. This perspective has encouraged a rather deterministic, overly simplified and inequitable view of the causes of change in which the replacement of traditional materials with new ones is thought to have been the main factor. This thesis aims to reconsider the nature of architectural changes in this period by focussing on the building materials and techniques used in the construction of domestic structures. Through a process of identification and interpretation using comparative analysis and an approach based on the chaîne opératoire perspective, changes in building materials and techniques are examined, with special reference to four key sites: San Giovenale, Acquarossa, Poggio Civitate (Murlo) and Lago dell’Accesa. It is argued that changes occurred in neither a synchronous nor a linear way, but separately and at irregular intervals. In this thesis, they are interpreted as resulting mainly from multigenerational habitual changes, reflecting the relationship between human behaviour and the built and natural environments, rather than choices between old and new materials. Moreover, despite some innovations, certain traditional building techniques and their associated materials continued into the Archaic period, indicating that Etruscan domestic architecture did not undergo a complete transformation, as sometimes asserted or implied in other works. This study of building techniques and materials, while not rejecting the widely held view of a significant Etruscan architectural transition, argues for a more nuanced reading of the evidence and greater recognition of the nature of behavioural change during the period in question.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T17:06:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Lima, Jordana Rezende Souza-2013-dissertação.pdf: 3480903 bytes, checksum: 392294d7b1f3bab9c099d451835ad15d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T18:14:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Lima, Jordana Rezende Souza-2013-dissertação.pdf: 3480903 bytes, checksum: 392294d7b1f3bab9c099d451835ad15d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-23T18:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Lima, Jordana Rezende Souza-2013-dissertação.pdf: 3480903 bytes, checksum: 392294d7b1f3bab9c099d451835ad15d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ethnobotany represents an important science interface that helps the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This science aims to analyze and emphasize the traditional knowledge of local populations about fauna and flora, and the utilization of these environmental resources in their daily life. Knowing these elements and how they might be useful in their lives reinforces its connection with the regional biomes. Considering the close connection of settled communities with land and environmental knowledge that they hold, as well as the need for conservation of the Cerrado biome, this study intends to redeem the ethnoknowledge of community of Santa Rita Settlement in Jataí (GO) contributing to the conservation of the Cerrado biome, using methodological assumptions as the analysis of the degree of ownership of the use of native plant community of this settlement. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research, appropriating the ethnographic method. The techniques include interviews, direct observations, field work, photographic registration, workshop, guided-tour and field notebook. The results show that eighty-three plants were identified through interviews with the settlers; forty-seven species were identified through courses in areas of native vegetation, together with an expert; a hundred and twenty-seven plants were recognized by the settlers when taken in the field during the guided-tour. The plants identified by the settlers were classified in ethnocategories, from these the most prominent were the ones of medicinal and timber use. Through analysis of the obtained data, it was concluded that the plants are used in different forms, especially for burning wood and teas. The largest number of plants was found in the pasture. The participants identified a higher number of plants in their natural environment than on the countertop of fruit and seeds. The most outstanding botanical family was Fabaceae, and within this also excelled species of timber use, and the most used part of these plants is the wood. In the aspects identification, number of citations and number of use of indicated categories, the Jatoba-da-mata was highlighted. It is considered that the settled community has a high knowledge related to their environment, what can be justified by the origin of them, since 91% of the participants had always lived in the country or resided in the city, but are of peasant origin and grandparents and parents were workers or landowners. From these observations it is found that the value of knowledge goes far beyond academy, because the one that is passed on from generation to generation through traditional populations, in this case peasants, keeps information that often get lost along with the fragmentation of biomes, leaving a large gap of valuable information. / A etnobotânica representa uma importante ciência de interface que contribui para a conservação e o uso sustentável da biodiversidade. Essa ciência busca analisar e enfatizar o conhecimento tradicional das populações locais sobre a flora e fauna, bem como a utilização desses recursos ambientais em seu cotidiano. Conhecer esses elementos e saber como podem ser úteis nas suas vidas reforça sua ligação com os biomas regionais. Considerando a estreita ligação das comunidades assentadas com a terra e do saber ambiental que as mesmas detêm, bem como da necessidade de conservação do bioma Cerrado, este estudo pretende resgatar o etnoconhecimento da comunidade do Assentamento Santa Rita, no município de Jataí (GO), contribuindo para a conservação do bioma Cerrado, utilizando como pressupostos metodológicos a análise do grau de apropriação do uso das plantas nativas pela comunidade desse assentamento. A metodologia utilizada é baseada na pesquisa quali-quantitativa, apropriando-se do método etnográfico. As técnicas abrangem entrevistas, observações diretas, trabalho de campo, registro fotográfico, oficina, turnês-guiadas e caderneta de campo. Os resultados demonstram que foram identificadas oitenta e três plantas através das entrevistas realizadas com os assentados; foram identificadas quarenta e sete espécies através de percursos em áreas de vegetação nativa, acompanhados de uma especialista; cento e vinte e sete plantas foram reconhecidas pelos assentados quando levados em campo durante as turnês-guiadas. As plantas identificadas pelos assentados foram classificadas em etnocategorias, destas as de maior destaque foram as de uso medicinal e madeireiro. Por meio de análise dos dados obtidos, concluiu-se que as plantas são utilizadas de diferentes formas, principalmente para chás e a queima de madeira. O maior número de plantas foi encontrado nas pastagens. Os participantes identificaram maior número de plantas em seu ambiente natural do que na bancada de frutos e sementes. A família botânica de maior destaque foi a Fabaceae, e dentro desta também se destacou as espécies de uso madeireiro, e a parte mais utilizada dessas plantas é o lenho. Nos aspectos identificação, número de citações e número de categorias de uso indicadas, o jatobá-da-mata obteve destaque. Considera-se que a comunidade assentada detém um alto conhecimento em relação ao seu ambiente, o que pode ser justificado pela origem dessas pessoas, já que 91% dos participantes sempre moraram no campo ou residiram na cidade, mas são de origem camponesa e os avós e pais foram trabalhadores rurais ou proprietários de terras. A partir destas observações verifica-se que o valor do conhecimento vai muito além da academia, pois aquele que é repassado de geração a geração, através das populações tradicionais, neste caso os camponeses, mantém informações que muitas vezes se perdem juntamente com a fragmentação dos biomas, deixando uma grande lacuna de valiosas informações.

