<div>Gerotor units are widely used in low-pressure (up to 30 bar) </div><div>fluid power applications, injection and lubrication systems, due to their compact package and low cost. Their performance in terms of volumetric efficiency, flow pulsations, internal pressure peaks or localized cavitation depends on many parameters, such as the rotors profiles and the manufacturing tolerances. In this work, a multi-domain simulation approach for the numerical analysis of the performance of Gerotor units is proposed. The model can be used for analysis and virtual prototyping of units considering the actual geometry of the rotors, their geometrical tolerances and the properties of the working fluid and materials.</div><div><br></div><div><div>The approach is based on the coupling of different models: a numerical geometric model evaluating the instantaneous volumes and flow areas inside the unit; a lumped parameter fluid dynamic model describing the displacing process of the tooth space volumes; and a mechanical model evaluating the internal micro-motions of the rotors axes according to their tolerances. In this way, the model determines the actual loading of the rotors, considering also the actual location of the points of contact. Advanced 2D CFD models for the analysis of lubricated interfaces have been developed to study the axial and the radial gaps. This approach allows an accurate prediction of the power losses and radial micro-motion of the rotors taking into account fluidstructure interaction effects. A line contact model is used to describe the contact interface using an elastohydrodynamic approach and non-Newtonian fluid behavior for the prediction of the friction between the rotors.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Specic experiments were performed by connecting the pump outlet to a variable loading orifice and by measuring the delivered flow, pressure ripple and required torque under dfferent operating conditions of speed and outlet pressure. These experiments allowed a detailed model validation through the comparisons with simulation data in terms of signicant steady-state as well as transient pressure, flow and torque features. After the model validation, gaps compensation solutions to minimize the volumetric losses are developed and studied showing the potential improvements on the performances of a prototype unit by reaching up to 55% volumetric effciency at high pressure (pmax > 100bar).</div><div><br></div><div>The approach used in the current work along with its proven accuracy through experiments can be considered a valuable tool when studying the impact of real-life technological clearances and gears geometry on the fluid-dynamic performance of the pump.</div></div>

L’évolution historique des types et techniques de production agricole a causé celle de l’organisation paysagère, via les parcellaires notamment. Les bordures de parcelles créent des discontinuités dans les processus d’érosion-dépôt de sol. L’objectif est ici de comprendre l’effet du parcellaire et de son évolution sur la distribution actuelle des sols et la morphologie des versants. Un versant cultivé (16 ha) dans le SW du Bassin Parisien a été étudié. La distribution spatiale de figures morphologiques linéaires et de l’épaisseur des sols a été analysée. Les deux types de figures identifiés correspondent à des épaississements de sols (dépôts) induits par des bordures de parcelles, pérennes depuis plusieurs siècles pour les premières, et disparues en 1967 (remembrement) pour les secondes. Ces épaississements ont été cartographiés grâce à une analyse statistique (CART) de la morphologie du versant. L’étude de traceurs granulométriques et minéralogiques (SEDI) a permis d’identifier les processus d’érosion-dépôt impliqués. La solifluxion périglaciaire puis le ruissellement auraient affecté l’ensemble du versant avant la pérennisation d’un parcellaire. Puis, des processus hydriques et aratoires ont agi dans des unités (parcelles) fixées par des bordures : les plus pérennes (1000 ans) montrent les dépôts les plus marqués (banquettes). La distribution spatiale du 137Cs et sa conversion en taux d’érosion (modélisation numérique) ont permis d’évaluer l’implication relative des processus hydriques (15%) et aratoires (85%) depuis 1954. Le remembrement parcellaire de 1967 s’avère avoir favorisé l’érosion des sols, convertissant des zones de rétention en zones sources (ondulations). / The historical evolution of agricultural practices is associated with a concomitent evolution of landscape spatial organisation, especially through field-border networks. Field borders create discontinuities of soil erosion-deposition processes. The aim of this PhD is to understand the effects of field-border networks and their evolution on the present spatial distribution of soils and hillslope morphology. A cultivated hillslope (16 ha) of the SW Parisian Basin was studied. The spatial distribution of linear landforms and soil thickness was analyzed. The two types of identified landforms correspond to soil thickenings (deposition) induced by field borders, that have existed for several centuries in the case of the first ones, and disappeared during a land consolidation (1967) in the case of the second ones. These soil thickenings were mapped through a statistical analysis (CART) of the hillslope morphology. The study of granulometric and mineralogical tracers (SEDI) led to identify the involved soil redistribution processes. Periglacial solifluxion, followed by runoff, probably occured over the whole hillslope before the establishment of perennial field borders. Then, water and tillage processes occured within areas delimited by field borders. The more developed soil depositions (lynchets) are linked with the most perennial borders (i.e., 1000 yrs). The spatial distribution of 137Cs and its conversion into erosion rates (numerical modeling) allowed to assess the relative implication of water (15%) and tillage processes (85%) since 1954. The land consolidation that occured in 1967 rised soil erosion when converting soil retention areas to sources (undulations).

