This thesis is concerned with the proposal of business plan for creating of company’s nursery. It describes how to progress and on the model example shows, how can be company’s nursery established.

<p>Gastrointestinal health in the young pig is a constant challenge for the swine industry. Weaning introduces many stressors such as a new solid diet, being separated from their mother, new pen mates, transportation, and an entirely new environment. Therefore, this dissertation primarily focuses on research aiding the pig immediately post-weaning. In chapter 2, a developmental bacillus direct fed microbial (DFM) was added to nursery pig diets to evaluate its effects on pig growth and health in two 35-d experiments, both randomized complete block designs based on initial BW and sex. Experiment 1 used 376 weaned pigs (17.8 d of age; 5.99±0.18 kg initial BW) allotted to one of four diets. 1) Negative Control (NC; no antibiotics with pharmacological Zn or Cu), 2) NC+DFM 0.275x109 CFU, 3) NC+DFM 0.55x109 CFU, 4) NC+DFM 1.1x109 CFU. Experiment 2 used 420 weaned pigs (20.1 d of age; 6.11±0.34 kg initial BW) allotted to one of four diets: 1) Negative Control (NC; no antibiotics with pharmacological Zn or Cu), 2) NC+DFM 0.55x109 CFU, 3) NC+DFM 1.1x109 CFU, 4) NC+BioPlus 2B 1.1x109 CFU. Experiment 1; during week 1 there were no treatment effects. During week 3 ADFI (P=0.053) quadratically increased while G:F (P=0.028) quadratically decreased as DFM increased in the diet. During d21-35 of experiment 2, ADG (P=0.092) quadratically increased and G:F (P=0.014) quadratically decreased as DFM increased.  Overall, for Experiment 1, ADFI numerically increased (4.3%) with no increase in ADG, resulting in a quadratic decrease in G:F (P=0.010) as the DFM increased in the diet.  For Experiment 2, during week 1, DFM fed pigs tended to have linearly decreased ADFI (P=0.092) and linearly increase G:F (P=0.072). Pigs fed the Bioplus2B bacillus had greater ADFI (P=0.018) than the same dose of the experimental bacillus. During week 2 pigs fed the experimental bacillus at 1.1x109 CFU tended to have improved G:F (P=0.084) than the similar DFM concentration from, the Bioplus 2B. During week 4 ADG tended to linearly (P=0.057) improve with increasing DFM in the diet and the average of all DFMs tended to have improved ADG (P=0.075) over the NC. During week 5 ADFI linearly increased (P=0.029) as DFM increased in the diet and all DFM treatments had greater ADFI (P=0.009) than the NC.  During d 21-35 of experiment 2, DFM fed pigs had linearly increased ADG (P=0.04) and ADFI (0.090). All pigs fed DFM had improved ADG (P=0.068) and ADFI (P=0.032) compared to NC fed pigs. Summarizing these two studies, the DFM product had its greatest effect improving gain feed intake and efficiency during late nursery when simplest diets are fed.</p> <p>In chapter 3, Dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) and poultry by-products (PBP) were added to nursery pig diets to evaluate their effects on growth performance and jejunal characteristics in a 35 d experiment. PBP were added as a replacement for fishmeal and was expected to provide an increased immune challenge to the newly weaned pigs. DTB was added as a functional trace element source and was hypothesized to ameliorate some of the negative impacts of PBP on the gut. A randomized complete block design based on BW and sex was used. Newly weaned pigs (N=564, 20.1±1.2 d of age, 6.18±1.13 kg initial BW). allotted to four diets (15 replicates/treatment; 9 or 10 pigs/pen): 1) Control (C; no DTB or PBP), 2) C+DTB (0.5% inclusion), 3) C+PBP (4% chicken by-product meal + 2% feather meal – replacing fishmeal, corn, and synthetic amino acids in the C), 4) C+DTB+PBP. Phase 1-3 were each 7-d and Phase 4 was from d 21-35. One barrow/pen was harvested 11d post-weaning. Jejunal tissue and mucosa were collected for histological measures and gene expression. In week 2, pigs fed DTB tended to increase ADG (323 vs. 303 g/d; P=0.068) and ADFI (376 vs. 356 g/d; P=0.055) compared to pigs not fed DTB and pigs fed PBP tended to have increased ADG (P=0.093). In week 3 pigs fed PBP had reduced ADG (460 vs 483 g/d; P=0.011) and G:F (0.689 vs. 0.723; P<0.001), and there tended to be an interaction for G:F (P=0.083) with DTB improving G:F when fed in combination with PBP but reducing G:F in the control diet.  