Handwriting is a complex occupation; it is an intricately coordinated symphony of skills and interactions. The success of a child’s handwriting is dependent on many factors and conditions. The concept of occupational justice implies, as a determinant of health and well-being, all children have the right to access sound handwriting instruction and if required, supportive services for therapeutic intervention. However, a number of school-aged children do not have access to sound handwriting instruction or therapeutic intervention. This is an occupational injustice. An integrative review of the occupational therapy literature was completed for the purposes of enhancing the understanding of handwriting in the school system. The Revised Framework of Occupational Justice was used to guide the analysis of the literature sources and identify the conditions contributing to an occupational injustice. The results of this review provided a comprehensive overview of handwriting and identified conditions leading to an occupational injustice in handwriting.

Assistive technology (AT) is any item, piece of equipment or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (21st Century Assistive Technology Act of 2019, p.9–10). Students with multiple disabilities in the US have insufficient access to the AT and related services that they need to develop their maximum skills and participate meaningfully in school (Schaefer & Andzik, 2016). Lack of training and resources is repeatedly found to compromise classroom AT access for students with complex needs (Egilson, 2009; Machalicek et al., 2010; Okolo and Dietrich, 2014; Rogers and Johnson, 2018). Recent literature reflects a variety of positive outcomes for students with multiple disabilities when they do have access to assistive technology (Talber, 2019; Stasolla, et al., 2015; Stasolla, et al., 2019; Desai, 2014; Mumford & Chau, 2016; Lancioni et al., 2014). It could be argued, if more school staff, in particular occupational therapy practitioners (OTPs), had the confidence and competence to routinely support student AT needs across least restrictive education settings, more students with multiple disabilities could be served in these environments. For OTPs to expand their familiarity and knowledge of AT and its application, vehicles to grow assistive technology competencies for current practicing therapists need to be available. Creating a program, such as Switching on Engagement (SOE!), that emphasizes using and applying assistive technologies, would be effective in promoting greater capacity. By focusing on the service delivery process of AT, OTPs will develop clinical reasoning in which integration of assistive technology use is inherent to the overarching student goal of increased participation (Griffiths & Price, 2011). School-based occupational therapy practitioners (OTPs) are an untapped resource to support classroom access through assistive technology service delivery. Participating in SOE! can help develop this resource. In his 2017 Eleanor Clark Slagle lecture, Dr. Roger Smith proclaimed “technology has a role in occupational therapy so fundamental, it must be considered an essential building block of occupation” and thus mandates technology’s daily presence in the future of our profession (Smith, 2017, p. 1). AOTA’s Vision 2025 charges OTPs to practice with intentional inclusivity (AOTA, 2019). SOE!, in aligning with the growth in scope and vision of the occupational therapy profession, seeks to expand the OTP’s capacity to provide AT service delivery to facilitate greater authentic participation by students with multiple disabilities in accessible school settings they justly deserve.

Kommunikationsbranschen anses medföra marknads- eller organisatoriska fördelar till andra organisationer, genom att forma och framföra budskap till målgrupper (Evetts, 2006:521-522).Trots branschens rykte gör orättvisor sig tydliga för personer med en annan etniskt bakgrund än svensk i form av orättvisor i sysselsättningsmöjligheter, anställningsvillkor och lönesättningar (De Los Reyes, 2008:03). Syftet med undersökningen är att utforska vilka upplevelser samt erfarenheter personer med en annan etnisk bakgrund än svensk har av medie- och kommunikationsbranschen. Målet är att få en klarare bild av hur situationen ser ut i dagsläget för examinerade kommunikatörer av annan etnisk tillhörighet när de kommer ut i arbetslivet. Ämnet är relevant att undersöka för att skapa en djupare förståelse av medie- och kommunikationsbranschen från ett mångfaldsperspektiv.Med narrativ utgångspunkt har den här kvalitativa studien utförts med sju respondenter, där alla delar med sig upplevelser och erfarenheter av Medie- och kommunikationsbranschen. Detta hargjorts i form av en intervjuguide med teorierna som utgångspunkt. Respondenterna har representerat privat och offentlig sektor, byråer och kommunikationsavdelningar. I studien framkom det att samtliga blivit utsatt för någon form av orättvisa eller blivit ifrågasatta gällande deras kunskap och kompetens med tanke på deras bakgrund. Diskriminering har framkommit både i sociala sammanhang, på arbetsplatsen samt i rekryteringsprocesser. Det har förekommit i form av strukturell diskriminering, men det har dokumenterats att även en öppen diskriminering har skett. Hur personer med annan etnisk bakgrund än svensk inkluderats/integrerat i branschen framkommer det att vissa respondenter blivit väl mottagna beroende på syfte men oftast uteslutna. Om det finns faktorer som kan underlätta eller driva jämlikhetsfrågan i branschen är samtliga respondenter överens om att de har framfört vikten av att göra branschen mer representativ. Maktstrukturer och inlärd diskriminering har uppenbarats, det har föreslagits ändringar i strukturer och att genom undervisningar ändra inlärda beteenden.