Au cours du dernier siècle, plusieurs séismes majeurs ont affecté l'Himalaya. Cependant, la taille maximale de ces événements et la probabilité d'occurrence de méga-séismes avec des magnitudes proches de 9 sont toujours matière à débat. L'étude de la segmentation de l'arc Himalayen est donc primordiale afin de comprendre les mécanismes qui contrôlent ces séismes ainsi que leur extension spatiale. La compréhension du cycle sismique en Himalaya est aujourd'hui essentiellement basée sur des études menées au Népal central, ce qui limite notre connaissance de son fonctionnement tri-dimensionnel. Ce travail de thèse permet d'apporter de nouvelles contraintes sur les variations latérales de la déformation crustale dans la zone comprise entre l'ouest Népal (~80°E) et l'est Bhoutan (~92°E). La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des variations latérales de la structure lithosphérique. Quatre campagnes gravimétriques ont été réalisées entre 2010 et 2012. Elles ont permis d'étendre le réseau gravimétrique Népalais jusqu'à l'ouest Népal et d'établir le premier réseau gravimétrique Bhoutanais. Ce nouveau jeu de données, combiné avec les données sismologiques disponibles, permet de contraindre des modèles thermo-mécaniques de la flexure de la plaque Indienne sous l'Himalaya. Les résultats suggèrent qu'il n'existe pas de variations latérales majeures du comportement mécanique de la lithosphère Indienne entre le centre et l'est Népal contrairement au Bhoutan où une rigidité flexurale plus faible est nécessaire pour expliquer les données.La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des variations latérales des déformations récentes dans le prisme Himalayen. Les études paléosismologiques menées depuis 15 ans en Himalaya ont permis d'étendre le catalogue des événements majeurs sur le dernier millénaire. En intégrant à la fois les contraintes disponibles sur ces séismes majeurs et le chargement séculaire, nous étudions les variations spatiales et temporelles de l'état de contrainte du chevauchemlent Himalayen principal le long de l'arc. Nos calculs montrent que même dans la cas où un méga-séisme se serait produit en ~1100 en Himalaya, le chargement séculaire a quasiment compensé la chute de contrainte associée. Les modèles montrent aussi que le séisme du Shillong ne joue pas un rôle majeur sur les contraintes accumulées sur le chevauchement Himalayen depuis 1897 au niveau du Bhoutan. Enfin, nous présentons les premières contraintes sur la tectonique active au Bhoutan. L'étude morphotectonique réalisée au centre du Sud-Bhoutan a permis de montrer que la majeure partie de la déformation Holocène est accommodée au niveau du front Himalayen, comme au Népal. Nous montrons aussi des évidences de ruptures de surface avec des décalages verticaux de plusieurs mètres associés à deux séismes majeurs sur le dernier millénaire. Ces évidences remettent en cause l'interprétation d'un méga-séisme en ~1100. / Several major earthquakes have struck the 2500 km long Himalayan range during the past century. However, both the maximum size of such earthquakes and the probability of occurrence of a magnitude 9 megaquake are still a mater of debate. In this framework it is of key importance to investigate the lateral segmentation of the Himalayan arc in order to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that control such events as well as their extents. Besides the remarkably uniform tectonic set-up and the fact that most studies on the Himalayas have focused on Central Nepal, several indications of along strike changes can be gathered.This thesis brings new constraints on lateral variations of crustal structure and of deformation between western Nepal (~80°E) and eastern Bhutan (~92°E).The first part of this thesis focuses on the lateral variations of crustal structure. In the past three years we have carried out four land gravity campaigns. We have established 366 new gravity measurement points to fill the data gaps in central and western Nepal as well as in Bhutan. This new dataset, together with available seismological data, is used to constrain thermo-mechanical models of the bending of the India plate underneath the Himalayas. While the inferred crustal geometry does not exhibit major along-strike