La paralysie obstétricale du plexus brachial (POPB) est une paralysie du membre supérieur qui survient à la naissance et peut entraîner une déformation de l'articulation et un fonctionnement anormal de l'épaule. Bien que le traitement de la POPB tente de restaurer la fonction de l'épaule, la pathomécanique sous-jacente n'est pas encore clairement comprise. Les modèles computationnels sont efficaces pour fournir de telles informations, mais il n'existe aucun modèle d'articulation de l'épaule pédiatrique pour comprendre la POPB. Ainsi, ce travail de recherche a pour but de construire un framework combinant les avancées dans les domaines de la modélisation statistique de forme (MSF) et de la modélisation musculo-squelettique multi-corps (MCM). Due à l’insuffisance des données dans la cohorte pédiatrique, ce cadre a été mis en place pour l'articulation de l'épaule adulte. Pour cela, la précision de la MSF a été illustrée en prédisant 1) la forme de l'omoplate pré-morbide, et 2) les régions d'insertion musculaire sur l'omoplate et l'humérus. Cette méthode a ensuite été intégrée aux modèles MCM pour l'épaule adulte pour souligner l’importance des modèles spécifique-patient pour l’usage clinique. Pour le second objectif de cette thèse, j'ai développé un modèle MCM pédiatrique du complexe articulaire de l'épaule en utilisant le logiciel OpenSim. Grâce aux approches de cinématique et dynamique inverse, le modèle a permis de déterminer les différences de dynamique articulaires entre le côté sain et le côté pathologique. Les travaux futurs seront axés sur l’extension du travail réalisé pour la population pédiatrique afin de comprendre la pathomécanique de POPB. / Obstetrician Brachial Plexus Palsy (OBPP) is a common birth injury in children leading to shoulder joint deformity and abnormal function. While the management of OBPP disorder focuses on restoring the shoulder joint function, the underlying pathomechanics is not clearly understood yet. Computational models are effective to provide such insights, however, there is no pediatric shoulder joint model to understand the OBPP disorder. Thus, the global aim of this research work was to build a computational framework combining the advances in statistical shape modeling (SSM) and multi-body musculoskeletal modeling (MSKM) domains. Due to a lack of sufficient data in the pediatric cohort, I first developed the framework for adult shoulder joint. For this, I illustrated the accuracy of SSM in predicting 1) missing part of the scapula, and 2) muscle insertion regions on scapula and humerus bones. This method was then integrated with adult shoulder MSKMs to show the differences between generic and subject specific constructs. For the second aim of this thesis, I developed a pediatric MSKM of the shoulder joint complex using OpenSim software. Pediatric MSKM represented scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joints with 13 degrees of freedom, and actuated by 52 musculotendon actuators representing 14 shoulder muscles. Using inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics approaches, the model was used to determine the differences in joint kinematics, and joint dynamics between healthy and unhealthy side of a single OBPP subject. Future work is focused on completing the framework on pediatric population and understanding the pathomechanics of OBPP.

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the working conditions on the productivity of the nursing staff in the Midwife&Obstetrical Unit of Pretoria West Hospital. It was important to establish the working conditions prevailing within the unit and further to determine which factors related to the working conditions that influence productivity of the nursing staff. The findings of the research are intended to provide guidance to the management in dealing with issues regarding working conditions so as to improve the productivity of the nursing staff in the unit. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used, specifically the dominant-less-dominant model. The research approach was predominantly quantitative with lesser qualitative components incorporated for respondents to give recommendations intended for management so that improvement in their working conditions could be implemented Applied research was relevant in this study as the knowledge gained, can be utilised to address productivity problems emanating from working conditions. The aspects of working conditions that impact on productivity were explored and discussed in the literature study. The literature study also included a discussion on the cost of work stress on individuals and organizations. The section concluded with a discussion on the role of Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) in an organization. A self-developed questionnaire was used as a research tool to collect data from the respondents. No sampling was done because of the small size of the population, hence all members of the population were included in the study. The findings of the study were based on thirty-four questionnaires that were returned by the respondents. The findings were analysed and presented using tables and graphs which were then interpreted in words. The study revealed that the