A phenomenological study was undertaken to explore the lived experience of community based farmers using ecological farming practices. These farmers support and are supported by their local communities through marketing their products directly to eaters and use farming practices that mimic and seek to enhance the vitality of natural systems and cycles on their farms. Farmers’ experiences are characterised by hard work for little pay, engaging the fullness of human capacity, living in harmony, spirituality, and a socio-political awareness of food and farms in society. Farmers’ experiences contribute to the development of concepts of doing, being, belonging and becoming, and have implications for concepts of occupational justice and occupational ecology. Further study of other forms of occupation that promote engagement in dialogue with the natural world is encouraged in order to develop these concepts and help to integrate theories of justice, ecology, and occupation.

Magister Scientiae (Occupational Therapy) - MSc(OT) / Occupational justice empowers individuals, especially the previously disadvantaged, to have their basic needs met, as well as turn their potential into reality, through human rights and labour legislation, which provides access to equal opportunities. However, with the amount of different choices, in terms of occupational roles, facing the individual to fill their time with, effective management thereof to preserve one’s health and well-being on a daily basis, is not necessarily guaranteed. Occupational science, and more specifically, occupational therapy education imparts the importance of occupational balance, a concept which denotes a balance between the person, their environment and their occupations, some of which are strenuous and others relaxing. Occupational balance can be achieved by adapting the physical, mental, social and rests occupations.

