The World Health Organization declares on March 11, 2020 that Covid-19 is a pandemic. Covid-19 is spread to all parts of the world and affects all countries. The conditions for healthcare professionals around the world are changing at the same rate as the spread ofinfection increases. The purpose of the study is to shed light on nurses experiences of providing care during covid-19. Using a literature review to analyze both qualitative and quantitative scientific articles, look for similarities and differences in nurses experiences in providing care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Covid-19 was an invasive infectious disease that spread rapidly between individuals, causing fear among nurses and people around them. This had a negative effect on the nurses, their nursing measures and their privacy. A significantly increased workload and the enormous mortality due to Covid-19 caused stress and anxiety to nurses. Nurses experienced frustration and anxiety about the situation that threatened their own and their family's health. Despite the lack of faith in one's own competence the nurses found new supportive relationships that have been shown to strengthen mental health. The experience of working against Covid-19 was initially characterized by fear but the nurses found new strength salong the way and was enriched with experiences regarding care of critically ill patients. / Den 11 Mars 2020 fastslog Världshälsoorganisationen att Covid-19 var en pandemi. Enpandemi är när en smittsam infektion spridits till människor över hela världen. Vid utbrottet av Covid-19 krävdes stora och snabba förändringar i vården världen över, vilket resulterade i utmaningar för sjuksköterskorna. Denna studie vill belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av attvårda under Covid-19 pandemin. Resultatet visade en ökad arbetsbelastning för sjuksköterskorna då mängden patienter ökade drastiskt som en följd av att virusets smittsamhet och att det spreds med hög hastighet. Till en början saknades information och kunskap i hurpatienter drabbade av Covid-19 skulle tas om hand, det saknades även rutiner i hur skyddskläderskulle användas för att förhindra vidare smitta. Covid-19 var ett hot för alla i samhället, rädslanför att bli smittad och föra smittan vidare påverkade sjuksköterskornas psykiska och fysiska hälsa. Sjuksköterskornas sociala liv påverkades då de i samband med vård av patienter med Covid-19 isolerades från familj och vänner, i vissa fall kunde det leda till att de uteslöts från sociala sammanhang. För att kunna hantera den nya arbetssituationen som sjuksköterskorna ställdes inför krävdes det stöd och engagemang från kollegor, familj och sjukhusledning. I en början upplevde sjuksköterskorna oro och frustration över situationen, de kände att de saknade kompetens att vårda utifrån de nya förutsättningarna, men utmed vägen fann de nya styrkor i kampen mot Covid-19 vilket berikade dem med erfarenheter i vården av patienter med Covid19. Metoden som valdes till studien var litteraturöversikt, vilket innebar att resultat ur kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades till studiens resultat. Styrkan med en litteraturöversikt är att resultatet grundas på en större mängd deltagare än vid en litteraturstudie. Vid litteratussökningen användes sökorden Covid-19, nurse, experience,mental health detta för att finna artiklar som visade sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter och upplevelsen i samband med vård av Covid-19 patienter.

Background: Cardiac arrest is a public health problem worldwide. A cardiac arrest often occurssuddenly and without warning. If no cardiopulmonary rescue starts immediately, the outcome will be death. Surviving a cardiac arrest has an impact on the quality of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the patient´s experiences after a cardiac arrest. Method: Qualitative articles are used as a foundation in this literature review. Results: Two major themes emerged from analysing eight qualitative articles. The results showed complicated effects of cardiac arrest on patients´ lives. After a cardiac arrest patients needed support and safety. Support from nurses must be organized in a more structured way. This should be handled with continuity and vigilance in health care by nurses. Conclusion: Patients who survive a cardiac arrest experience that their lives are affected from several aspects. For example, mentally, physically, emotionally and existentially. This can result in emotional challenges and uncertainty about the future. In this new life situation, the nurse could help by guiding, following up and supporting the patients. / Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva patienters upplevelser efter ett hjärtstopp. Studien resulterade i två teman (att anpassa sig till en ny vardag och andra livsperspektiv) med sex underteman (ständig oro, återgång till tidigare livssituation, att hantera känslor efter hjärtstopp, stöd från familjen, en ny syn på livet och strävan efter att leva i nuet). Efter ett hjärtstopp upplevde patienterna att deras liv påverkades på flera plan. Både fysiskt och psykiskt.Att ha ett forum att diskutera utmaningar samt bekräftelse på att återhämtningen gick åt rätt hållvar viktigt för patienterna. Att drabbas av ett hjärtstopp är vanligtvis något som kommer plötsligt och behandlas det inte är prognosen dödlig. Det är vanligast att patienterna har en bakomliggande kranskärlssjukdom men andra orsaker kan vara överdoser av droger eller läkemedel, drunkningstillbud, andningsstopp, astmaanfall eller kraftiga elektriska strömstötar. Kvalitativ ansats användes för att genomföra studien och 8 artiklar ligger till grund för detta examensarbete. Behovet av strukturerat stöd visade sig vara stort, patienterna efterfrågade bekräftelse på hur återhämtningen fortskred. Ångest, brist på säkerhet och kroppsliga begränsningar var deras främsta bekymmer. Känslan av ångest och osäkerhet ökade när patienterna skrevs ut från sjukhuset och kom hem till sin gamla vardag. Av den anledningenvar det viktigt att återgå till hur livssituationen såg ut före händelsen. Målet att återgå till en tidigare livssituation visades dock vara svårt på grund av nya kroppsliga och kognitivabegränsningar

