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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Service recovery på social media och dess effekt på e-observatörers köpintentioner : En kvalitativ studie

Englund, Carolina, Frenell, Anna January 2018 (has links)
Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse för hur ett företags service recovery på social media påverkar e-observatörers köpintentioner. Metod: Då studien syftar till att skapa en förståelse har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi använts. Empirin utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio respondenter. Som underlag för intervjuerna har två olika scenarier använts innehållande olika service recovery strategier. Den empiri som har samlats in har vidare bearbetats utifrån tematisk analys. Resultat & slutsats: Denna studie visar på att ett företags service recovery på social media påverkar e-observatörers köpintentioner. Ursäkt, kompensation och förklaring anses som de allra viktigaste service recovery strategierna på sociala medier. Detta eftersom dessa strategier har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på e-observatörers köpintentioner, medan en avsaknad av dessa strategier indikerar på en negativ påverkan. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien påvisar att e-observatörer påverkas av ett företags service recovery på sociala medier. På vilket sätt företaget svarar en klagande kund kan ha en betydande effekt på den bild som observerande kunder får av företaget, vilket i sin tur påverkar deras köpintentioner. Ursäkt, kompensation och förklaring anses som viktiga faktorer vid företags hantering av klagomål. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Våra förslag på framtida forskning är att studera andra sociala medier än Facebook, för att se om detta kan ha en effekt på hur e-observatörer påverkas av en service recovery-situation. Ett annat förslag är att undersöka vilken inverkan service recovery har på e-observatörer utifrån andra service recovery strategier än ursäkt och kompensation. Vidare kan det vara av intresse att undersöka om åsikter och intentioner skiljer sig åt mellan olika länder, en tvärkulturell studie är därför ytterligare ett förslag. Avslutningsvis ger vi även förslag på att studera en annan subgrupp och åldersgrupp, då vi studerat en specifik ålders- och subgrupp. / Aim: The aim of the study is to increase the understanding of how a company’s service recovery in social media, affects e-observers’ purchase intentions. Method: The aim of the study is to increase understanding, hence a qualitative method has been used. The empirical data was collected by semi-structured interviews with ten respondents. To support the interviews two scenarios has been used, including different service recovery strategies. The empirical data was further processed through thematic analysis. Result & Conclusions: The study shows that a company’s service recovery in social media, affects e-observers’ purchase intentions. Excuse, compensation and explanation are seen as the most important service recovery strategies in social media. This because all of these strategies have shown to positively affect e-observers’ purchase intentions, while a lack of these strategies has an opposite effect. Contribution of the thesis: Our study shows that a company’s service recovery in social media affects e-observers. In what way a company answers a complaining customer can have a crucial effect on the observing customers’ perception of the company, which in turn affects the e- observers’ purchase intentions. Excuse, compensation and explanation are seen as important factors when handling customer complaints. Suggestions for future research: Our suggestions for future studies is to investigate other social media than Facebook to see how e-observers are affected by a service-recovery-situation. Further, we suggest examining the impact of other service recovery strategies, besides excuse and compensation, on e-observers. It could be of interest to examine if opinions and intentions differ between different countries, i.e. a cross-cultural study. Finally, we have examined a specific subgroup (business students) and age group (16-35 years), hence we suggest examining different types of groups.
72

Systèmes mécatroniques à base d’observateurs embarqués pour la surveillance et le pilotage de Systèmes Automatisés à Structures Variables