Sammanfattning Introduktion: Problematisk skolfrånvaro kännetecknas av att eleven inte mår bra och inte har fått rätt stöd och hjälp. Skolfrånvaro skapar stora samhällskostnader och kan få betydande konsekvenser på individnivå. Arbetsterapeuter samverkar med elever och andra aktörer för att skapa förutsättningar för aktivitet och delaktighet i vardags- och samhällsliv. Genomförd skolgång är en skyddsfaktor mot psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa upplevelser och erfarenheter hos elever med erfarenhet av problematisk skolfrånvaro. Metod: En metasyntes av kvalitativ forskning, 15 inkluderade artiklar, genomfördes med guidning av The PRISMA 2020 statement samt Joanna Briggs Institute. Datan analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen genererade ett övergripande tema; Erfarenheter påverkar framtidsvisionen. Tre huvudkategorier; Flera faktorer samverkar över tid, Att förhålla sig till och hantera skolans psykosociala miljö samt Känsla av egenmakt - den egna rösten, belyser erfarenheter av deltagarnas skolgång och skolfrånvaro. Flera orsaker till skolfrånvaro samexisterade på olika nivåer över tid och eleverna utmanades i sökandet efter att passa in och känna trygghet i skolan. Att som elev bli sedd och lyssnad på främjade skolnärvaro. Att involveras i sin skolgång skapade engagemang, motivation, aktivitetsrättvisa och en känsla av empowerment hos eleven. Slutsats: Psykisk ohälsa är en vanlig anledning till att inte ha avslutat sin skolgång samtidigt som avslutad skolgång är en skyddsfaktor mot psykisk ohälsa. Genom relationsbygge, samverkan och elevengagemang kan framgång nås i arbetet att få tillbaka eleven till skolan. Arbetsterapeuter kan med ett empowermentinriktat arbetssätt stödja eleven att nå sina livs- och framtidsmål. Elever beskrev fungerande stöd som livsomvälvande. / Abstract Introduction: Persistent absence from school is a sign that the student is not feeling well and has not received proper support. Absence from school leads to substantial societal costs and brings significant consequences on an individual level. Occupational therapists collaborate with students and others involved to enable activity and participation in everyday and community life. Completed schooling is a crucial protective factor against mental illness. Aim: The purpose of this study was to shed light on lived experiences among students with experience of problematic school absenteeism. Method: A metasynthesis of qualitative research, 15 included articles, guided by The PRISMA 2020 statement and the Joanna Briggs Institute was conducted. The data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis generated an overall theme; Experiences influence future aspirations. Three main categories: Several factors affect school absenteeism over time; Relating to and managing the school's psychosocial environment; and A sense of empowerment - the student´s own voice, highlighting experiences of the participants' schooling and school absence. Several explanatory reasons for school absenteeism coexisted at different levels over time and the students were challenged in their attempts to fit in and feel safe in school. School attendance is promoted by feeling seen and listened to as a student. Being involved in their own schooling created student commitment and motivation, occupational justice and a sense of empowerment. Conclusion: Mental illness is a common reason for failing to complete schooling, while finishing school is a protective factor against mental illness. Relationship building, promoting collaboration and student involvement are successful tools in achieving a return to school. Using an empowerment-oriented approach, occupational therapists can support the student to achieve their future goals in life. Students described effective support as life-changing.

Magister Scientiae (Occupational Therapy) - MSc(OT) / Historically travelling was an option only for the affluent; however, with the turn of the 20th century, travelling shifted to an important form of free-choice learning by means of discovery. Travelogues of able-bodied travellers state that travelling offers them an opportunity for constructing new identities as it broadens their perspectives of self. This caused the researcher to question if the same experiences could be prompted amongst people with disabilities. Various disciplines recognise that travelling is a valuable opportunity for growth, but no literature could be found within Occupational Therapy. This led to the research question explored in this study: what is the shared, lived experience of travelling for people with disabilities? The objectives of this study are to describe and explore the purpose and overall experiences of travelling for people with disabilities, explore how people with disabilities perceive, understand and make sense of their experiences of travelling, and lastly to explore the meaning that travelling has for people with disabilities. The theoretical framework underpinning this study is the Peron-Environment-Occupation Model and the Model of Human Occupation, with specific reference to the philosophy of occupational science. Embedded in a philosophical worldview of social constructivism, a Hermeneutical Phenomenological design was chosen using a qualitative approach. Through purposive sampling, six participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to analyse data subsequent to cross analysis, thereby developing a composite understanding of the meaning of travelling to the participants. The findings present three themes, namely: a Double edged sword which highlights the contradictory effects that travelling can have, followed by People are part of the package, which emphasises the participants’ interpretations of the immense role that society plays in disability, and lastly the most prominent theme Pilgrimage to self-discovery. Additionally, an Integrated Model was developed which integrates two prominent models within Occupational Therapy. Conclusively this study provides insight into how travelling facilitated the participants to develop a new identity.

Background: Finland faced a large inflow of refugees during 2015-2016. That forced the professionals from different fields to reflect on services they produce. Occupational therapy and research among the mental health care of refugees is limited. In order to improve and strengthen services for refugees, we need to listen to their needs. Aim: This study aimed to investigate how adult refugees experience the Finnish mental health services, and what kind of self-perceived well-being elements do adult refugees find as important towards better quality of life. Method: This qualitative grounded theory study consists of six refugee interviews. The data were analysed by qualitative content analysis and the Participatory Occupational Justice Framework was used as a framework for the presentation of the data. Results: The Finnish mental health interventions are mostly available and based on discussion and medication. Information and supporting environment, occupational and social participation, self- direction, and time use are the base of the experienced well-being. The results show that occupational therapy can offer tools for the mental health work among refugees, bring important information of the person´s occupational history, needs, roles, and habits, and it should be taken alongside traditional therapies.