In week 4, feeding PBP decreased ADG (384 vs 415 g/d; P<0.01) and ADFI (629 vs 666 g/d; P<0.01) compared to pigs fed no PBP.  For Phase 4 (d21-35) pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG (479 vs 497 g/d; P=0.041) and tended to have reduced ADFI (P=0.092) compared to pigs fed no PBP. Overall (d 0-35), there were no significant differences among treatments in pig growth performance.   Pigs fed PBP had increased jejunal expression of interferon-alpha (P=0.041) and interleukin-10 (P=0.037) and tended to have increased expression of claudin-1 (P=0.076).  Pigs fed DTB tended to have decreased jejunal expression of interferon-gamma (P=0.079).  Jejunal gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa-beta did not differ among treatments. In conclusion, DTB improved nursery pig growth performance early and pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG and feed efficiency late in the nursery period. Feeding PBP had minimal effects on jejunum architecture but increased the gut immune response.</p> <p>Chapter 4 focuses on weaning age in addition to dietary treatments. Changes in weaning age and diet complexity can impact pig growth post-weaning. 432 weanling gilts and barrows (Topigs Duroc Ⅹ (US York X Landrace)) from the same farrowing group were utilized for a 30 or 35 d growth trial to compare early (EW) versus late weaning (LW) and high or low levels of specialty proteins in nursery diets. 216 pigs were EW (18 or 19 d, avg. age=18.4 days, avg. BW=5.96 kg) and 216 pigs were LW 5 days later (24, 25 or 26 d, avg. age=24.6 d, avg. BW=7.50 kg). At weaning pigs were blocked by weaning age, BW, sex and litter, and randomly allotted to 48 pens with 9 pigs/pen. Pigs at each weaning age were fed a High Complexity (HC) or a Low Complexity (LC) diet. The trial was conducted as a 2X2 factorial design: 1) EW+HC; 2) EW+LC; 3) LW+HC; 4) LW+LC. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for EW, and on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 30 for LW.  LW pigs had improved ADG and ADFI from d 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, and the final week of the nursery (P<0.05). G:F decreased for LW pigs from d 21-28 (P<0.01) compared to EW pigs, however for the overall nursery trial LW pigs had increased G:F (P=0.01). LW pigs had increased overall nursery ADG vs EW pigs (452.5 g/d vs 400 g/d; P<0.01). End of nursery BW was greater for LW vs EW pigs (21.70 kg vs 20.74 kg; P=0.001).  There was a weight block by weaning age interaction, EW heavy pigs had lower ADG compared to LW heavy pigs, however when comparing light weight pigs, the EW light pigs had improved ADG compared to LW light weight pigs (P=0.017). EW pigs were lighter at market (approximately d146 of age) compared to LW pigs (120.78 vs 124.16 kg; P=0.014). An interaction between weaning age, nursery diet, and sex (P<0.07) was observed for market weight, EW barrows fed LC diets were lighter at market (120.77 kg) than EW barrows fed HC diets (126.54 kg).  Whereas for LW barrows fed LC had higher market weights (130.04 kg) than LW barrows fed HC diets (127.59 kg). A similar, but non-significant pattern was observed for gilts. Weaning age and feeding pigs the correct diet for their age in the nursery can have a lifelong effect on the pig. </p> <p>In conclusion, feeding a DFM containing bacillus licheniformis did not impact nursery pig growth performance early in the nursery period. From d21-35 ADG and ADFI was improved in both experiments 1 and experiment 2. While the growth results were sporadically improved throughout the nursery period, the DFM’s greatest effect was it ability to improve ADFI. The improvement in the late nursery phase may be due to the need for the DFM to establish itself in the GIT. DTB tended to improve ADG and ADFI in week 2 of the nursery period, however there were no differences for growth overall. PBP reduced ADG in week 3 of the nursery period, as well as reduced ADG and ADFI in week 4 of the nursery. While there were differences in individual weeks of the trial there were no overall differences in growth performance. However, when looking at gene expression in the jejunum at d11 post-weaning, there was an increase in IFN-α and IL-10 in pigs fed PBP. In pigs fed DTB there was a decrease in IFN-γ jejunal gene expression as