majority of the nursing staff in the Midwife Obstetrical Unit of Pretoria West Hospital perceives their working conditions as being stressful. The working conditions are negatively impacting on their well-being and job performance. The study also revealed that EAP has been implemented at the hospital, but the services of the programme are not being utilised by the majority of the nurses in the unit. Based on the findings of the study conclusions and recommendations were made regarding strategies to improve working conditions and to increase productivity. The important limitation of the study was that through reflections of some of the respondents’ views regarding sensitive issues were not obtained. Participants were given a choice of three responses which included remaining neutral. Unfortunately some respondents chose this option rather than taking a firm stand. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Obstetrical intervantion`s goal is to normalize an abnormal or pathological course of labour. In a certain case (e.g. fetal distress) this is not fully achievable. Then the goal is to accelerate the delivery without inadequate increase of risk of maternal or neonatal trauma. The aim of this dizertation thesis was to offer an up-to-date definition and to outline a proper performance of these interventions. Therefore, it was necessary to properly and timely describe the labour layout in which the accoucheur and/or the parturient happen to occurr when an intervention is to take place. It was essential to describe the quantity of perineal loading as well as to define the main vector of perineal strain and deformation. Based on the range of this deformation it was subsequently possible to adequately describe and execute some obstetrical interventions (e.g. a variety of types of episiotomy) or to evaluate a variety of modifications by means of computational modelling (e.g. manual perineal protection) that might have so tiny nuances between each other or differences that are difficult to measure because the clinical evaluation is impossible due to interindividual imprecision or very short duration of the intervention. We described the maximum strain on the perineal surface during vaginal delivery that...

The contribution of Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) in reducing maternal mortality in Ethiopia is very minimal as evidenced by poor provision and low utilization of EmOC. Client centred EmOC provision improves the provision and utilization of EmOC; leading to the treatment of the majority of obstetric complications which are the main causes of maternal mortality. This study describes clients’ views and perspectives concerning the quality of EmOC provision in Ethiopian public health facilities. An explorative and descriptive phenomenological qualitative study design was used in the study in order to explore and describe the lived experiences of clients with EmOC services. Key informant interviews with women who had direct obstetric complications and received EmOC at three public health facilities in Addis Ababa generated rich data on their lived experiences. Content analysis was used to analyze the data as it complies with the phenomenological data analysis and Atlas ti version 6.2 qualitative data analysis software was employed. The findings revealed that quality EmOC is a welcoming, life-saving timely care given in a clean environment with humility, respect, equal treatment and encouragement. It is care that is safe for the client, technically sound, responsive and meets clients’ needs and expectations. Accessibility of life saving care at all time and collaborative and coordinated care created good experiences for the clients. The causes of clients’ disappointment with the provision of EmOC were higher expectations from female providers, underestimation by providers, non responsive providers, and ethical misconduct by providers such as mocking, insulting, yelling, advantage taking providers, undelivered promises by providers, expectation with place of delivery, expectation with newborn care and a limited number of health workers attending delivery. Discrimination, high cost of care and asking client to buy drugs and supplies and referrals from centres, are some of the barriers on r the use of EmOC at public health facilities. The provision of EmOC is constrained by overloaded staffs, shortage of space to accommodate clients and inadequate number of beds. In conclusion, clients have expectations and experiences of provision of EmOC that influence their future decision to seek care. Finally, a client centred guideline for the provision of client centred EmOC provision was developed. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Cette thèse analyse les pratiques du diagnostic prénatal (DPN) en France et au Brésil, entre mondialisation des savoirs et des techniques et régulations locales, à la recherche des modalités d’anticipation du handicap. Le DPN s’est développé dans les pays d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord en lien direct avec les législations sur l’avortement. Il a pris ancrage dans le suivi des grossesses comme l’un des modes de prévention des handicaps à la naissance. Son expansion aux pays où l’accès à l’avortement est restreint oblige à des adaptations fonction des régulations locales. Les dispositifs réglementaires encadrent le travail professionnel (travail en réseau, pluridisciplinarité) et l’enregistrement des pratiques (omniprésent en France, absent au Brésil). Ils modulent, en France, l’expérience des femmes ayant vécu une interruption de grossesse pour pathologie fœtale, comme en témoigne l’analyse de questionnaires semi directifs soumis à deux groupes de femmes à deux époques différentes. En 1999 les femmes réclament plus d’autonomie dans la prise de décision d’interruption. En 2005, elles sollicitent plus volontiers une décision partagée avec les praticiens, mais considèrent que la décision leur revient plus spécifiquement lors des termes tardifs, dans les situations à risque de retard mental, de grande incertitude pronostique, ainsi que dans le cadre de situations spécifiquement recherchées lors du parcours anténatal (telle la trisomie 21). Ces dispositifs réglementaires conditionnent aussi l’usage des techniques et les informations délivrées aux couples. Au Brésil, dans un contexte d’accès restreint à l’avortement et de fortes inégalités sociales, l’échographie en situation de normalité foetale glorifie la « naissance sociale anticipée» de l’enfant et de sa famille. En cas d’anomalie fœtale, une rupture radicale se produit. A l’hôpital public, qui concerne la majorité des femmes, la poursuite obligée de la grossesse règle l’attitude des praticiens : l’étude ethnographique menée à Rio de Janeiro montre que les obstétriciens optent alors pour l’éducation des femmes (dans l’espoir d’un accès progressif à l’autonomie, chemin espéré vers une société plus juste). Les pédiatres provoquent pour leur part un glissement sémantique proposant une utilisation positive de l’incertitude médicale qui modifie le cadre de la réflexion préservant une approche dynamique de l’accueil de l’enfant. Dans le secteur privé au Brésil, les interruptions de grossesse possibles hors des cadres légaux, sont maintenues sous le sceau du secret et ne laissent que peu entrevoir la dynamique décisionnelle préalable. L’anticipation du handicap lors des consultations prénatales met partout en avant la crainte du retard mental et de la souffrance pour l’enfant, le couple ou la fratrie, mais le discours varie selon les contextes : l’analyse comparative des observations souligne qu’en France, les praticiens utilisent la médecine basée sur les preuves pour informer le couple et réduire risques et incertitude en vue d’un choix nécessaire et dans le respect de l’autonomie décisionnelle des couples. Au Brésil, à l’hôpital public, la hiérarchie des priorités diffère: devenir mère, avoir un enfant vivant passent au premier plan. Le risque est présenté comme faisant partie de la vie et l’incertitude dynamique préserve l’avenir de l’enfant malade au sein de sa famille. Ces approches différenciées du risque et du handicap amènent à évoquer les évolutions récentes du champs du handicap qui ont peu pénétré l’univers du DPN. Portées notamment par les « disability studies », études menées par les personnes elles mêmes concernées par le handicap, elles considèrent le handicap comme un processus dynamique résultant d’une interaction entre l’état de santé et une situation sociale donnés. La thèse suggère en conclusion un rapprochement des savoirs, des expériences et des pratiques entre l’univers du prénatal et celui du handicap par le biais d’un dialogue inter et transdisciplinaire. / In search of modes of anticipating disability, this thesis examines and compares prenatal diagnosis (PND) practices in France and Brazil. In Europe and North America, PND has developed directly in line with legislation on abortion and is rooted in the monitoring of pregnancy, as one of the ways of preventing disability at birth. Its expansion into countries where access to abortion is restricted, is led by the globalization of knowledge and techniques, and has to be adapted to suit local regulations. Regulatory frameworks govern professional work (networking, multidisciplinarity) and the recording of PND practices (omnipresent in France, non-Existent in Brazil). As can be seen from our analysis of semi-Directive questionnaires given to two groups of women at two different periods of time, in France such mechanisms modulate the experiences of women who have undergone an abortion due to a foetal pathology. In 1999 women wanted greater autonomy when deciding whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. In 2005 they were more readily in favour of sharing decision-Making with doctors, but felt that the decision was theirs to make when it was a question of late-Term pregnancies, of situations with a risk of mental retardation, of major prognostic uncertainty, and of situations subject to specific tests during the prenatal period (such as Down’s Syndrome). These regulatory mechanisms also affect how technical tools are used and the information given to couples. In Brazil, in a context of restricted access to abortion and of very significant social inequality, an ultrasound in a situation of foetal normality glorifies the “anticipated social birth” of the child and its family. When a foetal anomaly is diagnosed, a radical