Arbetsterapeuters professionella resonemang om äldre personer i risk för suicid Abstrakt Introduktion: Suicid ökar med stigande ålder och har högst prevalens bland äldre personer. För att minska äldres suicidalitet är det viktigt att identifiera riskfaktorer, samt utveckla effektiva insatser.  Arbetsterapeutens roll beskrivs vara att stödja den äldre personen i att finna hopp om framtiden och att skapa en tillvaro med meningsfulla aktiviteter. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa arbetsterapeuters professionella resonemang om äldre personer i risk för suicid Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie där tio arbetsterapeuter rekryterades genom snöbollsurval och strategiskt urval genomfördes. Arbetsterapeuterna var verksamma inom olika organisationer och träffade regelbundet äldre personer.   Resultat: Resultaten presenteras i tre kategorier: Arbetsterapeutens resonemang om teoretisk kunskap, Arbetsterapeutens resonemang om praktisk erfarenhet samt Resonemang kring organisatoriska förutsättningar. Arbetsterapeuters resonemang om teoretisk kunskap sågs som en grund för att kunna arbeta suicidpreventivt mot äldre personer. Arbetsterapeuterna upplevde att de hade begränsade erfarenheter av att bemöta äldre personer med suicidala tankar, och det fanns begränsat med rutiner kring hur man bemöter dessa personer. Samverkan inom organisationen sågs som en förutsättning för att kunna ge adekvat vård.   Slutsats: Mer kunskap om hur arbetsterapi kan användas i suicidpreventivt arbete behövs, och rutinerna i verksamheterna behöver stärkas. / Occupational therapists’ professional reasoning about older people at risk of suicide. Abstract Introduction: Suicide increases with age and has the highest prevalence among older people. To reduce the suicidality of older people, it is important to identify risk factors, but also to develop effective interventions. The role of the occupational therapist is described as supporting the older person in finding hope for the future and to create an existence with meaningful activities. Aim: The purpose of the study was to shed light on occupational therapists' professional reasoning about older people at risk of suicide. Method: A qualitative interview study where ten occupational therapists were recruited through snowball selection and strategic selection was conducted. The occupational therapists were active in various organizations and regularly met older people. Results:  The results are presented in three categories:  The occupational therapist's reasoning about theoretical knowledge, The occupational therapist’s reasoning about practical experience and Reasoning about organizational conditions. Occupational therapists' reasoning about theoretical knowledge was seen as a basis for being able to work suicide prevention against older people. The occupational therapists felt that they had limited experience of dealing with older people with suicidal thoughts, and there were limited routines for how to respond to these people. Collaboration with other professions and activities was seen as a prerequisite for being able to provide adequate care. Conclusions: More knowledge about how occupational therapy can be used in suicide prevention is needed, and the routines in the activities need to be strengthened.

Introduction: Children experience responses and expectations from those around them concerning their gender in relation to what is and what is not acceptable in their play choices. Stereotypically gendered play opportunities may create boundaries in children’s play choices and lead to gender-related occupational injustices. There is a limited amount of studies regarding occupational therapists’ perception of gender and how it impacts the practice of play in occupational therapy. Aim: To explore how occupational therapists perceive gender when encountering children in play interventions. Method: A qualitative study was conducted consisting of ten semi-structured interviews. A content analysis was performed by Giorgi`s method of analysis with a deductive approach. Results: Two main categories gender awareness and equal play were obtained from six concepts: client-centered and occupation focused encountering’s, gender role stereotypes in play, the influence of gender in play, play interventions and roles, environment and toys, and occupational therapy offering opportunities to feel accepted and to learn new things.  Conclusions: The six concepts found can be related to the occupational outcomes of justice. Significance: The study findings could provide avenues to explore how gender-related occupational injustices can be prevented and how an awareness of gender can contribute to equal play opportunities.