This study is a multivalent investigation of Scandinavian identity formation and cultural structures within the north Atlantic that looks specifically at the construction and maintenance of island identities circa AD800-1250. This not only includes consideration of the Norse settlers but also the effects of contact between the emerging island cultural identities and continental Europe. In order to do this zones of settlement have been defined to better compare the expansion of medieval Scandinavian populations in terms of microscale practices and interactions within family groups and the macroscale vectors of social, economic and political change. It employs a wide variety of material that makes use of aspects of both prehistoric and historic sources. The variety of enabling conditions ultimately provided for a time the circumstances necessary for the long-term success of a number of the settlements established during this period. The evidence is considered in as subjective manner as possible with the sources available also reflecting the conditions of initial region excavation and publication.

Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Definiteness is generally viewed as a morpho-syntactic category. It is grammatically marked by articles in languages such as English, but not all languages have a formal grammatical encoding for this category. The nominal preprefix (NPP) in languages such as Dzamba is not an equivalent to the English article system; however, it displays a close association with definiteness. Northern Sotho is non-articled, and it does not possess the NPP in its grammatical system. As a grammatical category, definiteness is the grammaticalisation of a pragmatic category of identifiability, which is present in all languages. Identifiability, as a means of referent tracing, plays a vital role in communication. The main aim of this study is to investigate how the phenomenon of definiteness manifests itself in Northern Sotho. The introductory chapter describes the purpose and aim of the study, its theoretical approach and methodology, as well as its organisation. The second chapter presents an overview of the previous major works on definiteness. It begins with the literature on the category in general, and moves on to the literature on definiteness in African Languages. These previous studies agree on the central issues of this category. The speaker utters a definite noun phrase (NP) if he presupposes that the addressee will be in a position to locate and to identify the referent of the NP uniquely or inclusively. Chapter 3 examines noun phrases that are regarded as definite in Northern Sotho; and the factors that contribute to such a reading. Pragmatic factors, i.e. existential presupposition, transparent contexts and anaphoric reference make major contributions to the interpretation of a noun phrase as definite. Nominal determiners and quantifiers whose semantic content suggests locatability, uniqueness and/or inclusiveness give a noun phrase definite reference. Such determiners and quantifiers include the demonstrative, possessive with locative gona/ntshe, the universal quantifier, etc. Proper names and pronouns have unique reference. Chapter 4 investigates indefinite noun phrases in Northern Sotho. Bare noun phrases in this language such as mang (who), lefeela (nothing) and aretse (unknown thing/place) are incompatible with definiteness. Their semantic content suggests that their referent cannot or should not be uniquely identified. Nominal modifiers such as -ngwe (another/different/ a certain), -fe (who/which) and šele (another/different/strange) are also incompatible with unique identifiabilty and they, therefore, accord a noun phrase indefinite reference. Nouns with generic interpretation and nouns in idioms do not uniquely refer to particular individuals. Chapter 5 looks into the ambiguity of bare noun phrases in Northern Sotho. It examines such a phrase in the subject position, the object position and the complement position of prepositional phrases. Nominal modifiers such as the adjective, the relative and the possessive are incorporated into noun phrases to see how they affect the reading. The question of subject inversion (SI) is also investigated. Lastly opaque contexts are discussed, and the ambiguity created by opacity-creating operators is examined. The final chapter of the study presents the main findings.

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7 pp. / This article provides information about how to use annual flowers in Northern Arizona. It describes how to plan a garden, plant flowers and prepare soil. It lists out many of the common annual flowers that perfrom well in higher elevations in Arizona.

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The subject matter of this thesis - Islamic nurture of Pakistani children in Oslo - provides a new departure for studies of ethnic minorities in Norway. The study distinguishes itself from related research by focusing on Islam as part of general enculturisation and socialisation processes, with special regard to the social arenas of home, school and mosque. The main research questions of the thesis are: 1. How is religious and cultural tradition transmitted from parents and other 'significant others' to children among Pakistanis in Oslo? 2. What role does Islam have in the lives of children, with regard to meaning and social belonging? The first research question contains two complex theoretical fields: a) The relationship between culture and religion seen both as aspects within Islam and in terms of the relationship between Islam and Pakistani cultural elements, and b) the transmission process, focusing on both formal educational elements and informal socialisation. Based on one year's field work, theories of Islamic nurture in a non-Islamic, secular late-modem society, especially related to the establishment, maintenance and negotiation of identity, have been generated. The thesis contests the view that regards Islam or Pakistani or Norwegian culture as coherent static systems. It also contests views that regard children exclusively as objects or victims of external processes or pressure or present children of immigrant background or children belonging to religious minorities, as doomed to fall `between cultures'. Norwegian Pakistani children's cultural identity does not only change over time, but it is a contextual identity. The children develop what in this thesis is called integrated plural identities; i. e. they convey a broad cultural competence and a capability of cultural code switching without necessarily experiencing personal conflicts of values.

The study of anthropoid primates has enabled investigators to characterize the role of the occipital cortex in the mediation of the major part of primate visual behavior. The additional discovery of "psychic blind-ness" associated with temporal lobe removal opened the way for the subsequent identification of the inferotemporal deficit. More recently, understanding of visual mechanisms has been enriched by the study of more "primitive" species such as the tree shrew. Behavioral studies of the tree shrew have shown that, like the monkey, both the occipital and temporal cortices have a role in basic visual functions. On anatomical grounds, the bush baby is considered to have a visual system intermediate in complexity to that of the tree shrew and that of the monkey. This study was initiated to determine if the visual capacities of the bush baby were Intermediate to those described for the tree shrew and the monkey. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.

