Dietary energy is the largest single cost in pork production. Accurate and current understanding of energy metabolism is crucial to production efficiency. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of dietary energy concentration and energy intake on growth, nutrient deposition rates and energy utilization in weaned pigs. In experiment 1, the optimum total lysine:DE ratio for weaned pigs was estimated at 4.27 and 4.46 g/Mcal for pigs growing from 7.5 to 12.8 kg and 7.5 to 22.5 kg BW, respectively. Experiment 2 determined if a more predictable growth, nutrient deposition and energy utilization in the weaned pig is achieved with NE or with DE. ADG either remained similar or was depressed with increased NE compared to the control (P < 0.05). Empty body protein content and deposition (PD) declined relative to the control (P < 0.05) and lipid content and deposition (LD) tended to increase (P < 0.10). Body composition and nutrient deposition rates were more correlated with determined NE concentration and intake compared with DE. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that amino acid intake impaired the growth of pigs when an energy intake restriction greater than 30% occurred. Experiment 4 investigated the interaction of dietary NE concentration and feeding levels (FL) on body weight gain, tissue (protein, lipid, ash, water) accretion rates and ratios. Growth performance was not affected by NE (P > 0.05) but increased with feeding level (P < 0.001). Energy intake increased with NE and FL (P < 0.001), but the efficiency of energy utilization for growth declined (P < 0.05). Empty body protein content declined (P < 0.05) while lipid content increased with NE (interaction, P < 0.05). Empty body PD was not affected by NE (P > 0.05) but both LD and LD:PD ratio increased (interaction, P < 0.001). These data suggest that when amino acid:energy ratio is optimal, increasing dietary energy concentration increased energy intake but does not improve PD and overall body weight gain of weaned pigs. However, body lipid content and LD were increased. Finally, NE offers an advantage over the DE in predicting the body composition and nutrient deposition rates rather than in overall BW gain.

Dietary energy is the largest single cost in pork production. Accurate and current understanding of energy metabolism is crucial to production efficiency. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of dietary energy concentration and energy intake on growth, nutrient deposition rates and energy utilization in weaned pigs. In experiment 1, the optimum total lysine:DE ratio for weaned pigs was estimated at 4.27 and 4.46 g/Mcal for pigs growing from 7.5 to 12.8 kg and 7.5 to 22.5 kg BW, respectively. Experiment 2 determined if a more predictable growth, nutrient deposition and energy utilization in the weaned pig is achieved with NE or with DE. ADG either remained similar or was depressed with increased NE compared to the control (P < 0.05). Empty body protein content and deposition (PD) declined relative to the control (P < 0.05) and lipid content and deposition (LD) tended to increase (P < 0.10). Body composition and nutrient deposition rates were more correlated with determined NE concentration and intake compared with DE. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that amino acid intake impaired the growth of pigs when an energy intake restriction greater than 30% occurred. Experiment 4 investigated the interaction of dietary NE concentration and feeding levels (FL) on body weight gain, tissue (protein, lipid, ash, water) accretion rates and ratios. Growth performance was not affected by NE (P > 0.05) but increased with feeding level (P < 0.001). Energy intake increased with NE and FL (P < 0.001), but the efficiency of energy utilization for growth declined (P < 0.05). Empty body protein content declined (P < 0.05) while lipid content increased with NE (interaction, P < 0.05). Empty body PD was not affected by NE (P > 0.05) but both LD and LD:PD ratio increased (interaction, P < 0.001). These data suggest that when amino acid:energy ratio is optimal, increasing dietary energy concentration increased energy intake but does not improve PD and overall body weight gain of weaned pigs. However, body lipid content and LD were increased. Finally, NE offers an advantage over the DE in predicting the body composition and nutrient deposition rates rather than in overall BW gain.