variations over central and eastern Nepal, the shorter wavelength flexure of the lithosphere in Bhutan is associated with a weaker upper mantle rheology.The second part focuses on the lateral variations of recent deformation in the Himalayas. Fifteen years of paleoseismological investigations have extended the catalogue of major Himalayan events over the last millennium. Combining these information with secular loading, we assess the spatial and temporal stress changes on the Main Himalayan Thrust along the orogen over the last nine centuries. Our calculations indicate that inter-seismic loading has now nearly overcome the Coulomb stress decrease caused by the great ~1100 medieval earthquake. Our results also point out that the 1897 Shillong plateau earthquake does not have a major influence on the stress accumulated on the Main Himalayan Thrust since then. In order to better characterize active tectonics in the Bhutan Himalayas where no studies were done so far, we carried out a morphotectonic analysis in the south-central part of the kingdom. We show that the same amount of Holocene deformation is accommodated on the frontal thrust in Bhutan as on the neighbouring portions of the Himalayan arc. We also find evidences for two major (M>8) earthquakes on this thrust in the Bhutan Himalayas during the last millennium. Our results therefore show that Bhutan cannot be considered as a seismic gap. They also challenge the interpretation of one single ~1100 medieval mega-event that would have ruptured the Main Frontal Thrust from central Nepal to eastern Bhutan.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a importância relativa de ondas e correntes de deriva litorânea no processo de migração das desembocaduras de Icapara e do Ribeira de Iguape. O clima de ondas foi obtido a partir do modelo Wavewatch III. As taxas de migração do sistema foram estimadas através de uma série temporal de imagens Landsat. Através da aplicação do modelo numérico Delft3D, as ondas foram propagadas para águas rasas, nas proximidades dos pontais da Ilha Comprida e da Praia da Juréia. Assim, as características de das ondas extraídas do modelo, permitiram a estimativa das tendências da deriva litorânea nestes segmentos. A extração da linha de costa de imagens entre 16/06/1985 e 07/07/2016 exibiram a continuidade do processo de acresção lateral dos pontais da Ilha Comprida e da Praia da Juréia, cuja variação total foi de 852 e 669 m respectivamente, que ocorreram a taxas anuais de 27 e 21 m.ano-1. Neste período, o crescimento destas feições promoveu o deslocamento das desembocaduras de Icapara, para NE, e do Ribeira de Iguape, para SW. As componentes de transporte exibiram rumo resultante para NE em ambos pontais, com valores maiores na Praia da Juréia. Os resultados mostram a relação entre a deriva litorânea e a migração das desembocaduras, indicando sua importância relativa como processo controlador da morfodinâmica local. / The objective of this work is to evaluate the relative importance of waves and longshore drift currents in the migration process of the Icapara and Ribeira de Iguape inlets. The wave climate was obtained from the Wavewatch III model. The system migration rates were estimated through a Landsat image time series. Through the application of the numerical model Delft3D, the waves were propagated to shallow waters, near of Ilha Comprida\'s and Juréia\'s Beach sand spits. Thus, the characteristics of the waves extracted from the model allowed the estimation of longshore drift trends in these segments. The extraction of the coastline of images between June 16th 1985, and July 7th 2016, showed the continuity of Ilha Comprida Island and Juréia Beach lateral accretion process, with a total variation of 852 and 669 m respectively, which occurred at annual rates of 27 and 21 m.year-1. During this period, the growth of these features promoted the displacement of the mouths of Icapara, for NE, and the Ribeira de Iguape, for SW. The transport components exhibited a resultant NE direction at both points, with higher values at Juréia Beach. The results show the relationship between the longshore drift and the inlets lateral migration, indicating its relative importance as a controlling process of the local morphodynamics.