Nasser, Habib 27 June 2013 (has links)
Dans cette thèse porte sur la modélisation, la simulation et la commande de systèmes complexes. En utilisant le logiciel de calcul symbolique Maple, nous avons généré des modèles, orientés suivant différents objectifs dictés par les impératifs du diagnostic, de la surveillance et de l'aide à la conduite. Ces modèles basés aussi bien sur les approches robotiques qu'énergétiques, mettent en évidence les propriétés et les particularités de la dynamique du véhicule en fonction de la trajectoire suivie. Ainsi nous avons proposé un découpage dynamique du véhicule en plusieurs blocs fonctionnels, dont nous avons étudié l'évolution des termes de couplages et nous avons présenté un découpage énergétique du système global. Dans le cadre d'un projet ANR, nous avons mis en œuvre l'approche robotique afin de développer le modèle dynamique à 16 ddl pour un tracteur 'Grégoire G7' robotisé et nous avons validé nos algorithmes d'identification de paramètres dynamiques en utilisant des données réelles et un simulateur de conduite réaliste développé sur Scaner Studio (Oktal). Concernant l'observation, nous avons développé des observateurs robustes par mode glissants. Les attributs de la route sont estimés avec ces observateurs. Le critère de renversement a été testé sur la dynamique d'une voiture Citroën C5 et du tracteur G7. Afin de disposer d'un démonstrateur expérimental, un dispositif à base d'une boite de capteurs a été conçu en utilisant la nouvelle technologie Arduino. Enfin nous avons modélisé le comportement dynamique d'un kart électrique instrumenté. Avec Matlab/Simulink et Bond Graph, nous avons réalisé un simulateur pour ce véhicule. / This thesis deals with the modeling, simulation and control of mechatronic systems. Symbolic computation software Maple was used to generate several models with different targets for diagnosis purposes, monitoring and driver assistance. These models based both on robotic and energetic approaches, highlight the properties and characteristics of the vehicle dynamics according to the trajectory and allow to achieve Fault , Detection and Isolation (FDI) development. This initial work led to mechatronics and energy analysis applied to All Terrain Vehicles (ATV). A dynamic spiting of the studied vehicle in several functional blocks was carried out. The evolution of the coupling terms was studied and defining a global energetic sub-division for the whole system. Within the framework of the ANR project, a 16 degrees of freedom (DOF) dynamic model was developed for a farm grape harvester (G7) and for C5 car. Dynamic parameters Identification using real data in driving simulation environment proposed by Oktal (SCANeR Studio). Regarding the robust observers development, the sliding mode theory was applied. The road profiles (slope, tilt,drift) are estimated with observers. The criterion of rollover has been tested on the dynamics of a Citroen C5 car and on the G7.240.In order to have an experimental demonstrator a device using the new Arduino technology containing a set of sensors has been developed. In a last part, the dynamic behaviour of an electric kart with the field-oriented control (FOC) of its electrical engine are given. With Matlab/Simulink software and Bond Graph, a simulator of the electrical Kart has been developed.
73

Determinação da variação de rigidez em placas, através da metodologia dos observadores de estados /

Zacarias, Alisson Teixeira. January 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Vicente Lopes Júnior / Banca: Raquel Santini Leandro Rade / Resumo: Hoje em dia um dos fatores de interesse das indústrias no desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de detecção e localização de falhas é a preocupação com a segurança de seus sistemas, tendo-se a necessidade de supervisão e monitoramento de modo que as falhas sejam detectadas e corrigidas o mais rápido possível. Verifica-se na prática que determinados parâmetros dos sistemas podem variar durante o processo, devido a características específicas ou o desgaste natural de seus componentes. Sabe-se também que, mesmo nos sistemas bem projetados, a ocorrência de trincas em alguns componentes pode provocar perdas econômicas ou conduzir a situações perigosas. Os observadores de estado podem reconstruir os estados não medidos do sistema, desde que os mesmos sejam observáveis, tornando possível, desta forma, estimar as medidas nos pontos de difícil acesso. A técnica dos observadores de estado consiste em desenvolver um modelo para o sistema em análise e comparar a estimativa da saída com a saída medida, a diferença entre os dois sinais presentes resulta em um resíduo que é utilizado para análise. Neste trabalho foi montado um banco de observadores associado a um modelo de trinca de modo a acompanhar o progresso da mesma. Os resultados obtidos através de simulações computacionais em uma placa engastada discretizada pela técnica dos elementos finitos e as análises experimentais realizadas foram bastante satisfatórios, validando a metodologia desenvolvida. / Abstract: Nowadays a main factor of interest in industries in the development of new techniques for detection and localization of faults is the concern with the security of its systems. There is the need of supervising and monitoring the machines to detect and correct the fault as soon as possible. In practice it is verified that some determined parameters of the systems can vary during the process, due to the specific characteristics or the natural wearing of its components. It is known that even in well-designed systems the occurrence of cracks in some components can induce economic losses or lead to dangerous situations. The state observers methodology can reconstruct the unmeasured states of the system, since they are observable, becoming possible in this way to estimate the measures at points of difficult access. The technique of state observers consists of developing a model for the system under analysis and to compare the estimated with the measured exit, and the difference between these two signals results in a residue that is used for analysis. In this work was set up a bank of observers associated to a model of crack in order to follow its progress. The results obtained through computational simulations in a cantilever plate discretized by using the finite elements technique and the accomplished experimental analysis were sufficiently satisfactory, validating the developed methodology. / Mestre
74

