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This thesis is a study of the life and work of Edmund Jones, one of the leading dissenters and Independents of the eighteenth century. The first chapter, the introduction, discusses the reasons why Edmund Jones was ignored in the past, and argues that he was in fact an important figure in the eighteenth century and deserves proper recognition by historians. In the second chapter we have an overview of Edmund Jones's life in general. His background in Monmouthshire and the influences on his life are considered. The third chapter concentrates on Edmund Jones as a religious figure. His importance as a minister and preacher and his activity in Independency are analysed. Also, the substantial library Edmund Jones compiled during his lifetime and his relationships with other denominations, such as the Methodist and Baptists, are discussed. The fourth chapter considers Edmund Jones's contribution as a historian and naturalist. The main focus of this chapter is the book Edmund Jones wrote about Aberystruth, his native parish: 'A Geographical, Historical and Religious Account of the Parish of Aberystruth in the County of Monmouth' [1779]. Also, Edmund Jones cultivated an interest in botanical medicine and so attention is here given to the manuscript he wrote on the religious meaning of plants 'A Spiritual Botanology' [1780]. The subject of the fifth chapter is Edmund Jones 'the Old Prophet'. Edmund Jones believed unshakably in the existence of spirits and in the supernatural. This chapter is based on his best known book 'A Relation of Apparitions of Spirits in the Principality of Wales' [1780]. In the last chapter, the conclusion, Edmund Jones's contribution as a religious figure and author are analysed. It reveals that Edmund Jones's indefatigable life's work for his cause indeed needs to be recognised by historians. The argument of this thesis is to restore Edmund Jones's place within the history of the period, not only within congregationalism and religion but within Welsh history itself in the eighteenth century. This is argued on the basis of the immense value of Edmund Jones's productions to help historians to understand popular religion on and culture.

Roman Catholic recusancy was a significant component of the religious demography of Monmouthshire throughout the seventeenth century; but its importance has been simplified through an historiographical tradition that has focused upon the earls of Worcester and a small number of recusant gentry. The present study, drawing largely upon an examination of all of the very substantial Monmouthshire entries in the Exchequer Recusant Rolls, has sought a consideration of the nature of Catholic nonconformity through a statistical analysis of the record of recusancy conviction and the delineation of a social morphology of Catholic recusancy in Monmouthshire between 1603 and 1689. The conclusions derivable from this reconstructive analysis have been tested against a range of data of demographic significance - most notably, that provided by the Compton Census, 1.676 - and the available evidence of Catholic allegiance during the First Civil War: they suggest Catholic recusancy in the county to have been a far wider and more complex phenomenon than would appear from an emphasis. upon the centrality of the earls of Worcester. The record of recusancy convictions indicates i,nstead a social morphology essentially reflective of society at large, and a nonconformist culture that was popular and parochial rather than seigneurial and gentry-orientated. To a certain extent, the role played by the local recusant gentry in the shaping of a Catholic demography was catalytic; but the evidence does not suggest it to have been determinative. Rather, the numerical extent, continuity and geography of Catholic recusancy in Monmouthshire between 1603 and 1689 may be attributed to a complex amalgamation of factors that were topographical and administrative, which owed as much to th~ ministrations of itinerant priests as to the influence of Catholic gentry, and which was consolidated in family relationships and the development of a recusant popular culture.

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The Rev. John Howard Shakespeare was General Secretary of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland from 1898 until his resignation on the grounds of ill health in 1924. This thesis describes and evaluates changes in the Baptist denomination in England during that period, and assesses the significance of Shakespeare’s contribution. Following summaries of the history of Baptist ecclesiology and Shakespeare’s personal background, the main areas of denominational reform are described. The first of these is the strengthening of the Baptist Union and the expansion of its influence, which was the major feature of the period up to about 1908. This presented a challenge to the Baptists' traditional congregational church polity. The second is the changing approach to the recognition and support of Baptist ministers within the denomination, culminating in the 1916 Baptist Union Ministerial Settlement and Sustentation Scheme. The third is Shakespeare's search for church unity, both within Nonconformity and between Nonconformists and the Church of England, which dominated the post-war period. The formation of the Federal Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, of which Shakespeare was the first Moderator, in 1919, and conversations following the 1920 Lambeth Appeal, were central elements of this search. It had significant implications for Baptist church polity. Shakespeare's approach to the question of women in the ministry, and the circumstances surrounding his resignation, are also described. A final chapter discusses Shakespeare's legacy for Baptists. The institutions he created have played an important part in the subsequent history of Baptists and Nonconformity in general. However, they failed to achieve his objective of stemming numerical decline. They also exacerbated tensions in Baptist church polity between the centralisation of denominational life and Congregationalism. These tensions have been a major factor in Baptist church life throughout the present century.