<p>Zadatak ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se utvrdi tok i intenzitet lipolitičkih i oksidativnih promena u tradicionalnoj fermentisanoj kobasici (<em>Petrovačka kobasica</em>) tokom procesa razvoja tehnologije i standardizacije bezbednosti i kvaliteta ovog proizvoda, u cilju dobijanja bezbednog proizvoda, standardnog, vrhunskog kvaliteta, koji bi se kontinuirano mogao proizvoditi i plasirati, na na&scaron;e i trži&scaron;te Evropske Unije.<br />U cilju realizacije postavljenog zadatka tokom tri proizvodne sezone izrađeno je trinaest modela<em> Petrovačke kobasice</em> kako bi se ispitao uticaj vi&scaron;e varijabilnih faktora (proizvodna sezona, vreme otko&scaron;tavanja, način pripreme nadeva, vrsta omotača, su&scaron;enje i zrenje u tradicionalnim i kontrolisanim uslovima, dodatak starter kulture, način pakovanja i dužina skladi&scaron;tenja) na kvantitativne promene na lipidima, kao i na tok i intenzitet lipolitičkih i oksidativnih promena, te posledično i na profil mirisa i ukusa, kao važne karakteristike senzornog kvaliteta. Kvantitativne promene na lipidima tokom procesa proizvodnje <em>Petrovačke kobasice</em> utvrđene su određivanjem vi&scaron;e parametara, kao &scaron;to su sadržaj ukupnih lipida, masnokiselinski sastav i sadržaj ukupnog holesterola. Lipolitičke promene tokom procesa dimljenja, fermentacije, su&scaron;enja, zrenja i skladi&scaron;tenja praćene su određivanjem sadržaja slobodnih masnih kiselina, dok su oksidativne promene kvantifikovane preko sadržaja sekundarnih produkata<br />oksidacije lipida, malondialdehida i zasićenih alifatičnih aldehida. Na osnovu prikazanih rezultata može se zaključiti da u kobasicama izrađenim od ohlađenog mesa u uslovima su&scaron;enja i zrenja na nižim temperaturama (prosečna temperatura oko 10 ⁰C), koje<br />prati i sporiji pad vrednosti pH (60. dan pH&ge;5,3) dolazi do manjih lipolitičkih i oksidativnih promena na lipidima (kobasice B1 i B2 grupe). Ovaj model tradicionalne proizvodnje dovodi i do neznatnih oksidativnih promena i očuvanja poželjnih senzornih<br />svojstava mirisa i ukusa tokom dužeg vremena skladi&scaron;tenja (9 meseci od dana proizvodnje), te se može smatrati optimalnim modelom koji se mora preneti i u kontrolisane uslove proizvodnje. Takođe, zaključeno je da pakovanje u vakuumu i u modifikovanoj atmosferi, te upotreba komercijalne starter kulture, dovodi do smanjenja<br />intenziteta oksidativnih promena na lipidima, tokom skladi&scaron;tenja, odnosno celokupnog procesa proizvodnje<em> Petrovačke kobasice</em>. Dovodeći u vezu nastale produkte oksidacije<br />lipida sa senzornim profilom mirisa i ukusa može se zaključiti da vrednosti malondialdehida do 1,3 mg/kg ne utiču na značajnije naru&scaron;avanje senzornih svojstava<br />mirisa i ukusa <em>Petrovačke kobasice</em>.</p> / <p>The aim of this PhD thesis was to determine the course and intensity of the lipolytic and oxidative changes in traditional fermented sausage (Petrovac sausage) throughout the process of technology development, as well as the standardization of safety and quality of this product in order to obtain safe product of standard, superior quality, which could be continuously produced and placed on the market of our country as well as the market of European Union.</p><p>In order to realize the aim, during three seasons of production thirteen models of Petrovac sausage were produced with the aim to investigate multiple variable factors (season of production, time of deboning, filling preparation method, type of casings, drying and ripening in traditional and controled conditions, starter culture addition, packaging and storage period) on lipid quality changes, as well as on the course and intensity of lipolytic and oxidative changes and, consequently, the odor and flavor profile as important characteristics of sensory quality.</p><p>Quality changes on lipids during production of Petrovac sausage were determined using multiple parameters, such as the content of total lipids, fatty acids composition and content of total cholesterol. The lipolytic changes throughout the process of smoking, fermentation, drying, ripening and storage were monitored through the content of free fatty acids, while the oxidative changes were quantified based on the content of secondary products of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde and saturated aliphatic aldehydes. Based on the presented results it could be concluded that in the sausages made of cooled meat in the conditions of drying and ripening in lower temperatures (average temperature about 10 0C), which are followed by the slower drop of pH values (60. day pH &ge;5.3) comes to a lesser lipolytic and oxidative changes in lipids (sausages of B1 and B2 groups). This model of production results in<br />slight oxidative changes and the preservation of favourable sensory properties of odor and flavor during longer storage period (9 months since the date of production), so it could be considered as the optimal model, that should also be applied in the controled conditions of production.</p><p>It was also concluded that vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging, as well as the usage of starter culture results in the decrease of intensity of oxidative changes on lipids throughout the entire production process of Petrovac sausage. Correlating the created products of lipid peroxidation with the sensory profile of odor and flavor, it could be concluded that the content of malondialdehyde up to 1.3<br />mg/kg has no significant effect on the deterioration of sensory properties of odor and flavor of Petrovac sausage.</p>

