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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
521

Avaliação dos riscos ambientais associados à utilização agrícola de lodo de esgoto como condicionador e fertilizante de solo / Environmental Impacts of Application of Sewage Sludges to Agricultural Land

Danielle Xanchão Dominguez 03 March 2015 (has links)
DOMINGUEZ, Danielle Xanchão. Avaliação dos riscos ambientais associados à utilização agrícola de lodo de esgoto como condicionador e fertilizante de solo, 2014. Tese (Doutorado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2014. 116 f. Esta tese tem como objetivo avaliar os riscos ambientais envolvidos nos processos de utilização agrícola de lodos de esgoto, como condicionador e fertilizante de solo, ao longo de cinco anos. O presente estudo está inserido em uma pesquisa mais ampla e conduzida desde 1998, a qual, por sua vez, constitui parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de longo prazo e que reúne diversas instituições de pesquisa. A utilização de lodo de esgoto na agricultura, quando realizada dentro de critérios seguros, agrega baixo custo e impacto ambiental positivo. Ao promover o retorno dos nutrientes ao solo, tal prática se configura como uma alternativa adequada para sua disposição final. O trabalho baseia- se na análise do efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto na acumulação de metais pesados e na disponibilização de nutrientes em um solo classificado como Latossolo. Foram analisados os parâmetros pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), carbono orgânico e os teores dos macronutrientes: Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Enxofre (S). Os metais considerados micronutrientes para as plantas: Cobre (Cu), Ferro (Fe), Manganês (Mn), Zinco (Zn) e Níquel (Ni) e os metais pesados: Cádmio (Cd), Cromo (Cr) e Chumbo (Pb) foram analisados por dois métodos de extração simples (Mehlich 1 e DTPA) e também pelo método da extração sequencial. Verificou-se que o uso de lodo de esgoto influenciou as propriedades do solo, que tiveram significativas mudanças em quase todos os parâmetros analisados. O estudo aponta, entre outras conclusões, que o uso de lodo é importante para o aumento do teor de fósforo (P) em solos tropicais. Observou-se também que o conteúdo de metais pesados foi maior nas parcelas fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto proveniente da ETE de Barueri (esgoto domestico e industrial) em relação às áreas tratadas com esgoto oriundo da ETE de Franca (esgoto predominantemente doméstico). Observou-se também que as parcelas que receberam aplicações de lodo superiores à estabelecida pela legislação apresentaram alterações significativas na concentração de enxofre, nitrogênio, fósforo, micronutrientes e metais pesados, aumentando os riscos ambientais associados a tal prática. Tal conjunto de resultados ratifica a hipótese de que o uso do lodo de esgoto como fertilizante e condicionador de solo, pode ser uma prática adequada e segura. Entretanto, tal procedimento vem exigir não apenas o atendimento aos requisitos legais, sobretudo a taxa de aplicação máxima de lodo de esgoto permitida, como também o monitoramento frequentemente a fim de evitar impactos negativos. / The purpose of this research was to identify and assess the risks related to the use of sewage sludge on agricultural land, analyzing the accumulation of heavy metals and the availability of nutrients in a soil classified as Oxisol. The parameters pH, CEC (cation exchange capacity), organic carbon and the levels of macronutrients N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and S (Sulfur) were analyzed. Single and sequential extraction procedures were applied to measure the metals considered micronutrients to plants - Cu (Copper), Fe (iron), Mn (Manganese), Zn (zinc), and Ni (nickel) - and the heavy metals: Cd (Cadmium), Cr (chromium) and Pb (Lead ). The results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the use of sewage sludge can be adequate and safe. However, for large-scale adoption of this procedure, it is recommended not only require compliance to legal requirements, specially the maximum amount of sewage sludge application permitted, as well as frequent monitoring are recommended in order to avoid potential negative impacts.
522

Caracterização e determinação de minerais em amostras de açúcares brasileiros / Characterization and determination of minerals in Brazilian sugar samples