Background: Children are a large patient group in emergency care. It is important that nurses have knowledge about encountering children in the emergency care. The nurse who work primarily at regular emergency departments do usually take care of adult patients. Therefore, the nurses have the most knowledge and competence about these patients. This means that nurses’ may have a lack of capacity when it comes to meeting children and their families in emergency care. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to illuminate nurses’ experiences with children andtheir families in emergency care.  Method: A method of a five-step model was performed and based on analysis of ten qualitative scientific articles in order to contribute to evidence-based knowledge for nursing care. The analysis resulted in three main themes and seven subthemes.  Results: The main themes were: Create a relationship, External factors that affect the care meeting and Knowledge and clinical skills. Nurses experienced insecurity in the meeting with the child and their families. This was based on deficiencies in experience and qualification in pediatric nursing.  Conclusion: The nurse needs to be able to conform the meeting based on the child's developmental level and needs. The environment can be perceived by the child as stressful, which can affect the meeting with the nurse and the quality of care. This literature study showed that family-centered care is important. The nurse needs to take both the child and their family into account in order to be able to provide safe care.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Professional nurses have the responsibility of supervising the care that is rendered, the nursing personnel and patients throughout 24 hours of the day, for the purpose of ensuring quality patient care and patient safety. However, it seems that this is not happening as expected because there are continuous complaints from the patients about the poor quality of care. This study was aimed at exploring the challenges that are encountered by professional nurses during supervision of care in the district hospitals of Vhembe. A qualitative study was conducted which was explorative, descriptive, contextual and guided by an Appreciative inquiry approach. A purposive sample was used where thirty-six (36) participants were recruited and consent was obtained. Individual semi structured interviews were conducted. Data was analysed according to Tesch‟s eight steps. Trustworthiness was ensured through following the principles which are credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability and authenticity. The findings revealed multiple challenges that professional nurses encountered during supervision of care. The main themes found were lack of resources, challenges related to the supervisees, cultural changes in nursing affecting supervision, and challenges related to education and training. Apart from challenges, there were positive aspects verbalised that enhance supervision The researcher recommended that nursing practice through the Department of Health should address issues such as shortage of staff, shortage of equipment and inadequate and/or poor infrastructure. Professional nurses should be trained on diversity management and emotional intelligence in order address the ever changing culture in nursing. Students‟ accompaniment and clinical exposure should be addressed. Future research should be conducted to outline what causes these challenges in supervision in other districts so that the findings could be representable. / NRF

Background: Road traffic accidents are on the rise in low income countries and have a large socioeconomic impact on Uganda. In Uganda, the nurse-patient ratio is 50-100 patients per nurse which is higher than in Sweden, and the patients’ next-of-kin are involved to assist with nursing care. Victims of road traffic accidents demand a lot of nursing care but contextual limitations give patients different opportunities for recovery. A common nursing language, as NANDA and NIC, aim to make communication more efficient; ease work for the staff and make the care better for the patients. Setting: The study was conducted at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Method: Participant observation was used when observing the nursing care of 24 patients. Field notes were analyzed using manifest content analysis. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the nursing panorama of patients with musculoskeletal injuries in their context. Result: The ratio between the ten most common diagnosis and interventions showed to be 222:59. The diagnostic span and the range of interventions varied according to if staff or next-of-kin performed the nursing of the patients. Conclusion: Using NANDA and NIC, revealed the next-of-kin in the study being responsible for nursing diagnoses and interventions.