General practitioners (GP’s) are often the first point of entry when seeking medical treatment. They are responsible for treating members of the community and thus their understanding and conceptualisation of mental illness will influence patient care. Additionally, GP’s religious and cultural affiliations play an influential role in the aetiology and treatment of mental illness. Thus this study explored perceptions of mental illness in a sample of 10 Muslim GP’s (5 male, 5 female) of Indo-Pak ancestry in the Lenasia area (Johannesburg, South Africa). Semi structured interviews were conducted with each GP which entailed 37 questions related to the GP’s context, GP’s perceptions of mental illness, the understanding of religion and culture, the treatment of mental illness and the aspect of spiritual illness. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. From the results obtained, eight themes were salient; namely definitions and aetiology of mental illness as understood by GP’s, the role of culture, the assimilated identity, Islamic beliefs regarding mental illness, GP’s beliefs regarding spiritual illness, collaboration and referral to other healthcare professionals and finally influential factors affecting GP’s. Based on the above themes it can be concluded that more awareness regarding the stigmatization of mental illness needs to be addressed. Furthermore, it is vital that healthcare professionals possess an understanding of the use of traditional healing as a mode of treatment amongst certain South African population groups. This study therefore paves the way for further research regarding the incorporation of cultural beliefs into mainstream theory.

This study explored the experiences of 13 culturally traditional women who returned to higher education as nontraditional students. An individual unstructured interview, with guiding questions, was held with each woman. This provided the opportunity for these women to articulate their experience. The interviews were transcribed and interpreted using a synthesis of qualitative methods based upon Kvale's method. Seven themes emerged: (a) participants would tell a woman considering a return to school to "do it!" (b) participants saw spousal support as significant in their ability to return to school, (c) participants saw their families as generally supportive of their return to school, (d) participants felt their spirituality increased when they returned to school, (e) participants were surprised they did well academically when they returned to school, (f) participants felt returning to school had increased their world view, and (g) participants valued higher education and wanted to finish something they had started. The implications of this study support the need for a more open dialogue about the experience of a traditional woman as she returns to obtain her undergraduate degree as a nontraditional student. The support of family and institutions appear integral to both retention and completion for these women who now make up a significant portion of those presently attending institutions of higher learning.