A manifestação de danos em infraestruturas costeiras decorrente da ação de ondas tem estimulado avaliações de vulnerabilidade para fins de gestão integrada da costa. Os municípios costeiros do Estado de Santa Catarina concentram 28% de sua população e sua interface com o oceano é predominantemente composta por praias arenosas dominadas por ondas. Impactos costeiros relacionados a processos dominados por ondas, sobretudo às escalas local e regional, podem ser ainda mais danosos do que os ocasionados por processos naturais de larga escala (p. ex., a subida do nível do mar). A abordagem utilizada neste estudo consiste na definição de um índice multicritério de vulnerabilidade a ondas de maior frequência de ocorrência e de tempestade para o litoral de Santa Catarina. O índice de vulnerabilidade (IVC) foi obtido a partir da integração entre o índice de capacidade adaptativa, composto por variáveis socioeconômicas e de ocupação (área ocupada, distância entre a ocupação e a linha de costa, número de residentes, renda por residente e número de domicílios de uso ocasional), e o índice de suscetibilidade - composto por variáveis do meio físico (altura significativa de onda, gradiente de deriva litorânea potencial, largura de praia, elevação e declividade). A dinâmica costeira resultante da incidência de ondas sobre as manchas urbanas na área em perigo é analisada através de produtos de modelagem numérica, integrados às demais variáveis em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A relevância das variáveis na composição do índice foi avaliada pelo método de decisão multicritério AHP (analytic hierarchy process). As variáveis e os índices foram representados em cinco classes de vulnerabilidade (muito baixa, baixa, média, alta e muito alta) nos setores do Plano Estadual de Gerenciamento Costeiro (GERCO/SC). Com base na opinião de especialistas, as variáveis físicas foram consideradas mais relevantes do que as socioeconômicas. Os setores mais suscetíveis e vulneráveis são: centro-sul, sul, norte, centro-norte e centro, respectivamente. Já os setores de menor capacidade adaptativa são: centro-norte, centro, norte, centro-sul e sul, respectivamente. A baixa presença de residentes e ocupações na área em perigo, bem como as maiores distâncias entre a ocupação e a linha de costa - variáveis utilizadas na determinação da capacidade adaptativa e que favorecem a redução da vulnerabilidade - apresentaram um papel secundário na determinação do IVC para os setores centro-sul e sul. Os setores ao norte do Estado são menos suscetíveis e vulneráveis, todavia se encontram intensamente ocupados em praias com menores larguras de faixa de areia, terrenos planos e com baixa declividade (segmentos de maior suscetibilidade). A maior ocorrência de danos por erosão e inundação, atualmente observada ao norte do Estado, pode ser facilmente revertida caso haja a expansão de áreas ocupadas próximo às linhas de costa dos setores centro-sul e sul, tendo em vista a alta suscetibilidade e os baixos valores de renda e de segunda-moradia encontrados ao sul do Estado. / The occurrence of coastal infrastructure damage due to wave action has been promoting vulnerability assessments for integrated coastal management. Santa Catarina\'s coastal municipalities concentrate 28% of the state\'s population and the interface between the coastline and the ocean is predominantly composed by wave-dominated sandy beaches. Coastal impacts related to wave-dominated processes, especially at local and regional scales, can produce more damaging effects than large-scale natural processes (e. g., sea level rise). The approach suggested in this study consists of defining a vulnerability multicriteria index, for Santa Catarina\'s coastline, to waves with higher frequency of occurrence and to storm wave events. The coastal vulnerability index (IVC) was obtained by integrating the adaptive capacity index, composed by socioeconomic and occupational variables (constructed area, distance between human settlements and shoreline, number of residents, income per capita and number of households for occasional use), and the susceptibility index - consisting of environmental variables (significant wave height, potential longshore drift gradient, beach width, coastal elevation and slope). The resulting coastal dynamics from nearshore wave incidence is analyzed through the application of a numerical model, integrated with the other variables by geoprocessing techniques in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The variables\' relevance in the index formula was obtained by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Variables and indices were hierarchized in five vulnerability classes (very low, low, medium, high and very high) and represented in the sectors from the State Coastal Management Plan (GERCO/SC): north, center-north, center, center-south and south. Based on specialists\' opinion on the determination of vulnerability, physical/environmental variables were considered more relevant than socioeconomic variables. The most susceptible and vulnerable sectors are: center-south, south, north, center-north and center, respectively. Sectors with the lowest adaptive capacity are: center-north, center, north, center-south and south, respectively. The low number of residents and settlements in the endangered area, as well as the greater distances between occupied area and the shoreline - variables used to determine adaptive capacity and that contribute to reduction of vulnerability - played a secondary role in the CVI\'s determination for the center-south and south sectors. The northern sectors of the state are less susceptible and vulnerable; however, they are intensely occupied in beaches with smaller beach width, lower elevation and slope (segments with higher susceptibility degrees). The highest occurrence of erosion and flood damage, currently observed at the north of the state, can easily be reversed in case of expansion of settlements near the center-south and south sectors, as a function of the higher susceptibility degrees and lower income per capita and number of households of occasional use found at the south of the state.