Metodologia dos observadores de estado para diagnose de falhas em sistemas contendo elementos finitos de placas de Kirchoff /

Monte Alegre, Dário. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Luiz de Paula do Nascimento / Banca: Silmara Cassola / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta a metodologia dos observadores de estado para a detecção e localização de falhas em sistemas contendo elementos finitos de placas de Kirchoff. Tal metodologia consiste na montagem de um banco de observadores de estado, o qual é capaz de detectar falhas presentes no sistema, além de localizar o componente danificado e a porcentagem de falha. As matrizes de ganho dos observadores de estado foram determinadas por dois métodos distintos: o método Regulador Quadrático Linear e das Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares. Nesse trabalho, foi utilizada uma placa plana fina montada sobre um sistema de suspensão similar ao de uma plataforma veicular, representando um veiculo simplificadamente. A modelagem da plataforma utilizada foi realizada mediante a utilização do método dos elementos finitos, considerando-se diferentes números de elemento no modelo. O tipo do elemento finito utilizado foi o elemento de placa de Kirchoff. Adicionalmente foi analisada a influência de elementos de controle junto à suspensão da plataforma no movimento da mesma. O modelo considerado, juntamente com os programas computacionais desenvolvidos, foram utilizados para a simulação do movimento da plataforma. Na literatura, normalmente são apresentadas simulações para o movimento de apenas ¼ do veículo, neste trabalho, no entanto, os programas desenvolvidos podem simular o movimento do veiculo inteiro. Foram realizadas simulações computacionais para o movimento da plataforma com a finalidade de se detectar e localizar falhas introduzidas nos elementos da suspensão e também foram realizados testes experimentais, com os mesmos fins. Mediante tais testes (teóricos e experimentais) verificou-se a eficácia da metodologia desenvolvida e a sua principal limitação: o número de elementos finitos considerado no modelo relacionado com o número de medidas efetuadas e a observabilidade do sistema. / Abstract: This work presents the state observers methodology for the detection and location of faults in systems containing finite elements of plate of Kirchoff. This methodology consists in the assembly of a bank of state observers, which is capable of detecting faults in the system, and also to locate the damaged component and the percentage of failure. The gain matrices of the state observers were determined by two different methods, these are the method Linear Quadratic Regulator and the Linear Matrix Inequalities. In this work was considered a thin plate mounted on a suspension system that is similar to a vehicle platform, representing a vehicle in a simplified way. The modeling of the platform used was performed by using the finite element method, considering different numbers of element in the model. The finite element used was the Kirchoff's plate element. It was also studied the influence of elements of control, together with the suspension of the platform, into its movement. The model considered, together with the developed computational programs, were used to simulate the movement of the platform. In the literature, usually are presented simulations for the movement of only ¼ of the vehicle, in this work, the developed programs can simulate the movement of the entire vehicle. It was realized computational simulations for the movement of the platform in order to detect and locate faults introduced in the elements of the suspension and experimental tests were also conducted with the same purpose. Through such tests (theoretical and experimental) it was verified the effectiveness of the developed methodology and its major limitation: the number of finite elements considered in the model related with the number of outputs and the observability of the system. / Mestre
75

Diagnose de falhas em sistemas rotativos com excitações desconhecidas, através da metodologia dos observadores de estado /