Anna Flavia de Souza Silva 13 March 2017 (has links)
O Brasil é o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar e de açúcar, um dos principais derivados. O termo açúcar refere-se à sacarose, carboidrato classificado como dissacarídeo, sendo o tipo de açúcar mais consumido no mundo. A produção brasileira de açúcar é derivada exclusivamente da cana-de-açúcar e cerca de um terço do que é produzido permanece no mercado interno. Ao contrário do que acontece com o açúcar do tipo exportação, existem poucas informações sobre as questões mercadológicas, assim como para o padrão de qualidade com o qual o açúcar está chegando à mesa dos consumidores brasileiros. Neste sentido, para avaliar o perfil mineral dos açúcares de mesa consumidos pela população brasileira utilizou-se a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) para a determinação de enxofre, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, cobre, manganês, magnésio, silício, ferro e zinco. As amostras de açúcar foram ainda caracterizadas quanto a atributos básicos de qualidade definidos pela Copersucar: pH, umidade e resíduos insolúveis. A maior parte do açúcar consumido no Brasil é proveniente do Estado de São Paulo, embora seja possível observar a tendência de expansão para novas fronteiras agrícolas. Para a ampliação na participação de mercado e maiores receitas, as indústrias (usinas de açúcar) estão investindo na certificação, principalmente as mais novas e as localizadas na região de Expansão. A caracterização quanto aos atributos de qualidade do açúcar revelou que o pH está dentro dos padrões, a umidade apresenta problemas pontuais em algumas amostras (em função de problemas no armazenamento) e o teor de resíduos insolúveis está muito superior ao recomendado. A alteração do padrão da matéria-prima pode explicar esta observação, assim como explica as concentrações muito superiores para cálcio, potássio, enxofre, silício e ferro observado ao se comparar com as tabelas de composição nutricional dos alimentos. Além da determinação quantitativa realizada por ICP OES foi possível observar a viabilidade de métodos de análise direta de sólidos, LIBS (espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser) e EDXRF (espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X dispersiva em energia), em caráter qualitativo e, também, como promissoras ferramentas analíticas quantitativas para a rotina de análises de açúcar em usinas. / Brazil is the major producer of sugarcane and sugar, which is one of its main products. The term sugar refers to sucrose, a carbohydrate classified as a disaccharide, which is the most consumed in the world. Brazilian sugar production derives exclusively from sugarcane and about a third of what is produced remains for domestic retail. As opposed to what happens to the exportation type sugar, there is scarce information about this sugar type concerning to marketing issues in general, as well as the quality standard, which the sugar is available to the consumers. For evaluating the mineral profile of table sugar consumed by the Brazilian population (identification of the mineral elements: sulphur, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon, iron and zinc), it was applied multi-element analytical instrumental method: Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). The samples of sugar were still characterized as the basic quality attributes defined by Copersucar: pH, moisture and insoluble residues. Most of the sugar consumed in Brazil, in the domestic market, comes from the state of Sao Paulo, although it is possible to observe the trend of expansion to new agricultural frontiers. The industries (sugar mills), especially the new ones and located in the Expansion area, are investing in certification for the expansion in market share and higher revenues. The characterization of the sugar quality attributes showed that the pH is within the standards, the humidity presents specific problems in some samples (because of problems during storage) and the insoluble residues content is much higher than recommended. The new pattern in the raw material may explain this observation, as well as explains the much higher concentration of calcium, potassium, sulfur, silicon and iron observed when compared with nutritional food composition tables. In the quantitative determination carried out by ICP OES, it was possible to observe the viability of applying methods of direct analysis of solids, LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) and EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence), in qualitative and as promising quantitative analytical tools for routine analysis in sugar mills.
523

Análises dos parâmetros de cultivo da microalga Chlorella vulgaris / Analysis of the cultivation parameters of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris

Victor Fernandes Marino 20 September 2018 (has links)
A produção de biocombustíveis a partir das microalgas vem se tornando promissora por ser uma fonte renovável, não poluente e por não competir com áreas de cultivo de alimentos. Devido à exaustão das fontes fósseis e à alta demanda por combustível de origem renovável e não poluente, as microalgas vêm despertando interesse nos cenários energético e ambiental. Por outro lado, existe um elevado custo no cultivo das mesmas, fazendo-se necessário estudos para desenvolvimento de novos reatores, meios de cultivos, técnicas de colheita, de extração de lipídios, transesterificação e também a implementação do conceito de biorrefinaria. Levando em conta o interesse crescente na utilização das microalgas como matéria prima na produção de biocombustíveis e a necessidade de estudos que torne o cultivo das microalgas em grande escala economicamente viável, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar as melhores condições para o cultivo da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, buscando uma maior produtividade de biomassa e de lipídios. Os fatores avaliados foram: tempo de luminosidade, reciclo da biomassa após extração de lipídios e concentração de nutrientes (NaNO3, K2HPO4, KH2PO4 e glicerol) no meio de cultivo, em um arranjo ortogonal de Taguchi L8. De acordo com os resultados, identificou-se uma maior relevância, para a produtividade de biomassa, a utilização de glicerol e luminosidade (12 h), seguido do NaNO3 em alta concentração. A utilização de biomassa extraída mostrou-se inviável para o processo de cultivo, e a utilização de K2HPO4, KH2PO4 foram pouco influentes, porém essenciais. Paralelamente foi avaliado a viabilidade em se utilizar o efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL-USP) como meio de cultivo em um reator de PVC, construído para cultivo heterotrófico, no qual obteve-se uma alta produtividade de biomassa (0,20 g.L-1.d-1) e de lipídios (83,35 mg.L-1.d-1), se comparados a outros processos. / The production of biofuels from microalgae has become promising because it is a renewable, non-polluting source and because it does not compete with food growing areas. Due to the exhaustion of fossil fuel sources and the high demand of fuel from renewable and non-polluting origin, microalgae have been attracting interest in the energy and environmental scenarios. On the other hand, there is a high cost to cultivate microalgae, making necessary studies for the development of new reactors, culture media, harvesting techniques, lipid extraction, transesterification and also the implementation of the biorefinery concept. Taking the growing interest in the use of microalgae as a raw material in the production of biofuels and the need of studies to make large-scale microalgae cultivation economically viable, this research aimed to determination of the best conditions for the cultivation of microalga Chlorella vulgaris, seeking a higher productivity of biomass and lipids. The factors evaluated were: time of luminosity, biomass recycling after lipid extraction and nutrient concentration (NaNO3, K2HPO4, KH2PO4 and glycerol) in the culture medium using a orthogonal arrangement of Taguchi L8. According to the results, a greater relevance was identified for biomass productivity, the use of glycerol and luminosity (12 h), followed by NaNO3 in high concentration. The use of extracted biomass proved to be impractical for the process, and the use of K2HPO4, KH2PO4 was weak but essential. In parallel, the feasibility of using the effluent of the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) on Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL-USP) as a culture medium for a PVC reactor, built for heterotrophic cultivation. It was obtained higger productivity of biomass (0.20 g.L-1.d-1) and lipids (83.35 mg.L-1.d-1) from it, if you compare to others process.
524

Effects of treated wastewater on selected soil nutrients and biological properties

Kganyago, Zaphania Mmadichaba January 2019 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Water scarcity poses significant risks to global food security. The use of treated wastewater for irrigation could be a sustainable remedy for water scarcity in arid to semi-arid regions. Furthermore, it has been the most readily available source of water which can serve as an adaptation strategy to shortage of irrigation water. The objectives of the study were to determine (1) whether different disposal points following wastewater treatment could have effects on the quality of treated wastewater used for irrigation at the University of Limpopo (UL) experimental farm and (2) the response of selected critical nutrients, microbial and enzyme activities on soils irrigated with treated wastewater at the UL Experimental Farm. Water samples were collected monthly at three disposal points, namely, the exit point of treated wastewater from the treatment plant (Pond 16), the entry point into the night-dam and the exit point from the night-dam at the UL Experimental Farm. The water samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO42-), sulphate (SO42-), salinity, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), total dissolved solids (TDS), total soluble salts (TSS), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), Ascaris lumbricoides, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholera. A field experiment was conducted on a separate 4-ha virgin field (VF), cultivated field (CF) and fallowed field (FF), with soil samples collected from 0- 5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm soil depth in each field and analysed for pH, EC, mineralisable P, NH4+, NO3-, organic carbon (OC), active carbon (AC), potential mineralized nitrogen (PMN), fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and phosphatase (PTS) enzyme activity. All data were subjected to ANOVA using Statistix 10.1. The treated wastewater had, at the three sampling points, significantly different EC, Na, NO3-, PO42-, SO42-, Cu, Zn, Shigella spp., V. cholerae, A. lumbricoides and E. coli, whereas salinity, pH, Mg, Ca, K, Cl and Cd were not affected by the sampling point. Generally, the night-dam entry and exit points had significant increases in PO42-, K and Ca when compared to Pond 16 exit. In contrast, the flow of wastewater from Pond 16 through the furrow to the entry and exit of the night-dam resulted in decreases of Na, NO3- and Cl. The exit point of water from the night-dam at UL Experimental Farm had the least harmful materials, rendering it the safest point with the best water quality for irrigation. In the field study, NH4+, NO3- and PMN were significantly different in soil depth. However, NO3- field × depth interaction effects were not significantly different. In contrast to all soil parameters, FDA and PTS activity for both soil depth and field × depth interaction effects were highly significantly different. The EC and pH were not affected by soil depth or field type. The negative effects of treated wastewater were mainly observed in the cultivated field. In conclusion, treated wastewater with fallowing could be used as the best approach to overcome water shortages, with the uses having the potential to reduce the need to apply high synthetic chemical fertilisers. Keywords: water reuse, disposal points, essential nutrients, microbial activities
525

Biological production and carbon sequestration functions in estuarine and coastal ecosystems / 河口沿岸域生態系の生物生産機能と炭素隔離機能

Watanabe, Kenta 23 May 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13262号 / 論農博第2875号 / 新制||農||1071(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5217(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 山下 洋, 教授 澤山 茂樹, 教授 吉岡 崇仁 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
526

Cyanobacterial Blooms in Chautauqua Lake, NY: Nutrient Sources and Toxin Analyses

DeMarco, Jonathan R. 16 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
527

Instream processes alter the bioavailability of P exports from agricultural watersheds during high flow events.