No contexto da necessidade de atracação de embarcações de maior porte em terminais portuários brasileiros, tanto privativos como públicos, considerando um aumento das exportações, intervenções de engenharia que possam significar ganhos nas dimensões das máximas embarcações permitidas podem representar substanciosos benefícios econômicos. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem do conceito de Fundo Náutico, definido como profundidade até a qual as embarcações podem navegar sem que haja efeitos adversos na manobrabilidade das embarcações e danos no casco do navio, cujo objetivo é aumentar o calado máximo de embarcações em espaços náuticos cujo fundo apresente camadas de lama fluida. Devido às suas características reológicas, a lama fluida, de modo geral, permite que as embarcações naveguem com reduzida ou até negativa folga sob a quilha, respeitando-se o conceito estabelecido pelo Fundo Náutico. Exposta a importância sobre este conceito e suas peculiaridades relacionadas às características da lama fluida, como características reológicas e métodos para sua determinação, discutem-se as variações na espessura da camada de lama fluida e as variáveis ambientais que as condicionam, a partir de análise de levantamentos batimétricos de dupla frequência, dados densimétricos e aplicação de modelagem numérica, para a região da bacia de evolução do Complexo Portuário de Itajaí. Para esta região, observaram-se camadas de lama fluida entre 0,5 e 2,5 m, sendo que os resultados obtidos na modelagem indicam que esta variabilidade está associada ao regime de descarga sólida do rio Itajaí-açu. Além disto, a partir de uma análise comparativa entre os dados batimétricos e densimétricos, foi possível estabelecer que o fundo náutico na região pode estar associado a um valor de massa específica entre 1150 e 1200 kg/m³. / Considering the demand for mooring larger ships at Brazilian port terminals, both private and public, in a scenario of growing exports, engineering interventions that can provide improvements in the vessel\'s maximum allowed dimensions can represent significant profits. Hence, this work presents an approach of Nautical Bottom, defined as the maximum depth in which ships can navigate without significant adverse effects in ship control and maneuverability without physical damage, with the goal of raising the maximum ship draft allowed in nautical spaces with fluid mud beds. Due to its rheological properties, fluid mud, in general, allows for vessels navigate with low or negative under keel clearance, respecting the established Nautical Bottom concepts. Once highlighted the importance of these concepts, this study presents an analysis about fluid mud and Nautical Bottom concept analysis at Itajaí Port Complex (Santa Catarina, Brazil), one of the most important port areas in Brazil. This analysis was based on bathymetric surveys, density measurements and numerical modeling. In addition, fluid mud layer thickness at port areas can possibly vary according to hydrodynamics and sedimentologic variations. Fluid mud layer thickness varies from 0.5 to 2.5 meters at Itajai Port Complex turning basin. From numerical modeling results, it is possible to establish that the thickness variations of fluid mud layers are associated with fluvial sediment transport rates. Also, from the comparison between low frequencies bathymetric surveys and specific density measurements, it was possible to conclude that the reference specific density at the interest area is about 1150-1200 kg/m³, being very similar to reference densities adopted worldwide.