Koroishi, Edson Hideki. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Vicente Lopes Junior / Banca: José Antonio Ferreira Borges / Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de detecção e localização de falhas via observadores de estado projetados via LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático) e LMIs (Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares) em sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações e excitações desconhecidas. A necessidade de desenvolver novas técnicas de prevenção de falhas vem da preocupação das indústrias com o bom funcionamento de seus equipamentos a fim de evitar paradas repentinas no processo produtivo. A metodologia dos observadores de estado consiste em utilizar sua capacidade de estimar estados não medidos. Assim, projeta-se um banco de observadores de estado, sendo que cada um é robusto a um determinado parâmetro sujeito a falha. Quanto à identificação de forças de excitação, durante os últimos anos, vários métodos têm sido propostos, embora nenhum deles possa ser considerado como sendo universalmente adequado a todas as situações. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas metodologias utilizando funções ortogonais de Fourier, Legendre e Chebyshev para a identificação das excitações desconhecidas. Para verificar a validade da metodologia desenvolvida tanto para a identificação de forças como detecção e localização de falhas foram simulados dois sistemas mecânicos: sistema massa-mola-amortecedor de 4 gdl (graus de liberdade) e sistema rotativo considerando-se suas fundações. Por fim, foi realizada a comprovação experimental, utilizando para isto um sistema rotativo pertencente ao laboratório de vibrações mecânicas do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira / Abstract: In this work a methodology for faults detection and location in rotative system considering its foundation and unknown inputs was developed using state observers designed by LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) and LMIs (Linear Matrix Inequalities). The necessity of design new techniques of faults prevention proceeds from concerns of industries with the good worked of its equipments in order to avoid suddenly stopped in the productive process. The methodology of state observers consists to use its capacity to esteem the states not measured. So, it projects a bank of state observes, being that everyone is robust a parameter subject a fault. As at excitation forces identification, during last years, many methods have been proposed, however no one of them can be considered as universally adequate for every situation, being that in this work the methodologies using orthogonal functions of Fourier, Legendre and Chebyshev were used for unknown inputs identification. To validate the methodology two mechanicals systems were simulated: system mass-spring-damper of 4 dof (degree of freedom) and rotative system considering its foundations. At the end, the experimental proof was realized, using for this a rotative system in the mechanical vibrations laboratory at Ilha Solteira's Mechanical Engineering Department / Mestre
76

Estimation en ligne de paramètres de machines électriques pour véhicule en vue d'un suivi de la température de ses composants / Online estimation of electric motors parameters for tracking of its components temperature in automotive applications

Henwood, Nicolas 23 January 2014 (has links)
Afin de rendre compétitifs les véhicules hybrides ou tout électriques, l'amélioration des performances des machines électriques embarquées est primordiale. Dans cette optique, le travail présenté s'intéresse en particulier à l'estimation en ligne des variations de température au sein d'une machine synchrone à aimants permanents. De ce fait, nous proposons d'estimer les paramètres physiques dépendants de la température, à savoir la résistance des enroulements et le flux des aimants. La connaissance des variations de température ou de ces paramètres permet en effet d'éviter une dégradation des performances en adaptant le contrôle en couple et de mettre en place une surveillance thermique autorisant notamment une meilleure disponibilité de la machine, sans risque d'endommagement. Pour répondre à ce double objectif, nous proposons deux observateurs de paramètres basés sur une modélisation réaliste de la machine. Nous établissons donc, en premier lieu, un modèle électrique du moteur qui tient compte de possibles différences entre signaux mesurés et exacts et garantit la robustesse des observateurs aux paramètres mécaniques. Un algorithme d'identification hors ligne des paramètres est proposé pour valider le modèle. Puis, basé sur ce modèle réaliste, les deux observateurs proposés, dit de Luenberger et de Kreisselmeier, estiment respectivement, suivant certaines conditions d'observabilité, le flux et la position pour le premier et un ou plusieurs paramètres parmi la résistance, le flux et l'inductance pour le second. Ces observateurs n'utilisent que les mesures de courant et de tension, ainsi qu'une mesure de position pour l'observateur de Kreisselmeier. Des études théoriques et en simulation sont menées pour valider le fonctionnement des observateurs et appréhender au mieux leurs réglages. En particulier, nous présentons une étude évaluant l'impact du bruit de mesure sur l'observateur de Luenberger afin d'améliorer sa robustesse au bruit sur une large plage de régime. Finalement, l'implémentation des observateurs sur différents bancs d'essais fournit des résultats prometteurs, tant pour l'estimation des paramètres que pour la faisabilité d'estimer les variations de température. / To make hybrid and full electric vehicles competitive, the performance enhancement of the embedded electric motors is essential. For this purpose, the presented work focuses in particular on the online estimation of temperature variations inside a permanent magnet synchronous motor. Therefore, we propose to estimate the temperature dependant parameters, namely the winding resistance and the magnet flux. The knowledge of these parameters or their temperature variations allows indeed to avoid performance degradation by adapting the torque control and makes possible a thermal monitoring, especially for machine availability improvement without risk of damage. Aiming at this double objective, we propose two parameter observers based on a realistic model of the machine. Thus, we first consider an electrical model of the motor that takes account of possible differences between measured and exact signals and ensures robustness to the mechanical parameters. An offline least squares algorithm for parameters identification is proposed to validate the model. Then, based on this realistic model, we design two observers, called Luenberger and Kreisselmeier. According to some observability conditions, the first one estimates the flux and position while the latter estimates one or several parameters among resistance, flux and inductance. These observers use the currents, voltages, and position for the Kreisselmeier observer, as only measurements. Theoretical and simulation studies are conducted on the observers to validate their efficiency and for a better understanding of their setting parameters. In particular, we present a study assessing the measurement noise impact on the Luenberger observer to improve its robustness to noise over a wide speed range. Finally, the implementation of the observers on different test benches provides promising results, both on parameters estimation and on the feasibility of temperature variations estimation.
77