Background: People suffering from mental illness are stigmatised in almost all societies and nurses are in key position to break this stigma. Ghana is a country greatly influenced by religion and traditional beliefs, which, by and large, affects the perception of mental illness. Nursing students have the opportunity to learn how to understand mental illness and have, due to this, an important role fighting old traditions and breaking the stigma. Aim: to examine Ghanaian nursing student’s attitudes towards mental illness. Method: This is a descriptive empirical study carried out by collecting qualitative data with semi-structured interviews. Result: The students recognize that lack of education and information within the Ghanaian society contributes to stigmatization and isolation of people suffering from mental disorders. Lack of resources, hospitals and educated health care-staff are major problems that need to be solved. The students highlight that society believes mental illness to be caused by evil spirits as result of bad behavior. The students state that mental illness is caused by chemical imbalance in the body due to heredity, nutritional factor and/or drugs. The students stress the importance of treating mentally ill patients as any other patient; good nursing is believed to be fundamental to the recovery process. Conclusion: The students’ attitudes towards mental illness differs a lot form their perception of what society in general considers. Clinical significance: The findings show a need for broadening the knowledge about mental illness in the Ghanaian community; nurses could help eradicating the stigmatization of mentally ill persons.

Background Healthcare-associated infections constitute a threat to patient safety and an economic burden on health systems worldwide. The most effective way to prevent healthcare-associated infections is through proper hand hygiene practice, but studies show that compliance is low. In 2009, the World Health Organization released hand hygiene guidelines and tools to address the issue.  Aim The aim of the study was to measure the compliance to the WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care among nursing staff in a private hospital in the Philippines using the evaluation framework of the World Health Organization. Method The method used to assess compliance was structured direct observations using the World Health Organization’s observation form. Data was collected in 15 days, during full shifts, and analyzed quantitatively based on overall compliance, according to indication, ward, week day/weekend and shift. Results A total of 1920 opportunities were recorded, of which 336 were hand rub performances, 168 hand wash and 1416 missed opportunities, giving an overall compliance of 26.25 percent. The ward with the highest compliance rate was the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (45.40 percent) and the lowest was Nursing Station 1 (22.26 percent). Conclusion The overall compliance rate of 26.25 percent is lower compared to most published studies and healthcare workers were more compliant to indications that protect themselves than to indications that protect patients. The results can be useful in improving quality of care and patient safety.

Background: Surgical site infections are the second most common healthcare-related infection and implies high costs for the healthcare. It causes suffering for the patient and places high demands on the nursing care. The nurse's preoperative preparation of the patient is an important part where the patient's possible risk factors should be identified. It is also important that the patient receives information that is suitable for the patient's needs of nursing care. The nurse carries the primary liability of nursing care and has a responsibility to prevent surgical site infections from occurring. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the nurse's prerequisites to prevent the occurrence of surgical site infections in hospital care. Method: The chosen method was a literature review based on ten articles of qualitative and quantitative methods published between 2013–2022. Results: The analysis resulted in the following themes and sub-themes:Necessary communication with the sub-themes Team collaboration and Information transfer.Availability of principles and resources with the sub-themes Access to evidence-based guidelines, Pre-, intra- and post-operative premises and knowledge, A safe environment andAccess to materials. Pedagogical ability with the sub-themes Meeting the patient individually and Adequate patient education. Conclusion: The results showed that there were both positive and negative aspects regarding the nurse's prerequisites for preventing surgical site infections, but the negative aspects were overrepresented. The nurses often had the required knowledge but did not use their abilities tothe same extent during work. This resulted in limited nursing care with insufficient complianceto the evidence-based guidelines.

Background Elderly persons need to be physical active for an opportunity to a healthy aging. It is important for the nurse and other healthcare professionals to understand significance of thepreventive care and health promotion for an older population that are growing in our society. This to promote elderly persons wellbeing and health. The elderly person has right to the opportunity for a healthy aging process. Aim The aim of this literature review was to illuminate the elderly person´s experiences of physical activity and how it can contribute to health. Method A method of a five-step model were used. An analysis of qualitative results of 12 scientific articles was preformed, which focused on the elderly person´s experiences of physical activity. Results Two main themes and four subthemes emerged. The result present two main theme:“Personal dimensions that affect the possibility of physical activity” and “Surrounding dimensions that affect the possibility of physical activity”. The subthemes where “Motivation” and “Social interaction”, “Outdoor environment” and “Obstacles”. Conclusion Elderly person´s experience of being physical active has an important link to the feeling of well-being and perceived health. Being physical inactive has consequences such as negative effect on elderly person´s health. This literature study contributes to knowledge about the importance of physical activity for elderly persons, which highlight the importance of offering health promoting efforts in both nursing care and society for elderly persons.

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