Este trabalho é parte integrante do Projeto de Caracterização Regional da bacia Sergipe-Alagoas, realizado em convênio entre a Petrobras e o Laboratório de Hidrodinâmica Costeira do Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, que visou caracterizar a circulação da bacia Sergipe-Alagoas em escala regional. Foram coletados dados meteo-oceanográficos no período entre 2012 e 2015. Foram analisados dados de três fundeios correntográficos, duas estações meteorológicas e vinte estações hidrográficas. Esta análise incluiu: análise por Funções Empí¬ricas Ortogonais, análise espectral, análise harmônica e correlação. Ainda, foram realizadas simulações numéricas, onde se considerou um oceano homogêneo, que contemplaram o vento, a maré e o aporte fluvial como forçantes do domí¬nio. Os resultados mostraram uma plataforma continental praticamente homogênea, onde há um forte ciclo sazonal para as correntes e para o vento, com menores intensidades durante o verão e o outono e maiores intensidades durante o inverno e a primavera. Quanto à hidrodinâmica, determinou-se que o modo barotrópico é dominante, seguido pelos 1º e 2º modos baroclí¬nicos, nesta ordem. Quanto às forçantes, constatou-se que a maré é a menos significativa para a circulação residual da região, onde a componente semidiurna M2 se destaca como mais energética. Ainda, detectou-se o predomí¬nio do vento sobre a circulação da PCSEAL durante o inverno e a primavera. Nas demais estações, supõe-se uma competição entre as descargas fluviais e a tensão de cisalhamento do vento sobre a circulação da PCSEAL. / This work is part of the project \"Caracterização Regional da bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas\" supported by PETROBRAS in association with the Coastal Hydrodynamic Laboratory (LHiCo) of the University of Sao Paulo. This project aimed to characterize the Sergipe-Alagoas basin circulation on a regional scale. Meteo and ocean datas were colected from 2012 to 2015, including three current meter moorings, two meteorological stations and twenty hidrographic stations. The analysis includes Empirical Ortogonal Functions, spectral, harmonic and correlations analysis. The Numerical simulations are also developed, employing a homogenous ocean with wind, tides and river discharges forcings. The results show a homogeneous continetal shelf with a significant seasonal cycle for the currents and winds, with minimum values in the summer and fall, and maximum values in the winter and spring. It is show from the Empirical Ortogonal Function analysis, that the barotropic mode is dominant over the Sergipe-Alagoas shelf circulation, followed by the first and second baroclinic modes, in this order. About the forcings, the wind stress drives the shelf circulation in winter and spring. The other seasons has a supposed dispute between river discharges and wind stress. The tide is dominated by the component M2 and it is the least significant for the residual circulation over the Sergipe-Alagoas shelf.

Este trabalho analisou dados correntográficos, de três projetos distintos na Plataforma Continental Interna do Estado de São Paulo, além de implementar um modelo numérico, com objetivo de determinar a importância relativa das diversas forçantes que atuam na região. Foram analisados o campo de densidades, a ação dos ventos, das marés e os aportes fluviais, dos sistemas estuarinos de Santos e Cananéia, no condicionamento hidrodinâmico da Plataforma Continental Interna do Estado de São Paulo. Em todos os pontos de análise, as correntes e os ventos apresentaram frequências dominantes na banda subinercial do espectro, com coeficiente de correlação dentro do intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados obtidos pelas simulações numéricas foram considerados bons, visto que apresentaram valores elevados de skill para a componente paralela à costa das correntes nas simulações de validação do modelo. Quanto às forçantes de movimentos, constatou-se que os aportes fluviais aplicados não foram suficientes para reproduzir o campo termohalino médio da região e nem as correntes associadas à estes campos. Os movimentos gerados pelos campos termohalinos são bastantes significativos para o período de verão. A forçante meteorológica gerou movimentos bastante coerentes com as observações para o período de inverno. A forçante de maré apresentou alguma contribuição para a componente perpendicular à costa, mas foi quase insignificante para a componente paralela à costa das correntes. / This work analysed current meter data of three projects in the inner Continental Shelf of Sao Paulo State. The analysis is complemented with a numerical model in order to determine the relative importance of the forcings that act in the region. It was analysed the mean density field, winds, tides and the continental fresh water discharges of the estuarine regions of Santos and Cananeia in the hydrodynamic conditioning of the Sao Paulo inner Continental Shelf. In all analysis, the winds and currents presented the dominant frequencies in the subinercial band of the spectrum, with relatively small lag correlation coefficients between currents and winds, but whitin the confidence level of 95%. The numerical simulations presented good coherence with the observations, with a high skill for the alongshore current in the validation simulations. About the forcings, the river discharges was not be able to maintain the mean thermohaline field and the currents associated to them. The mean currents generated by the thermohaline fields are quite significant for the summer period. The meteorological forcing generated movements very coherent with the observations for the winter period. The tidal forcing have some contribution in the crosshore component of the current, but was almost insignificant for the alongshore component.