rupture occurs. In public hospitals – used by the majority of women – obligatory continuation of pregnancy regulates doctors’ attitudes: the ethnographic study carried out in Rio de Janeiro shows that obstetricians have opted for the education of women (in the hope of gradual access to autonomy, hopefully the road towards a fairer society). Paediatricians produce a semantic shift, encouraging a positive use of medical uncertainty, which modifies the decision-Making framework and maintains a dynamic approach to welcoming the child-To-Be. In the private sector in Brazil, terminations of pregnancy which are possible outside of any legal framework are kept behind a wall of secrecy, revealing next to nothing about the prior decision-Making process. During prenatal consultations, the anticipation of a disability systematically brings out fears of mental retardation and of the suffering which will be caused to the child, the couple or siblings, but the discourse varies, depending on the context: a comparative analysis of our observations shows that, in France, doctors use evidence-Based medicine to inform couples and to reduce risks and uncertainties with a view to making a necessary choice, whilst at the same time respecting the couple’s decision-Making autonomy. In public hospitals in Brazil, there is a different hierarchy of priorities: the primary focus is that of becoming a mother and having a life-Born child. Risk is presented as being part of life and the dynamic aspects of medical uncertainty safeguard the future of the “sick” child within its family. These differentiated approaches to risk and disability lead us to consider recent evolutions in the field of disability which has so far had little impact on PND. Led in particular by “disability studies” – studies carried out by people who are themselves affected by disability – these evolutions consider disability to be a dynamic process resulting from an interaction between a given state of health and a given social situation. In its conclusion, the thesis suggests that the knowledge, experiences and practices of the prenatal world and that of disability be brought together through inter and transdisciplinary dialogue. / Essa tese analisa as práticas de diagnóstico pré-natal (DPN) na França e no Brasil, entre a mundialização de saberes, técnicas e regulações locais, focando as modalidades de antecipação da deficiência. O DPN desenvolveu-se nos países da Europa e América do Norte de forma diretamente relacionada com as leis sobre o aborto. Enraizou-se no monitoramento da gravidez como um dos modos de prevenção das deficiências. Sua expansão em países onde o acesso ao aborto é restrito leva a adaptações de acordo com as regulamentações locais. Disposições regulamentares enquadram o trabalho profissional (em rede, pluridisciplinar) e o registro das práticas (onipresente na França e ausente no Brasil). Elas modulam, na França, a experiência de mulheres que se submeteram ao aborto devido a uma patologia fetal, conforme evidenciado pela análise de questionários semi-estruturados aplicados em dois grupos de mulheres em duas épocas diferentes. Em 1999, as mulheres exigiam mais autonomia na tomada de decisões de interrupção. Em 2005, elas procuravam mais frequentemente uma decisão compartilhada com os médicos, porém consideravam que a decisão cabia a elas, especificamente em gestações mais adiantadas, em situações com risco de retardo mental, com elevada incerteza prognóstica, e no contexto de situações específicas rasteadas ao longo do percurso pré-natal (tal como a síndrome de Down).Estes mecanismos reguladores também condicionam o modo de utilização das técnicas e as informações fornecidas para os casais. No Brasil, em um contexto de acesso restrito ao aborto e de fortes desigualdades sociais, a ultrassonografia em situações de normalidade fetal glorifica o "nascimento social antecipado" da criança e a « ampliação » da família. Em caso de anomalia fetal, uma ruptura radical se produz.No hospital público, para onde vai a maioria das mulheres, a impossibilidade de interromper a gestação define a atitude dos profissionais: o estudo etnográfico realizado no Rio de Janeiro mostra que os obstetras optam então pela educação das mulheres (na esperança de um ganho progressivo de autonomia, em direção a uma sociedade mais justa). Os pediatras realizam, por sua vez, uma mudança semântica, proporcionando um uso positivo da incerteza médica que muda o contexto do debate, preservando uma abordagem dinâmica sobre a chegada da criança. No setor privado no Brasil, a interrupção da gravidez, possível fora dos quadros jurídicos, é mantida sob o selo do segredo e dá pequeno vislumbre da dinâmica anterior da decisão.A antecipação da deficiência durante o pré-natal dissemina o medo do retardo mental, do sofrimento para a criança, para o casal ou irmãos, mas o discurso varia de acordo com o contexto: a análise comparativa de observações destaca que na França, os médicos utilizam a medicina baseada em evidências para informar o casal e reduzir o risco e a incerteza, tendo em vista uma escolha necessária e o respeito à autonomia das decisões dos casais. No Brasil, no hospital público, a hierarquia de prioridades é diferente: tornar-se mãe, ter