Commande non linéaire en présence de modes souples, applications aérospatiales / Nonlinear control with flexible modes, aerospace applications

Duraffourg, Elodie 11 December 2014 (has links)
En aérospatial, les contraintes de masse ont conduit à utiliser des structures plus légères et par conséquent plus souples, induisant de nouveaux objectifs de commande, comme la réduction des efforts structuraux. Pour satisfaire ces objectifs, les modes de flexion doivent être considérés dès la synthèse de la loi de commande, ce qui entraîne certaines contraintes comme les non linéarités, le sous actionnement et l’altération des mesures par les modes souples. En considérant ces contraintes, cette thèse traite de la synthèse d’une méthode de commande non linéaire pour les systèmes aérospatiaux souples. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement au problème d’atténuation des oscillations provoquées par les modes souples. Pour cela, nous définissons une classe de système non linéaire, sous actionnée et à minimum de phase, représentative des systèmes aérospatiaux souples. Pour cette classe de système, nous proposons une loi de commande non linéaire synthétisée par retour d’état en utilisant des changements de variables et la technique du backstepping. La synthèse est effectuée de façon à améliorer le régime transitoire des modes souples. Les états souples n’étant pas mesurés, le problème du retour de sortie est également traité par l’intermédiaire d’observateurs adaptatifs (à temps fini et asymptotique). Des incertitudes sur la pulsation et l’amortissement des modes souples sont en particulier considérées. La méthode proposée est illustrée par des simulations numériques réalisées sur un lanceur et un avion hypersonique. / Due to mass constraints aerospace systems tend to have lightweight and flexible structures leading to new control objectives such as structural load reduction. To fulfil these objectives, flexible modes must be considered from the design of the controller, requiring to consider some constraints such as nonlinearities, underactuation, or measurement corruption terms. Consider these constraints, this thesis treats the design of a nonlinear control method for flexible aerospace systems. We particularly focus on the problem of reducing oscillations caused by the bending modes. To do that, we define a class of nonlinear system which is both underactuated and minimum phase and that represents flexible aerospace systems. Consider this class, we propose a nonlinear full-state controller based on changes of coordinates and the backstepping technique. The control design is carried out to enhance the transient of the flexible modes. Flexiblestates being not measured, the output-feedback problem is also treated through adaptive observers (finite-time and asymptotic). Uncertainties of natural damping and frequency of the bending modes are particularly considered. The proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulations performed on a space launch vehicle and an hypersonic aircraft.
78

Estimation de la distraction fondée sur un modèle dynamique de conducteur : principes et algorithmes / Estimation of distraction based on a dynamic model of driver : principles and algorithms