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Amazonas abrange uma área de 6 × 106 km2 da região norte da América do Sul. O seu canal mais longo, com quase 7.000 km tem origem nos Andes peruanos e cruza todo o continente até chegar na foz, no Atlântico Equatorial. Apesar dos diversos esforços científicos, os processos que guiaram a evolução da paisagem na Amazônia ainda são discutidos, assim como a data do estabelecimento dessa grande bacia hidrográfica que culminou com a forma¸cao do rio Amazonas como um rio transcontinental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar como se deu a evolução da paisagem na regiao norte da América do Sul, com foco na forma¸cao do Rio Amazonas, através de simulações usando um modelo numérico que incorpora orogenia, flexura, isostasia da litosfera, clima e processos superficiais de erosao e sedimentação. Diversos experimentos numéricos foram realizados alterando-se a topografia original, taxa de espessamento crustal nos Andes, erodibilidade das rochas, entre outros parâmetros. Constatou-se que o instante da formação do rio transcontinental é muito sensível a modificações na paleotopografia inicial do modelo e erodibilidade das rochas. Porém, em todos os modelos, o instante da formação do rio Amazonas ´e marcado por um aumento expressivo na taxa de sedimentação na foz do rio Amazonas e uma correspondente queda no aporte sedimentar na foz do rio Orinoco. Adicionalmente, um aumento na taxa de espessamento crustal na região andina não modifica expressivamente as taxas de sedimentação na foz do Amazonas. Isso ocorre pois o aumento no aporte sedimentar proveniente do Andes é essencialmente depositado nas bacias de ante-país devido ao aumento no espaço de acomodação gerado pela carga adicional sobre a placa litosférica. O aumento da taxa de precipitação sobre a cordilheira dos Andes se reflete em um aumento nas taxas de deposição nas bacias de ante-país, na Bacia do Solimões e na foz do Orinoco, porém na foz do Amazonas as taxas de sedimentação sofrem um crescimento pouco expressivo. Já um aumento na precipitação sobre todo o modelo faz com que, em todas as bacias sedimentares, as taxas de sedimentação sofram um aumento gradativo. / The Amazon hydrographic basin is the largest in the world, covering 6 × 106 km2 of northern South America. Its longest channel, with almost 7000 km, brings sediment from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean, in brazilian equatorial coast. Despite the scientific efforts, the timing of origin of this hydrographic basin is still debated, as well as the processes that guided its evolution and shaped the landscape in this region. In my research, I used an adaptation of the numerical model developed by Sacek (2014) to study the landscape evolution of the north of South America, focusing on the establishment of the Amazon River as a transcontinental river. The numerical model accounts for the contributions of orogeny, climate, isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere, and surface processes (erosion and deposition of sediments). I performed dozens of experiments, testing a range of values for the different parameters of the model, and I was able to reproduce, in many aspects, the evolution of landscape in the region, as hypothesized by others researchers. I also observed in my results a changing in drainage pattern, that corresponds to the onset of the Amazon River. Furthermore, it was predicted by the simulations, at the moment of the onset of the Amazon River, a great increase in sedimentary deposition at the Amazon Fan, simultaneously with a fall in sedimentary deposition at the Orinoco mouth. However, in the simulations, the moment of the onset of the Amazon River is very sensitive to changes in the initial topography of the model. I also tested the influence of crustal thickening rate in the Andes, precipitation rate, and resistance to erosion of sediments of the model, in the sedimentation pattern of the region. I concluded that an increase in precipitation rate in the model can significantly alter the rate of deposition at the region of Amazons mouth and in others sedimentary basins in the model. However, an increase in crustal thickening or precipitation rate in the Andes does not expressively change the rate of deposition at the region of Amazons mouth, but changes occur at foreland basins and at Solimoes Basin.