um filho vivo vêm em primeiro plano. O risco é apresentado como parte da vida e a dinâmica da incerteza salvaguarda o futuro do filho doente no seio de sua família. Estas abordagens diferenciadas de risco e deficiência nos remetem ainda mais aos recentes achados nas áreas da deficiência, que pouco penetraram no universo do DPN. Impulsionados principalmente pela área dos « disability studies », pesquisas conduzidas pelas próprias pessoas afetadas pela deficiência, esses estudos consideram a deficiência como um processo dinâmico, resultante de uma interação entre um estado de saúde e uma situação social determinada. A tese apresenta como conclusao a necessidade da aproximaçao entre o universo do pré-natal e o da deficiência, por meio de um diálogo inter e transdisciplinar, compartilhando conhecimentos, experiências e práticas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T12:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 69591.pdf: 3878499 bytes, checksum: 34f8bc6b6d59a7f8f16d3a39356fd14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / No Brasil, predomina a assistência obstétrica centrada no médico especialista em obstetrícia e uma excessiva medicalização do trabalho de parto e do parto. .O modelo colaborativo (MC) na assistência obstétrica significa a integração da obstetriz ou enfermeira obstétrica e do médico obstetra na equipe de assistência ao trabalho de parto e parto. Objetivo: Estudar modelos assistenciais, que incorporam a atuação da enfermeira obstétrica para a assistência ao trabalho de parto e parto, e sua associação com intervenções no trabalho de parto e parto e resultados maternos e neonatais. Métodos: Desenho do estudo foi transversal. População do estudo foi mulheres atendidas em hospitais do Município de Belo Horizonte, vinculados ao SUS, que apresentam o modelo colaborativo (equipe composta por médico obstetra e enfermeira obstétrica), modelo tradicional (equipe composto somente por médico obstetra) e um Centro de Parto Normal perihospitalar. O primeiro artigo analisa, por meio de regressão logística multivariada, a associação entre o modelo assistencial e intervenções utilizadas na condução do trabalho de parto. O segundo artigo analisa a associação entre o modelo e o parto vaginal espontâneo conforme um modelo hierarquizado. O terceiro artigo descreve e compara as intervenções, tipo de parto e resultados neonatais entre dois hospitais, que representam o modelo colaborativo e o modelo tradicional, e o Centro de Parto Normal. Resultados: Houve menor utilização da ocitocina, da amniotomia e da episiotomia e maior utilização de métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor nos modelos com incorporação da enfermeira obstétrica, sendo as proporções menores no CPN. A associação entre o MC e a redução no uso da ocitocina, da ruptura artificial das membranas e da episiotomia, e do parto vaginal espontâneo se manteve após o ajuste para fatores de confundimento... / In Brazil predominates, even for women of normal risk, physician - centered care and an excessive medicalization of chil dbirth care.The collaborative model (CM) in the obstetric care means midwife or nurse - midwife and obstetrician working together in the team which takes care for women in labor and delivery. Objective: To study care models, with and without incorporating the midwife role for care during labour and delivery, and their association with interventions in childbirth and with maternal and neonatal results. Methods: The study was transversal. The study population were women attended in hospitals from Belo Horizonte, linked to the national public health system (SUS), that represent the collaborative model (team with obstetrician and midwife), traditional model (team composed only by obstetrician) and a alongside birth centre. The first article analyses, by m ultivariate logistic regression, the association between the care model and the interventions used in labour. The second article analyses the association between the model and the spontaneous vaginal delivery according to a hierarchical model. The third ar ticle describes and compares the interventions, birth type and neonatal results between hospitals, th ose represent the collaborative and traditional models, and the birth center care model . Results: There was less use of oxytocin, of amniotomy and episi otomy and more use of non - pharmacological methods to relieve the pain in models incorporating midwives, being the smaller proportions in the birth center. The association between the CM and the reduction of oxytocin use, amniotomy and episiotomy and the in crease of the spontaneous vaginal delivery were kept after the adjustment for confounding factors. The care model was not associated to neonatal complications and use of conduction analgesia. Conclusion: The result suggest that care models incorporating t he midwife can reduce interventions in the labour and delivery care with perinatal similar results, as well as increase the rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery, including women with obstetric - clinic complications, birth induction or pharmacological analge sia. The MC is feasible in the Brazilian context and can be a tool in efforts to change the health care model