A qualidade ambiental de um corpo d\'água é resultado da situação de sua bacia de drenagem, de modo que as transformações que ocorrem no solo do entorno provocam mudanças significativas no ambiente aquático. Por isto, cada vez mais se trabalha com conceito de manejo integrado dos ambientes. Desta forma, o conhecimento dos processos de geração, transporte e deposição de sedimentos, por serem fontes de sólidos, nutrientes e contaminantes ao corpo d\'água, é de vital importância para a conservação, desenvolvimento e manejo integrado dos recursos hídricos. Neste sentido, essa dissertação apresenta um estudo a respeito da exportação e deposição de sólidos e nutrientes na sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Cruzes, no município de Santo Antônio do Aracanguá, SP, na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Baixo Tietê (UGRHI - 19). Esse corpo d\'água foi subdividido em compartimentos e analisado por transectos, ou seja, eixos transversais ao fluxo, sendo que experimentos envolvendo instalação de câmaras de sedimentação, coleta de sedimentos de fundo e medições de vazão foram conduzidos em dois períodos hidrológicos distintos: um em janeiro, durante a estação chuvosa, e outro em agosto, durante a estação seca. A taxa máxima de deposição de sólidos suspensos foi de 62,40 g/m² dia durante a Estação Chuvosa, e de 37,29 g/m² dia, durante a Estação seca. Ainda, a taxa média de deposição de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl foi de 0,53 e 2,02 g/m² dia e a de fósforo total foi de 139,67 e 103,89 mg/m² dia, durante as Estações Chuvosa e Seca, respectivamente. Quanto às taxas de exportação, para sólidos suspensos foram observadas médias de 2328,44 e 725,96 ton/dia, de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl foram de 121,41 e 299,84 ton/dia e para fósforo total foram de 14,86 e 10,05 ton/dia, durante as Estações Chuvosa e Seca, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos, comparados a outros estudos em ambientes similares, revelam altas taxas de deposição e exportação de sólidos e nutrientes, demonstrando, desta forma, a incidência dos processos de eutrofização e assoreamento do recurso hídrico, bem como a expressão dos impactos provenientes do uso e ocupação do solo do entorno, capaz de influenciar na qualidade da água do ambiente. / The environmental quality of waterbody is the result of the situation of its drainage basin, so that the transformations that occur on the soils surrounding cause significant changes in the aquatic environment. Therefore, each time more has been increasing the works with the concept of integrated management of environments. Thus, the knowledge about the processes of generation, transport and deposition of sediments, because they are sources of solids, nutrients and contaminants to waterbody, is extremely important for the conservation, development and integrated management of water resources. In this way, this dissertation presents a study concerning the deposition and export of solids and nutrients in the Ribeirão das Cruzes sub-basin, in Santo Antônio do Aracanguá city, SP, in Baixo Tietê Water Resources Management Unit (WRMU - 19). This waterbody was divided into compartments and analyzed by transects, which are transverse axes to the flow, and experiments involving installation of sedimentation traps, collect of bottom sediments and flow measurements were carried out in two distinct hydrological periods: one in January during the rainy season, and another in August, during the dry season. The maximum suspended solids deposition rate were 62.40 g/m² day during the rainy season, and 37.29 g/m² day during the dry season. So, the average rate of nitrogen deposition were 0.53 and 2.02 g/m² day, and the rate of phosphorus were 139.67 and 103.89 mg/m² day, during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. As for exportation rates, the average rates found of suspended solids were 725.96 and 2328.44 ton/day, the rates of nitrogen were 121.41 and 299.84 ton/day, the rates of phosphorus were 14.86 and 10.05 ton/day, during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The results obtained, when compared to other studies in similar environments, show high rates of solids and nutrients deposition and export, demonstrating, this way, the incidence of eutrophication processes and siltation of the water resources, as well as the expression of impacts from the landuse, able to influence the water quality.

A qualidade ambiental de um corpo d\'água é resultado da situação de sua bacia de drenagem, de modo que as transformações que ocorrem no solo do entorno provocam mudanças significativas no ambiente aquático. Por isto, cada vez mais se trabalha com conceito de manejo integrado dos ambientes. Desta forma, o conhecimento dos processos de geração, transporte e deposição de sedimentos, por serem fontes de sólidos, nutrientes e contaminantes ao corpo d\'água, é de vital importância para a conservação, desenvolvimento e manejo integrado dos recursos hídricos. Neste sentido, essa dissertação apresenta um estudo a respeito da exportação e deposição de sólidos e nutrientes na sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Cruzes, no município de Santo Antônio do Aracanguá, SP, na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Baixo Tietê (UGRHI - 19). Esse corpo d\'água foi subdividido em compartimentos e analisado por transectos, ou seja, eixos transversais ao fluxo, sendo que experimentos envolvendo instalação de câmaras de sedimentação, coleta de sedimentos de fundo e medições de vazão foram conduzidos em dois períodos hidrológicos distintos: um em janeiro, durante a estação chuvosa, e outro em agosto, durante a estação seca. A taxa máxima de deposição de sólidos suspensos foi de 62,40 g/m² dia durante a Estação Chuvosa, e de 37,29 g/m² dia, durante a Estação seca. Ainda, a taxa média de deposição de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl foi de 0,53 e 2,02 g/m² dia e a de fósforo total foi de 139,67 e 103,89 mg/m² dia, durante as Estações Chuvosa e Seca, respectivamente. Quanto às taxas de exportação, para sólidos suspensos foram observadas médias de 2328,44 e 725,96 ton/dia, de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl foram de 121,41 e 299,84 ton/dia e para fósforo total foram de 14,86 e 10,05 ton/dia, durante as Estações Chuvosa e Seca, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos, comparados a outros estudos em ambientes similares, revelam altas taxas de deposição e exportação de sólidos e nutrientes, demonstrando, desta forma, a incidência dos processos de eutrofização e assoreamento do recurso hídrico, bem como a expressão dos impactos provenientes do uso e ocupação do solo do entorno, capaz de influenciar na qualidade da água do ambiente. / The environmental quality of waterbody is the result of the situation of its drainage basin, so that the transformations that occur on the soils surrounding cause significant changes in the aquatic environment. Therefore, each time more has been increasing the works with the concept of integrated management of environments. Thus, the knowledge about the processes of generation, transport and deposition of sediments, because they are sources of solids, nutrients and contaminants to waterbody, is extremely important for the conservation, development and integrated management of water resources. In this way, this dissertation presents a study concerning the deposition and export of solids and nutrients in the Ribeirão das Cruzes sub-basin, in Santo Antônio do Aracanguá city, SP, in Baixo Tietê Water Resources Management Unit (WRMU - 19). This waterbody was divided into compartments and analyzed by transects, which are transverse axes to the flow, and experiments involving installation of sedimentation traps, collect of bottom sediments and flow measurements were carried out in two distinct hydrological periods: one in January during the rainy season, and another in August, during the dry season. The maximum suspended solids deposition rate were 62.40 g/m² day during the rainy season, and 37.29 g/m² day during the dry season. So, the average rate of nitrogen deposition were 0.53 and 2.02 g/m² day, and the rate of phosphorus were 139.67 and 103.89 mg/m² day, during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. As for exportation rates, the average rates found of suspended solids were 725.96 and 2328.44 ton/day, the rates of nitrogen were 121.41 and 299.84 ton/day, the rates of phosphorus were 14.86 and 10.05 ton/day, during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The results obtained, when compared to other studies in similar environments, show high rates of solids and nutrients deposition and export, demonstrating, this way, the incidence of eutrophication processes and siltation of the water resources, as well as the expression of impacts from the landuse, able to influence the water quality.