King, Whitney M. January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
528

Studium botnavosti a biologické aktivity hydrogelů huminových kyselin / Swelling behavior and bioactivity of humic acids hydrogels

Kozelková, Aneta January 2013 (has links)
This thesis deals with the study of the biological activity of humic substances. Based on the literature review preparation procedures were optimized in order to develop new hydrogel forms containing humic substances and biopolymers with high swelling capacity. Besides methodology for the rapid assessment of the biological activity obtained in laboratory conditions were designed and tested. The experimental part focused on characterization of hydrogel samples by means of routine physico-chemical methods, the main attention was paid to sorption of water and release of humic substances into solution. Then the prepared hydrogel materials were tested focusing on the growth effects on the maize. The absorption of mineral nutrients by the roots of plants were studied as well. The motivation of this work comes from the potential of agricultural and environmental applications of such hydrogel materials resulting in a renewal of previously exhausted organic content of soils and consequent interruption of substantial soil degradation.
529

Stanovení nutričních vlastností mleté papriky různého geografického původu / Determination of the nutritional properties of paprika of different geographic origin

Kovaříková, Tereza January 2017 (has links)
This master thesis deals with the analysis of nutritional properties of paprika condiment with different geographic origin. The theoretical part contains botanical description of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), its chemical composition, process of production of paprika and then they are described analytical methods suitable for determination of fundamental nutrional properties. Experimental part is focused on the preparation of samples and their analysis. In total, 11 samples were selected for the experiment, 5 of them had a protected designation of origin. These samples were from Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgary, Romania, Turkey and Spain. The Soxhlet extraction was used for the analysis of the fat content, Kjeldahl method was used to determine gross protein. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was chosen to determine carbohydrates and capsaicin. Induction-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used for elemental analysis. The results were compared with each other and with available databases and literature. For comparing and finding certain connections, the principal component analysis (PCA) was selected.
530

Produção, composição bromatológica e extração de potássio pela planta de milho para silagem colhida em duas alturas de corte /

Jaremtchuk, Ana Regina, 1976- January 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Armando de Andrade Rodrigues / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomical, chemical composition and removal of potassium of five different genotypes of corn grown for silage. A split-plot complete randomized block design was used, with three hybrids (DKB 390, AGX 8517, A-2560) and two varieties (AL-Bianco, Piratininga), using two cut heights (20 and 40 cm above soil level) and four replicates per treatment. After harvest, plants were analyzed for chemical characteristics and potassium (K). Milk production and DM intake were predicted for each treatment. There was an increase in DM content with the increase in cut height (P<0.05): 31.7 e 33.9%, for 20 and 40 cm, respectively. Depending on genotype, estimates of DM yield (ton/ha) ranged from 10.24 to 12.08 for plants cut at 20 cm and from 8.92 to 10.51 for plants cut at 40 cm. On average, there was a decrease (19.1%) in potassium removal by the crop as a result of increased cut height. Increased cut height also led to a decrease in predicted milk production and an increase in predicted DMI. These results suggest that the corn genotypes under study should be harvested at the lower cut height to promote increased animal productivity per ha. / Resumo: O presente experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas, composição químico-bromatológica e extração de potássio de cinco genótipos de milho para silagem. O delineamento foi realizado em parcelas subdivididas no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 3 híbridos (DKB 390, AGX 8517, A-2560) e 2 variedades (AL-Bianco, Piratininga), em 2 alturas de corte (20 e 40 cm acima do solo) e 4 repetições. Após a colheita foram realizadas as determinações de parâmetros bromatológicos e potássio (K), bem como simulação para estimativa de produção de leite/ha (EPL) e da ingestão de MS (EIMS). Houve aumento no teor de MS com a elevação da altura de corte (P<0,05), sendo observados valores de 31,7 e 33,9%, para 20 cm e 40 cm respectivamente. A produção de MS/ha para os genótipos cortados a 20 cm variou entre 10,24 e 12,08 t e para 40 cm entre 8,92 e 10,51 t. A elevação na altura de corte reduziu em média 19,1% a extração de potássio. O aumento na altura de corte levou à redução na EPL/ha e ao aumento na EIMS. Os genótipos de milho estudados devem ser cortados a 20 cm de altura do solo por proporcionar maior produtividade animal por área em relação aos genótipos cortados a 40 cm do solo. / Mestre

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