well. Feeding a high complexity and low complexity diet had no impact on the nursery pigs growth performance, in hindsight the low complexity diet was perhaps not low enough in specialty proteins. When comparing weaning age, pigs weaned later had increased ADG and ADFI from d0-21 post-weaning. For the overall nursery performance, LW pigs had a higher ADG, and ended the nursery period 0.96 kg heavier than the EW pigs. Comparing pigs of similar bodyweight at weaning, EW pigs were 1.5 kg heavier than LW pigs at the end of the nursery period, but the LW pigs were more feed efficient. There was a weight block by weaning interaction in this trial, as the heaviest LW pigs had higher ADG compared to the heaviest EW pigs. However, when looking at the lightest pigs, the EW pigs outperformed the LW pigs. Looking at market weights of each age group, LW pigs were 3.5 kg heavier on average at d146 of age. Although there was not a difference in diet found in the nursery phase, interestingly there were interactions discovered between treatments at market weight. Barrows are more sensitive to nursery diet compared to gilts, as LW barrows fed the low complexity diet performed better than the LW high complexity fed barrows. EW barrows were heavier at market when fed the high complexity diet, compared to EW barrows fed the low complexity diet. This shows that while the diet didn’t appear to have an impact in the nursery, feeding the pig the proper diet for their age has a lifelong impact on the pig.</p>

The purpose of this project is to outline a business that is in the start up phase. This business is going to come to life when the City of Redlands approves the plan. The plan is in its final stages with the City of Redlands. The business will be known as Redlands Nursery and Tree Company.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel DeRouchey / Jason Woodworth / Two experiments using a total of 646 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of increasing phytase on nursery pig growth performance and bone ash characteristics. Two experiments using a total of 821 sows were used to determine the impact of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) in lactating sows. Experiment 1 determined the available phosphorus (aP) release of Natuphos E 5,000 G phytase in nursery pigs. Increasing phytase from 0 to 1,000 FTU/kg in phosphorus deficient diets improved nursery pig performance and bone ash characteristics. Using percentage bone ash and formulated phytase concentrations, an equation was developed to predict aP release up to 1,000 FTU/kg of Natuphos E phytase. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the effect of Superdosing Natuphos E 5,000 G phytase on nursery pig performance and bone ash characteristics. Increasing phytase in diets marginal in P improved pig performance and bone ash values. Increasing phytase in P sufficient diets improved bone ash percent and tended to improve feed efficiency. Experiments 3 and 4 determined the impacts of increasing SID Lys in primiparous and multiparous lactating sows and their litters. In Exp. 3, increasing SID Lys above 0.80% in primiparous sows decreased backfat loss, but had no effect on sow BW loss, ADFI or litter gain. Conception rate at d 30 and percentage born alive tended to improve at 0.95% SID Lys. In Exp. 4 with mixed parity sows, increasing SID Lys to 1.05% increased sow weaning BW, litter gain, and reduced weight loss in lactation. Sow backfat loss increased as SID Lys increased from 0.75 to 1.20%, however loin eye depth loss was reduced as SID Lys increased. Percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning was improved in primiparous females with increasing SID Lys, however no difference was observed in multiparous sows.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel DeRouchey / Michael Tokach / Six experiments using a total of 2,974 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and amino acids (AA) on nursery pig growth performance. Experiments 1 and 2 evaluated increasing dietary MSG for nursery pigs. Increasing dietary MSG up to 2% without balancing for sodium and chloride content decreased nursery pig performance, and feeding sodium levels equivalent to 1% MSG also decreased performance. When sodium and chloride were balanced, there were marginal effects of increasing dietary MSG on pig performance. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement for pigs weighing 7- to 11- kg. The SID Lys requirement was estimated to be 1.45% and greater than 1.60% depending on the statistical model applied for both ADG and G:F. This experiment served to validate the SID Lys requirement for use in formulating diets for the subsequent experiments. Experiment 4 evaluated increasing SID valine (Val) to Lys ratio for nursery pigs weighing 7- to 10- kg. A SID Val:Lys ratio of 62.9% optimized ADG. Maximum feed efficiency (G:F) was captured using 71.7% SID Val:Lys ratio, however, 99% of maximum was achieved with SID Val at 64.4% of Lys. For ADFI, maximum performance was at 74% SID Val:Lys ratio, with 99% of maximum intake achieved at 68%. Experiments 5 and 6 investigated increasing SID isoleucine (Ile) to Lys ratio for 6- to 11- kg pigs. When ADG and ADFI were modeled, broken-line models reported maxima of 52.0% Ile:Lys ratio while quadratic models were as high as 64% of Lys.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel M. DeRouchey / Five experiments using a total of 4,470 pigs were used to determine the effects of dietary Cu and Zn source and finishing pig space allowance. Experiment 1 evaluated increasing dietary Zn from Zn hydroxychloride or ZnSO4 for finishing pigs. Increasing dietary Zn up to 100 mg/kg Zn maximized ADG and HCW with the greatest response observed during the last 37 d period when ractopamine was included in the diet. Pigs fed diets with Zn hydroxychloride had greater HCW compared to those fed ZnSO4. Experiment 2 evaluated increasing dietary Cu from either CuSO4 or a 50:50 blend of CuSO4:Cu-AA for finishing pigs. Pigs fed Cu from CuSO4 alone consumed more feed and tended to have poorer feed efficiency than those fed a 50:50 blend of Cu from CuSO4:Cu-AA. Pigs fed a 50:50 blend of CuSO4:Cu-AA had improved HCW G:F but ADG was unchanged on a live and HCW basis. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated increasing dietary Cu from tri-basic copper chloride or a Cu-chelate for nursery pigs. In Exp. 3, increasing Cu from Cu-chelate to 150 mg/kg Cu increased ADG and ending BW. Increasing Cu to 150 mg/kg Cu increased ADFI and improved G:F. Pigs fed Cu from Cu-chelate had greater ADG, ADFI and ending BW than those fed Cu from tri-basic copper chloride. In Exp. 4, increasing Cu to 225 mg/kg Cu increased ADG and ending BW. Because ADFI was unchanged, G:F tended to be improved as Cu level increased. There were no differences detected between Cu sources for growth performance. Experiment 5 was conducted to determine the effects of increasing space allowance by pig removal or gate adjustment during the finishing period. Pigs provided 0.91 m2 had increased ADG compared with those allowed 0.63 m2 with pigs from pens provided increased space intermediate. Pigs provided 0.91 m2 had increased ADFI compared with pigs allowed 0.63 m2 and those where a pig was removed; however, pigs from pens where the gate was adjusted were intermediate. As pigs grew to the minimum predicted space requirement and were subsequently allowed more space, performance was greater than those initially provided 0.61 m2 but less than those allowed 0.91 m2.

The aim of this theses is to summarize the development of the Czech nursery school in the years 1980-2010 in Ostrava. The development is divided into chapters by decades. Each chapter describes the current educational legislation which has been related to nursery schools in the given period. The focus is on target and the concept of education in the nursery school in the given decade. Detail is devoted to important documents determined to the nursery school. It deals with the changes in the planning and evaluation of the educational work. The practical part is processing historical documents, such as school records, chronicles and inspection reports from nursery schools in Ostrava. The method of the questionnaire survey finds opinions nursery school's teachers on the transformation of the Czech nursery school. The questionnaire survey maps the views of parents to the current nursery school. In conclusion my thesis compares the Czech nursery school in each decade according to the monitored items. Finally, theses summarizes the development of the Czech nursery school in the years from 1980 to 2010.