Ameyoe, Ablamvi 06 October 2016 (has links)
La distraction du conducteur est un des facteurs importants à l’origine des accidents de la route. La détection de la distraction dans le contexte industriel et à faible coût conduit à privilégier des indicateurs reposant sur les capteurs déjà disponibles dans un véhicule série. Cependant, les systèmes actuels sont en général insuffisamment fiables, notamment parce que les grandeurs observées pour réaliser la détection sont assez éloignées du phénomène purement physiologique de distraction. L’approche étudiée ici a consisté à rajouter un modèle de comportement du conducteur (modèle cybernétique), rendant compte des fonctions perceptives et motrices support du contrôle latéral du véhicule. Les paramètres de ce modèle ont été estimés en procédant tour à tour à une identification par paquet de données d’entrée/sortie et à une identification récursive, cette dernière permettant de suivre continûment l'évolution paramétrique. Ensuite, trois approches ont été envisagées pour modéliser voire estimer l’état de distraction, considérant successivement la distraction comme une perturbation affectant les paramètres, la sortie ou l’entrée du modèle cybernétique du conducteur:Approche 1 - La distraction est modélisée comme une perturbation additive en sortie du modèle. Le couple produit par le conducteur est comparé au couple prédit par le modèle rendant compte de la conduite hors distraction. L’erreur de prédiction du couple constitue dans ce cadre le résidu dont la sensibilité à l’état de distraction du conducteur a été étudiée.Approche 2 - La distraction est modélisée par des perturbations multiplicatives, affectant certains paramètres du modèle. L’analyse des paramètres obtenus dans des phases de conduite avec et sans distraction a permis d’étudier leur capacité à rendre compte de la nature et de l’état de la distraction.Approche 3 - La distraction est modélisée comme une perturbation additive sur l’entrée du modèle. L’estimation de cette perturbation constitue un résidu également sensible à l’état de distraction. Les principes et algorithmes proposés pour estimer l’état de distraction ont été validés à partir de données expérimentales collectées pendant une campagne de tests effectuée sur un simulateur de conduite à base fixe, impliquant 35 conducteurs. Les conditions de test alternaient des phases de conduite normale et sujettes à des distractions de différentes natures : distractions cognitive, visuelle, visuomotrice et motrice. Les trois approches proposées donnent des résultats similaires et cohérents entre eux. / Distracted driving is one of the important factors that cause road accidents. The detection of the driver’s state of distraction in the industrial context and at low-cost leads to privilege the indicators based on sensors that are already available on the vehicle. However,current systems are generally not reliable enough, especially because the observed magnitudes to achieve detection are quite far from a purely physiological phenomenon distraction. This led us to propose solutions based on a cybernetic driver model that represent the visual and motor process involved in the lateral control of the vehicle. The parameters of this model have been estimated by conducting successively identification exploiting data packets and recursive identification, the latter allowing to track continuously the parametric evolution over time. Then, three approaches were considered to model or estimate the state of distraction, by modeling alternately thedistraction as a disturbance affecting parameters, the output or the input of the cybernetic model of the driver:Approach 1 - The distraction is modeled as an additive disturbance on the model output. The experimental output, the driver steering wheel torque, is then compared with the predicted steering wheel torque to generate the torque prediction error that is sensitive to the state of distraction.Approach 2 - The distraction is modeled as disturbances that affect the model parameters. The analysis of these parameters identified during normal and distracted driving periods showed that the parameters’ variation depends effectively on the driver’s state of distraction.Approach 3 - Distraction is modeled as an additive disturbance on the input of the model. The estimate of this disturbance is also a significant residue, sensitive to the state of distraction. The principles and algorithms proposed for estimating the state of distraction were validated using experimental data collected during a test campaign conducted on a fixed-base driving simulator, involving 35 drivers. The test conditions alternated normal driving phases and prone to distractions of various kinds: cognitive distractions, visual, visual-motor and motor. The three proposed approaches give similar and consistent results between them.
79

Commande robuste et optimale via les techniques par intervalles pour le contrôle de microsystèmes / Robust and optimal control via interval techniques to design controllers for microsystems