Rising incidents of earthquakes caused by human activity in the United States, known as induced earthquakes, is a growing concern. Induced earthquakes may occur when fluid and/or wastewater is injected several kilometers beneath the Earth’s surface into sedimentary rocks. Fluids and pressures can migrate from the sedimentary rocks, which are typically friendlier to fluid flow, into underlying less friendlier crystalline rocks along fluid pathways weakening and possibly reactivating preexisting faults. Understanding potential fluid pathways and/or barriers from the sedimentary rocks to crystalline rocks is crucial. I investigate the structure, composition, and heterogeneity of rocks near the contact between the sedimentary and crystalline rocks, known as nonconformities, and highlight their possible role in the transmission of fluids and porefluid pressures into the crystalline basement. To characterize nonconformities, we examined outcrop analogs and drillcore of nonconformities in New Mexico, Colorado, and Michigan. Geochemical, structural, and hydrological techniques were used to analyze the nonconformities at microscopic to megascopic scales. The nonconformities observed in this study consist of variably deformed, weathered, and altered igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement overlain by sedimentary rocks cut by outcrop- and map-scale faults. The nonconformity at the New Mexico sites includes a clay-rich weathered horizon atop deformed and jointed crystalline basement. Heterogeneity observed in the fracture and joint networks within the crystalline basement contributes to permeability heterogeneity and anisotropy. The crystalline basement adjacent to the nonconformity at the Colorado site is relatively fresh and unweathered and overlain by low permeability sandstones. The nonconformity and underlying slates in the Michigan drillcore are overprinted by hydrothermal alteration and carbonate mineralization, which provides evidence of hydrological communication between sedimentary and crystalline rocks. The nonconformities display a range of structural, hydrological, and geochemical styles and characteristics which vary over relatively small spatial extents. The geological and hydrogeological histories and complexities of nonconformity analogs provide valuable information to understand how fluids, past, and present, interact with the contact. This study introduces some of the factors that may control fluid flow adjacent to nonconformities and their possible significance to the interplay of deformation, fluid flow, and induced seismicity.

This dissertation presents the character of the English Sabbath within Nonconformity from 1830-1860. The project argues that Nonconformists believed every Christian was required to practice a proper Sabbath. This study examines every available sermon and treatise produced by a Nonconformist during this era. The Biblical warrant for a proper Sabbath is examined in chapter two, a model Sabbath is described in chapter three, the blessings and curses associated with Sabbath observance is the subject of chapter four, and the enforcement of the Sabbath through legislation is the focus of chapter five.

The midcontinent United States, a region which typically does not experience many earthquakes, has experienced a significant increase in the number of earthquakes over the last decade. This increase in earthquake activity has been linked to wastewater injection, a process in which large volumes of wastewater from oil and gas extraction are injected into deep (2-3 km), high-permeability sedimentary rocks, near low-permeability Precambrian (>540-million-year-old) crystalline ‘basement’ rocks. The contact between these two rock types is referred to as the Precambrian nonconformity. Injection-induced earthquakes occur on or near basement-hosted faults due to an increase in pore fluid pressures, which implies that there may be a hydrological connection between the basement-hosted faults and the injection point. We hypothesize that the Precambrian nonconformity greatly influences this hydrological connection. We investigate the geologic properties of Precambrian nonconformity zone outcrop and core analogs to examine how the geology of the nonconformity zone controls fluid flow. Methods include mapping of geological materials and deformation structures (faults and fractures), mineralogical analysis, and geochemical analysis. These data sets allow us to infer the nature of fluid flow in the past, and make predictions about fluid flow in the future. In addition, this information is used to inform hydrological models, improving the ability to predict earthquakes due to wastewater injection. We identify three main geological scenarios that are likely to be encountered at the nonconformity. These are: 1) basal conglomerate, 2) weathered/altered horizon, and 3) mineralized contacts. These scenarios, or combinations of these scenarios, may be fractured or faulted, resulting in a variety of hydrological implications. The permeability of basal conglomerates and weathered horizons at the contact depends on the textures and minerals that are present. Regolith, clast-supported granitic wash, or poorly cemented conglomeratic horizons, may act as high permeability conduits, whereas a clay-rich grus or granitic wash, or tightly cemented conglomerate, may act as low permeability barriers. Mineralized contacts may act as low permeability barriers due to a reduction of pore space. The mineralized contact shows that the introduction of warm brines by modern injection may result in mineralization or chemical weathering, dynamically affecting permeability over time depending on the mineralogy of the host rock and chemical composition of the injected brine.

Punk rock is about music, rebellion, anarchy, and style. How can this be translated into architecture? Can a building possess these qualities? What would a "rebellious" building look like? How will it change our conceptions of "beauty?" / Master of Architecture

This dissertation investigates how Dissenting writers, among them Samuel Annesley and Richard Baxter, influenced the religious thought of Daniel Defoe. Though some critics, most notably G. A. Starr and J. Paul Hunter, have positioned Defoe within a broad "Puritan" tradition, his religious ideas are more properly understood within the specific circumstances of post-Restoration England, as the unique pressures engendered by the Interregnum impelled many Dissenting writers to privilege "Practical Religion" over abstract theology. The aversion to "doubtfull disputations" that Defoe inherits from this discourse informs not only the modes of argument Defoe employs, but also the genres through which he engages with theological questions. Throughout his writing, however, his attachment to Biblical typology, which is informed by his dependence on the Bible as a stable locus of indisputable “plainness,” comes into conflict with his political tenets, as Scripture provides no firm precedent for the mode of contractual kingship introduced by the Glorious Revolution. At first seeking to mute the incongruities between "Hebrew times" and "modern" circumstances, Defoe is eventually impelled to reconceptualise typology, formulating a theory that both acknowledges the authority of the Bible while allowing William, and the mode of contractual kingship he represents, to surpass Scriptural types. This attitude towards typology fundamentally underpins the narrative of Robinson Crusoe (1719), which systematically repudiates Biblical narratives. Rather than adhering to prefigurative Biblical patterns, the novel is built on a series of divergences, first personal and then political, from Scriptural models. Anchored in his specific geographic and economic circumstances, Crusoe’s conversion is markedly distanced from Biblical types, represented as a process unique to his situation, rather than an iteration of an existing pattern. Ultimately, this dissertation contends that Defoe’s religious thought, specifically his commitment to "Practical Religion" and the typological hermeneutic this discourse underpins, is fundamentally informed by his relationship with post-Restoration Dissent. / Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-01 15:48:01.785