The Chandeleur Islands (Louisiana) contain nursery habitats for lemon sharks that provide abundant prey and protection from predation. Other local shark species (Atlantic sharpnose, bull, and blacktip sharks) co-occur with lemon sharks in the same region, including the nearby Biloxi Marshes. To better assess how lemon sharks use these nursery habitats, I measured diet and prey availability of young of the year and juvenile lemon sharks from 2009 to 2010. Young lemon sharks at the Chandeleur Islands have a relatively reduced diet breadth in comparison to those from nurseries in Bimini (Bahamas) and the Florida Keys. At the Chandeleur Islands, young lemon sharks appear to be opportunistically feeding on the most abundant prey items, resulting in high prey abundance and low diversity in their diet. Opportunistic feeding by young lemon sharks suggests minimal dietary overlap with other local shark species, resulting in minimal competition for resources.

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy / The current study adopts a developmental neuropsychological perspective, an approach which does not imply brain dysfunction but rather the principle of understanding the general relationship hetween brain growth and behavioural changes and the effect of environmental factors in children. A neuropsychology of normal development would seem to be an appropriate initial prerequisite if we are to understand the effects of brain insult or disease in the developing child. A modest aim was to acquire a fundamental understanding of emerging skills in black preschool children, starting with the most basic, the development of lateral preferences. This area was selected (a) as a departure point because of its location within the broad area of cerebrallateralization and (b) the opportunity it provided to explore the children's mental processing skills within the same theoretical perspective. The purpose of the present study was the longitudinal investigation of lateral preferences in a sample of Soweto children at three and five years.and information processing skills in the same sample at five years. Three hundred and thirty-five children, 170 girls and 165 boys, were sampled with the assistance of the Birth to Ten project.a longitudinal study of growth, health and development of children living in the Johannesburg Metropolitan area over a ten year period, 1990 to 2000. The children were assessed prior to starting school in January, 1996. A descriptive approach was adopted in explaining the patterns of handedness, footedness and eyeness. The findings showed that the patterns for handedness reflected the expected rightward direction at both ages although the degree to which preference has oeen established was weaker at five years than that reported in other studies with children of similar ages. Thirty-nine percent of the sample were mixed-handed at five years,only 3% were mixed-footed and 5% showed mixed-eyeness, At five years Simultaneous and Sequential information processing skills were assessed with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). Factor analysis revealed a two factor solution broadly supporting the presence of the two processing styles. However the two coding processes were differentially distributed throughout the sample showing significant differences. More specifically.it was found that 34% of the children presented profiles of both processing styles that were below the group mean;31 % showed profiles where one or other coding style was below the group mean;23 % of the children portrayed processing profiles above the group mean. Thirty-nine children (12 %) presented patterns of processing that were above the group mean but were highly developed in one or other processing style. Each of the profiles that emerged were grouped and considered separately. Cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency, naming skills,draw-a person,basic perceptual knowledge,basic literacy.plus lateral preference information such as handedness direction, handedness consistency and handedness skills were appended to all the groups. Low scores in processing styles were found to be associated with poor verbal skills, low mental age,poor perceptual and basic literacy knowledge,poor hand skill performance,and greater (but nonsignificant) numbers of mixed-handers. The lowest scoring group also contained the majority of male left-handers. One of the highest scoring groups showed the strongest lateralizing patterns although the numbers were small (n= 11). Girls with above average sequential skills also scored highly on verbal fluency (p < .05) and hand skills (p < .05). Boys in this group showed the strongest degree of right-handedness (p < .05). In the four lower performance groups,background variables such as type of preschool experience (p <.001),the presence of books in the home (p < .05) and mothers level of education (p <.001) were found to be significant. A regression model which incorporated environmental, epigenetic, cognitive and motoric factors was found to be the most viable in predicting processing skills. / Andrew Chakane 2018