Hammouche, Mounir 13 December 2018 (has links)
Les actionneurs piézoélectriques sont très utilisés pour les systèmes de positionnement pour des tâches à l'échelle micro/nanométrique en raison de leur haute résolution (sub-micrométrique), leur grande bande passante, et une densité de force élevée. Cependant, ils sont caractérisés par des non-linéarités telles que l'hystérésis et la dérive lente, par une grande sensibilité à l’environnement, et pour certains par des comportements oscillatoires. Ces caractéristiques ont un impact considérable sur les tâches que ces actionneurs doivent effectuer et leur contrôle reste souvent difficile. Différents correcteurs robustes ont été développés pour contrôler les actionneurs piézoélectriques. Il s'agit notamment de l'approche grand gain, des approches H-inf, des approches de contrôle basée sur l'observation des perturbations, ...etc. Ces techniques ont démontré une amélioration significative des performances mais mènent souvent à des correcteurs d'ordre élevé qui sont difficiles à mettre en œuvre. Cette thèse consiste à développer des correcteurs pour des actionneurs piézoélectriques en combinant l'analyse d'intervalle et les techniques classiques de commande.Les avantages principaux d’utiliser des intervalles est qu'ils permettent de modéliser facilement les incertitudes paramétriques en les limitant par des bornes. Par ailleurs, les travaux existants démontrent qu’il est possible de synthétiser de manière plus simplifiée des correcteurs robustes d’ordre faible, c-à-d ordre inférieur à celui du modèle. L'état de l'art sur l'utilisation des techniques par intervalle pour la synthèse de correcteurs peut être présenté en deux catégories : les techniques par intervalle basées sur des fonctions de transfert, et les techniques par intervalle basées sur la représentation d’état. Les techniques par intervalle basées sur les fonctions de transfert sont actuellement limitées pour modéliser et synthétiser des correcteurs pour des systèmes monovariables incertains tandis que les techniques basées sur la représentation d'état sont bien adaptées pour des systèmes multivariables incertains. Néanmoins, ces travaux existants pour des systèmes multivariables sont limités aux modèles avec des matrices d'état et d'entrée de structures spéciales. En outre, elles ne portent que sur le degré de stabilité du système en boucle fermée et ne prennent pas donc en compte des spécifications sur les performances. Cette thèse développe des outils de synthèse de correcteurs robustes pour des systèmes multivariables à incertitudes paramétriques dans l’approche d’état par intervalle sans structure particulière et en considérant à priori des performances. Des validations expérimentales sur différents actionneurs piézoélectriques, et ce en commande en position et en force, sont efféctuées. Enfin, la thèse propose également l’extension des observateurs à entrée inconnue pour les systèmes par intervalle afin de compléter les techniques de commande proposées. / Piezoelectric actuators are widely used at micro/nanoscale because of their simpleconfiguration, high resolution (sub-nanometric), high speed (large bandwidth upto 1kHz), and high force density. However, they are characterized by some nonlinearitiessuch as hysteresis, internal friction and creep,...etc. These characteristicsconsiderably impact the dynamics of the piezoactuators which makes the controlof these systems not a trivial task. Various robust controllers have been developedto control piezoelectric actuators. These include high gain feedback approach, H1approach, disturbance observer based control approach,...etc. Those techniquesdemonstrated a significant improvement of the control performance, but they oftenderive controllers with high-order which are difficult for implementation. Tobypass this limitation, we focus on the thesis on combining interval analysis withclassical controller design techniques to obtain a low order controllers. The mainadvantage of intervals is that they permit to model parametric uncertainties easilyby bounding them. Furthermore, the process of modeling the system uncertaintiesby intervals makes the synthesis of robust controller with low order relatively easy.The state of the art on the use of interval techniques to design and derive robustcontrollers for uncertain system can be divided into two categories: intervaltransfer functions based approaches and interval state-space representation basedapproaches. Interval transfer functions based designs have been widely used tomodel and to control SISO (Single Input single Output) systems subjected to uncertainties.These approaches make the synthesis of robust controllers for suchsystems easy with providing good performance. However, the current work thatuse interval transfer functions are limited to systems in SISO case. In the otherside, the state-space based approaches have been shown to be well adapted tosynthesis robust controllers for multivariable systems. Nevertheless, the excitingworks are limited to systems with state and input matrices of special structures.Furthermore, they address only the degree of stability of the closed-loop systemwithout discussing performance specification. In order to make the design of robustcontroller using interval state-space approach possible for any interval state-spacestructure, this thesis will explore the interval state-space control design using robustpole assignment technique. This proposed approach will guarantee the stability and the desired performance of the closed-loop system also it allows to obtaina low order controller.For this matter, an algorithm based on Set Inversion Via Interval Analysis(SIVIA) combined with interval eigenvalues computation is proposed to seek for aset of robust gains. This recursive SIVIA-based algorithm allows to approximatewith subpaving the set solutions [K] that satisfy the inclusion of the eigenvaluesof the closed-loop system in a desired region in the complex plan. Furthermore,simple algorithms are proposed to find the optimal feedback gains among the rangeof robust gains [K] as well as the range of the gains that satisfy input constraints,all with the help of interval analysis. Finally, in order to improve the controllerperformance, we were directed our attention to nonlinear control approaches andespecially interval sliding mode control (ISMC) design using interval observers.The effectiveness of the proposed approaches are tested by a real experimentationon several platforms developed in our laboratory to achieve robust performance.
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Sliding Mode Approaches for Robust Control, State Estimation, Secure Communication, and Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Systems

Ablay, Gunyaz 19 December 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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