No description available.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and the use of balanced diets with essential amino acids increases animal performance favored by the increased expression of specific genes. The experiment was conducted in Advanced Laboratory of Poultry of Department Animal Science of the Federal University of Sergipe. Two hundred and fifty two male broilers chickens were used up to 42 days old. For the first seven days of age the birds were reared in broiler house with floor covered with wood shavings. After this age, the birds were distributed in metabolism cages in randomized design with four treatments and seven replicates of nine birds per cage. The treatments consisted of diets with containing four levels of lysine, 1.016; 1.099; 1.182 and 1.265 % for the period from 8 to 21 days of age and 0.923; 0.998; 1.073 and 1.148 % for the period from 22 to 42 days, being isoenergetics and isonitrogenous diets. The characteristics evaluated were: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion; carcass yield and parts; deposition of nutrients and gene expression in the Pectoralis major muscle. Four birds per treatment were slaughtered by cervical dislocation at 21, 35 and 42 days of ages for removal of five grams of muscle tissue and amplification of the cDNA using primers specific for the target genes. Expression was analyzed using the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Weight gain and feed conversion were influenced by increasing in the dietary digestible lysine. For carcass yield and parts, the breast was influenced by the increase of dietary lysine. It was found that there was an increase in protein daily gain when used 1.265 and 1.148 % digestible lysine in the different ages. For gene expression, there was no significant effect of lysine on the evaluated genes (ND1, ND2, COX I, COX II, COX III, Cyt b e ATP6). Based on the information concluded that adjusted levels of digestible lysine for phases 8 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age provide higher performance and body protein deposition. However, increasing levels of lysine does not influence the expression of the electron transport chain genes and oxidative phosphorylation in the Pectoralis major muscle of male broilers. / Os aminoácidos são constituintes básicos das proteínas e o uso de rações equilibradas em aminoácidos essenciais contribui para o aumento do desempenho animal, favorecido possivelmente pelo aumento da expressão de genes específicos. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Estudos Avançados em Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Foram utilizados 252 frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb 500 até 42 dias de idade. Até os sete dias de idade as aves foram criadas em galpão de alvenaria com piso coberto com maravalha e após essa idade, aves foram distribuídas em gaiolas de metabolismo num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos com sete repetições de nove aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações com quatro níveis de lisina digestíveis, 1,016; 1,099; 1,182 e 1,265% para a fase de 8 a 21 dias e 0,923; 0,998; 1,073 e 1,148% para a fase de 22 a 42 dias de idade, sendo isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. As características avaliadas foram: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar; rendimento de carcaça e partes; deposição de nutrientes e expressão de genes no músculo Pectoralis major. Quatro aves por tratamento foram abatidas aos 21, 35 e 42 dias de idade para retirada de cinco gramas de tecido muscular e amplificação do cDNA, com uso dos primers específicos para os genes alvos. A expressão foi analisada usando a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em tempo real (RT-qPCR). O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram influenciados positivamente pelo aumento da lisina digestível nas rações. Para rendimento de carcaça e partes, o peito foi a única variável influenciada pelo aumento de lisina nas rações. Nas diferentes idades de criação, verificou-se que houve acréscimo no ganho diário proteico quando utilizados 1,265 e 1,148% de lisina digestível. Para expressão gênica, não foi observado efeito significativo da lisina sobre os genes avaliados (ND1, ND2, COX I, COX II, COX III, Cyt b e ATP6). Baseado nas informações obtidas conclui-se que rações ajustadas com níveis de lisina digestível para as fases de 8 a 21 e 22 a 42 dias, proporcionam maior desempenho e deposição de proteína corporal. Porém, não influencia na expressão de genes da cadeia transportadora de elétrons e fosforilação oxidativa no músculo Pectoralis major de frangos de corte machos.