As praias urbanizadas são ambientes complexos devido à interação da ocupação antropogênica e dos processos costeiros. A ocupação costeira vem se caracterizando por alteração e deterioração da paisagem, processo mais intenso em grandes cidades litorâneas, onde casas e edifícios são construídos nas proximidades imediatas da orla. O presente trabalho analisa a morfodinâmica e processo de sobrelavagem das praias de Santos e Itararé, duas praias urbanizadas com a presença de obras na orla. Foram realizados levantamentos topográficos nas praias e modelagem de ondas (Delft 3D - Wave) para toda a baía durante os anos de 2015 e 2016. Cenários de sobrelevaçãoonda e nível do mar foram estipulando para o cálculo da sobrelevaçãototal e assim conhecer as condições que levam a sobrelavagem. A baía de Santos encontra-se aberta para sul, expondo a linha de costa para a ação de frentes frias. A variabilidade do clima de ondas, derivada das mudanças das suas condições meteorológicas formadoras, pode alterar a morfologia da praia. Em Santos e São Vicente as ondas de sul e sudeste apresentam maiores alturas de onda e são mais frequentes no outono e inverno quando temos mais frentes frias na região. Os resultados indicam relação entre a incidência de ondas com maior força de onda (W/m), associadas a frentes frias, em trechos mais inclinados das praias com perda de volume. A variedade de incidência das ondas ao longo da praia estudada mostra um decréscimo na força de onda, sendo maior em Itararé e caindo em direção a Ponta da Praia, com a presença de picos altos na Ponta da Praia. Justificando porque este trecho sofre mais variação de volume e perda de sedimento fato que pode estar associado a dragagem do canal do porto de Santos. Em ambos os trechos com maior declividade e menor faixa de areia apresentaram maior sensibilidade à ação das ondas e também maior chance de sofrer sobrelavagem, de todo o arco praial da baía de Santos a porção leste de Santos se mostrou a mais propícia a sofrer inundação. / Urbanized beaches are more complex environments due to the interaction of anthropogenic occupation and coastal processes. Coastal occupation has been characterized by alteration and deterioration of the landscape, being more intense in large coastal cities, where houses and buildings are built in the immediate vicinity of the beach border being subject to potentially high risk of erosion. The present work analyzed the morphodynamics and overwashing of the beaches of Santos and Itararé, two urbanized beaches with the presence of anthropogenic constructions in the beach border. Topographic surveys on both beaches and wave modeling (Delft 3D - Wave) were carried out for the entire basin during the years of 2015 and 2016. Wave run-up and sea level scenarios were stipulated for the calculation of the total water level and so determined conditions that lead to overwashing. The bay of Santos is open to the South, exposing the coast line for the action of cold fronts. The variability of the wave climate, derived from the changes of its formative meteorological conditions, can alter the morphology of the beach. In Santos and São Vicente, South and Southeast waves have higher wave height and are more frequent in autumn and winter when we have more cold fronts in the region. The results indicate the direct relationship between the incidence of waves with higher wave force (W/m), associated with cold fronts, with loss of volume along the beaches. The variety of wave incidence along the studied beach shows a decrease in wave force, being higher in Itararé and falling towards Ponta da Praia, in the area protected by the rocky promontory. However in Ponta da Praia we see high values of wave force, justifying why this stretch suffers more volume variation and loss of sediment, that we belive happends because of Port Channel. In both stretches with greater slope and lower sand range showed greater sensitivity to the action of the waves and also greater chance of overwash, of all the praial arc of the Santos bay, the Eastern portion of Santos was the most propitious to suffer flooding.