Gannets were studied on the Bass Rock (Scotland) between 1960 and 1963, and particularly in a colour ringed group (the observation colony). The account is in two parts (general breeding biology and behaviour) which are amalgamated in this brief summary. The entire Gannet population of the Bass was estimated in June 1962 and a considerable increase over the 1949 population (last count) shown (about 4,800 pairs in 1949 to about 7,000 pairs in 1962, excluding 'club' birds). The increase in the observation colony was mapped in detail, for the period of the study. The mid-cliff regions of the Rock are the first to be re-populated each year. In the observation colony (and presumably in all areas) old pairs return before newer ones, and males before females. The maximum seasonal stay at the breeding Colony is from late January to early November. During this period both sexes actively defend the nest site by fierce fighting, where necessary, and a special aggressively-motivated 'ownership' display, bowing (analysed in detail). Sites are guarded continuously and males gather nest material throughout (females only after egg laying and for a much shorter period). Nest sites and mates are usually permanent, though females show less attachment to the site than do males (an attempt to separate the two effects is made). New sites (which may be on cliff ledges of various sizes or on flatted ground) are established only by males usually four years old (beginning in April) and are held a year before breeding is attempted. Birds tend to return to the same small area of the Colony from which they originated. Site establishment normally involves fighting (discussed in detail). Pair formation takes place only at the site; the male performs an advertising display - a modified form of bowing and females 'prospect' for such males. Males are conspicuously aggressive to females - especially in new pairs but also throughout life - and females show a high tolerance of male attack and an appeasement posture (facing-away) restricted to this situation. Males bite their mates whenever they meet on the site, and the pair then perform a prolonged 'friendly' meeting ceremony (mutual fencing). This, like male advertising, is a modified form of bowing. Laying begins late March or early April and continues (by first-time breeders) until late June or exception- ally the first half of July. Older females lay earlier and produce heavier eggs. Greater density also probably causes earlier and more closely synchronised laying. Incubation behaviour in both sexes was, in some cases, released by donated eggs, but others were refused close to the laying date of the pairs concerned. Males take slightly longer incubation stints than females. No two-egg clutches (except the product of different females) were found, though Gannets usually replace a lost egg in 6 - 32 days (first-time breeders significantly less often than experienced females). However two eggs are incubated as successfully as one. The incubation period, 43.6 days, is the same for new and experienced birds. Eggs lose 10 - 13% in weight during incubation (under- foot). Eggshells are not systematically removed. Hatching success for birds breeding at least the third time was 86% and for first-time breeders 62.5%. The nidicolous young may be fed immediately on hatching. Feeding, by incomplete regurgitation, continues for the entire pre-fledging period (no starvation period). The length of attendance spells drops sharply after hatching. Even during the phase of maximum chick growth, the pair spend some 15% of daylight hours together at the nest. The young reach a maximum of 150% of the adult weight. Starvation among chicks was never found during the study period. Juveniles leave the nest at about 90 days (both from new and experienced breeders). However the former lost more small chicks and had much lower overall success (49% of eggs laid gave fledged young in new pairs, 82% in experienced pairs). The growth of young was followed in detail. Parents do not discriminate in favour of their own young and will accept substitutes, probably at any stage in the chick's growth, and even when natural and foster chicks differ markedly in age. However adults repel wandering chicks and even attack unguarded ones. Furthermore, chicks normally stay strictly on their nests. These factors prevent doubling up. Artificially twinned nests revealed that if the chicks were of about the same age both survived and were adequately fed, though fledging at about 94 days and growing slightly slower than singles. A significant age difference (three or more days) however led to the persecution of the younger by the older and hence its starvation. Excluding such cases, pairs with twins gained an 80% reproductive advantage in 1962, the year of the experiment. The implications of the twinning results are discussed together with other factors (deferred maturity, non-breeding population, etc.) affecting recruitment rate. Return of colour ringed adults over the three years of the study gave a 6% annual adult mortality and thus a life expectancy of 16.2 years. Mortality between fledging and returning to breed is calculated to be about 80%. The ontogeny of behaviour in chicks is described. Juveniles show characteristic pre-leaving behaviour and fly well at the first attempt, though cannot rise for some days having alighted. They are not accompanied by parents and do not return to the nest. Adults tend to attack them on the sea. They may return to the breeding Colony in their first year, but do not normally do so until two or three years old. Immature plumage stages are described and illustrated. Body maintenance activity (preening, sleeping, plumage shaking, etc.) is described. Rotary head shaking is a response to peripheral tactile stimulation and occurs as a probable displacement reaction in some fear situations. The ordinary sideways head shake is shown to be a simple movement which has been incorporated into several complex displays and also occurs alone, in ritualised form, in at least one signal situation. Social behaviour away from the nesting site is discussed and contrasted (in complexity) with breeding behaviour. A special posture (sky-pointing) which precedes and accompanies movement away from the site is discussed here. Its comparative occurrence within the Sulidae is also discussed. Finally adaptations to cliff nesting in the Gannet and Kittiwake are compared. The two show many similarities, evolved convergently, but also several important differences (apart from those inevitably resulting from dissimilar phylogeny). The general discussion centres round the importance of the site and associated aggression in the Gannet's breeding biology.