Thesis (M A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2009 / The study evaluates the communicative aspects of the Vhavenḓa female traditional attire in the Vhembe region, Limpopo Province. Chapter one carries an introduction and background to the study, aim of the study, rationale and objectives of the study, significance of the study, literature related to the study and data analysis thereof. Chapter two carries the detailed investigation of the Vhavenḓa Traditional attire as well as the relevant times to wear that attire, where and their uses. Chapter three carries the Vhavenḓa Traditional attires that are not allowed to be worn in some occasions. Chapter four carries the findings and the recommendations of the study. Chapter five is the summary of the study.

Review of Encyclopedia of National Dress : Traditional Clothing Around the World. Jill Condra. 2013. 2v, 9780313376368, $189.00

There are currently no research studies that investigate the relationship between acculturation and leadership values and practices among the Indigenous Tribes on the Northern Plains of the United States. The study was initiated because Native American Elders on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were concerned that traditional altruistic leadership style was being lost in today's Native American leadership practice. Accordingly, acculturation and servant leadership theories were used to guide the study. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design incorporated the use of quantitative data based on the Servant Leadership Profile (SLP) and the Native American Acculturation Scale. (NAAS). The study included 51 Oglala Sioux tribal leaders, program directors, elected officials and traditional headsmen. The NAAS measured the respondent's orientation towards Native American versus dominant cultural values. The SLP measured the orientation towards the practice of servant leadership. The qualitative component involved interviews with 6 tribal leaders, 2 from each level of acculturation, to increase the understanding of the relationship between cultural orientation and leadership. The levels of acculturation were low, traditional (17.6%), moderate, bicultural (68.6%) and high, assimilated (13.7%). Qualitative themes revealed leadership values similar to servant leadership among all 6 respondents regardless of acculturation level. The bi-cultural participants identified in my study may create innovative ways of defining themselves and society itself for purposes of social change bridging the gap between divisions of traditional and assimilated individuals.

Thesis (M.A. (Folklore)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The mini-dissertation investigated the ways in which one qualifies as a traditional healer in Tshivenda. The study has discovered that a person cannot choose to become a traditional healer, he or she is chosen by the ancestors into this profession and they make their wishes known to the person concerned through continuous illness and dreams. Nowadays, there is an increased number of traditional healers in the community. It seems as if the community is confused as to whether all these healers have gone through the proper ways of becoming a traditional healer in Tshivenḓa or they are largely interested in the economic gain.

Thesis (M.A. (Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / The role of indigenous healers in managing various conditions of ill-health has been studied and debated. Studies have revealed that the majority of the population in South Africa use traditional health care to treat various mental conditions. Studies have also revealed that traditional medicine plays an important role in primary health care in many countries. The aim of the study was to explore Swati traditional healers’ conceptualization of the causes and treatment methods of mental illness in Kanyamazane Township in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A phenomenological research method was used in the present study. Ten (10) traditional healers, six (6) female and four (4) male, who were selected through purposive sampling method participated in the study. Semi structured personal interviews were conducted with the traditional healers. The interviews were conducted in siSwati and later translated to English. The main themes that emerged were grouped under the following 3 main topics: conceptualisation and types of mental illness; causes of mental illness; and, treatment of mental illness. The traditional healers identified and described a number of mental illnesses that could be identified by their behavioural symptoms and thought disruptions. These include: depressive conditions, addictions, psychotic illnesses, adjustment disorders and genetic mental illnesses. Mental illness was perceived to be caused by a number of factors that, among others, include the following: supernatural powers such as witchcraft, spirit possession, intrusion of objects, evil mechanisation, improper use of traditional medicine, disregarding ancestors and cultural customs as well invitation by ancestors to become a traditional healer, substance abuse, genetic predisposition, life stressors, social conditions, and injuries to the head, Cleansing the patient of evil spirits through washing, steaming, induced vomiting, casting out evil and herbal medication were some of the methods that were found to be commonly used to treat mental illness. The study found that the theory underlying traditional healing is essentially similar, and that traditional healers utilise a culturally coherent and holistic approach in dealing with health and illness.