The purpose of this paper is to work out criteria for selection of Russian conjunctions for the Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionary Mini+ and to suggest a list of conjunctions to be included in it. The present study aims at collecting information, classifying it and examining Russian conjunctions in present-day Russian. The study also systemizes gathered material according to its diachronic features and makes corpus-based co-occurrence analysis, using Russian National Corpus (RNC) and Google Scholar. The paper presents a list of conjunctions to be included into the Russian part of the lexicon, based primarily on their grammatical and stylistic criteria as well as the results of the corpus-based frequency analysis. The choice takes into consideration limitations in size of the given dictionary. Out of a total 272 conjunctions, 55 were chosen for the Russian Swedish Mini+ dictionary. The major group (35) is simple conjunctions that frequently occur in corpus-based search and that are necessary to build basic grammar structures as well as other compound conjunctions, ex. а, даже, едва, если, чтобы, хотя. The second group (13) is compound conjunctions that are important for building most frequent subordinate clauses. The third group (7) is compound conjunctions that frequently occur in corpora.

Le système conceptuel humain est connu pour contenir deux types de concepts principaux: concrets et abstraits. Les concepts abstraits tels que l'opinion ou la détermination expriment les relations séquentielles entre les entités, ainsi que les états mentaux et introspectifs qui caractérisent la conscience humaine. Les recherches antérieures se sont très peu intéressées à la manière dont les concepts abstraits sont représentés tant sur le plan cognitif que conceptuel. Dans la littérature, la représentation, récupération et traitement des concepts abstraits dans le système conceptuel sont principalement attribués au phénomène connu sous le nom de l’effet de concrétude (avantage pour les mots concrets relativement aux mots abstraits par rapport aux processus cognitifs). Les théories actuelles de la cognition incarnée telles que la Théorie des Symboles Perceptifs proposent que les expériences réelles et les informations situationnelles pourraient jouer un rôle clé dans la façon dont les gens simulent, comprennent et utilisent les concepts abstraits. Le but principal de la présente thèse était d’explorer la structure conceptuelle, l'organisation et la représentation des concepts abstraits dans le système cognitif. Pour ce faire, quatre séries d'études expérimentales utilisant des tâches de catégorisation et de jugement de similarité ont été réalisées. Le premier objectif était de déterminer l’effet des informations situationnelles sur la réorganisation des concepts abstraits. Le deuxième objectif était de déterminer si une organisation taxonomique ou thématique pourrait être à la base de la représentation conceptuelle des concepts abstraits. Les résultats suggèrent que la réorganisation thématique et les informations situationnelles jouent un rôle central dans le traitement et la réorganisation conceptuels des concepts abstraits. / The human conceptual system is known to contain two main types of concepts: concrete and abstract. Abstract concepts such as opinion or determination express the sequences of relations between different entities. They also manifest the internal and introspective states of existence that characterize the human consciousness. The semantic representation and organization of abstract concepts has received very little attention in the cognitive psychology literature over the past decades, whereas the vast majority of studies have been dedicated to concrete concepts. Previous research on abstract concepts has explained how they are conceptually represented by focusing on their differences from concrete concepts i.e., the concreteness effect. Current theories of grounded cognition such as the Perceptual Symbol Systems Theory propose that situational knowledge and experiences could play a key role in how people simulate, understand and use abstract concepts.Our aim was to assess the principles that underlie the conceptual structure, organization and representation of abstract concepts within the cognitive system. Four series of behavioural experiments using categorization and similarity judgment tasks were designed to investigate the role of situational information and thematic organization in the processing of abstract concepts. The results indicated that the co-occurrences and the experiencing of unrelated abstract concepts in relevant situations significantly influenced the emergence of novel thematic reorganizations between the concepts compared to baseline. Thus, suggesting the central role that thematic reorganization and situational information play in the conceptual representation of abstract concepts.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rice is one of the cereals more cultivated in the world, however its production can be limited by several plant pathogenics agents, among them the rootknot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). The present work was accomplished in three stages. In the first, twenty and one populations of root-knot nematode of eight districts of the central area of Rio Grande do Sul State, were biochemical characterized through the isoenzyme esterase and morphological characterized through the microscopic observations of nematode females perineal patterns. In the second stage of the work, they were appraised the penetration and the development of M. graminicola in the roots of the irrigated rice (BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, IRGA 422CL, BRS 7 "Taim", BRS Atalanta, BRS Fronteira, BRS Firmeza, BRS Pelota and BRS Querência) cultivars recommended for the South of Brazil, as well as the reaction of these materials to the nematode. In the third stage of the work the effect of ten essential oils of bioactives plants were evaluated in the control of M. graminicola "in vitro", as well as the efficiency essential oils in the control of the irrigated rice plant nematode. The isoenzymatic characterization of root-knot nematode in the area studied revealed the presence of the phenotype esterase VS1 (Rm 0,70), typical of M. graminicola. Among the cultivars tested, most were independently susceptible of the irrigation regime. The cultivar IRGA 422CL was what provided a smalest penetration of nematodes for the evaluated conditions behaving as moderately resistant under condition of saturation of soil. The oregano, eucalyptus and mint oils presented the highest nematostatic effect "in vitro ", while the alfazema, cidrão and alecrim oils presented highest effect nematicida "in vitro" also reducing the multiplication of nematode "in vivo", demonstrating its potential in the control of M. graminicola. / O arroz é um dos cereais mais cultivados no mundo, entretanto sua produção pode ser limitada por vários agentes fitopatogênicos, dentre eles o nematóide das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.). O presente trabalho foi realizado em três etapas. Na primeira, vinte e uma populações do nematóide das galhas provenientes de oito municípios da região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram caracterizadas bioquimicamente através da isoenzima esterase e morfologicamente através de observações microscópicas de configurações perineais das fêmeas do nematóide. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, foram avaliados a penetração e os estádios de desenvolvimento de M. graminicola nas raízes dos cultivares de arroz irrigado (BRIRGA-410, IRGA-417, IRGA-420, IRGA-422CL, BRS 7- Taim , BRS Atalanta, BRS Fronteira, BRS Firmeza, BRS Pelota e BRS Querência) recomendados para o Sul do Brasil, bem como a reação destes materiais ao nematóide. Na terceira etapa do trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de dez óleos essenciais de plantas bioativas no controle de M. graminicola in vitro , bem como a eficiência dos óleos ssenciais no controle do nematóide em plantas de arroz irrigado. A caracterização isoenzimática do nematóide das galhas na região de estudo revelou apenas a presença do fenótipo esterástico VS1 (Rm 0,70), típico de M. graminicola. Dentre os cultivares testados, a maioria foi suscetível independentemente do regime de irrigação. Apenas o cultivar IRGA-422CL foi o que proporcionou uma menor penetração dos nematóides para as condições avaliadas, comportando-se como moderadamente resistente sob condição de saturação do solo. Os óleos de orégano, eucalipto e hortelã foram os que apresentaram o maior efeito nematostático sobre os ovos de M. graminicola in vitro , enquanto que os óleos de alfazema, cidrão e alecrim além de terem apresentado maior efeito nematicida in vitro , também reduziram a multiplicação do nematóide in vivo , demonstrando seu potencial no controle do nematóide.

The assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of juvenile reef fishes in the offshore pelagic habitat of the northern Gulf of Mexico are described as part of the NOAA-supported Offshore Nekton Sampling and Analysis Program. The results presented here are from a 3-month, continuous sampling series in 2011 in which discrete depth strata from 0 to 1500 m were sampled using a 10-m2 MOCNESS midwater trawl. This is the first study to examine pelagic juvenile reef fish distributions across the entire oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico seaward of the continental shelf break after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. During this series, 87,407 specimens were collected, of which 838 were reef fishes, representing seven orders, 30 families and 119 species. The faunal composition of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was diverse and well mixed, with no discernable spatial structure with respect to water masses and solar cycle. Seventy-nine percent of the pelagic juvenile reef fishes were collected in the epipelagic and the dominant families were Congridae, Carangidae, Tetraodontidae, and Acanthuridae. Species richness, biomass, and frequency of occurrence of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was greatest between 0-200 m and decreased with depth. Data from the assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of pelagic juvenile reef fishes collected from this cruise series will contribute to the lack of knowledge regarding the dispersal dynamics and coastal-connectivity of these fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the accent realizations of the initial consonant in wh- words in Welsh English. The theoretical background of this study deals with the development of Welsh language and its interactions with the British standard variety. Together with the previously mentioned the phonological inventories of Welsh, RP, and Welsh English are described in the first part. We further analyzed the development of the <hw> element in the British Isles in general. The research part of this study is concerned with the analysis of the data from 20 speakers of Welsh English. Three speech styles were used for the final analysis: spontaneous speech (informal style), isolated words (formal style) and reading of Cinderella (formal style). Signal-to-noise ratio and voicing of the <hw> segments were measured in order to discover the occurrence and the nature of the <hw> element. The lowest levels of harmonicity were measured in segments that were obtained from the formal reading style. The highest levels were measures in the spontaneous speech tokens. Younger speakers showed higher levels of harmonicity than older speakers. The results of the male and the female participants were different in each type. In the spontaneous speech style the male speakers tended to have lower levels of...

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MOLDAVITES IN THE CENTRAL EUROPE ABSTRACT: In the presented paper, geomorphological aspects of the occurrence od moldavites are evaluated. The origin od moldavites in the Miocene and position of their main finding places in Czechia is described. For studies and documentation of morphology of the surface of moldavites was used the collection of the Faculty od Science at Charles University. Special attention during field geomorphic servey of finding places of moldavites was attend to the localities between settlements Ločenice, Nesměň and Chlum nad Malší. Main features od the natural environment were identified as well as recent changes of landforms caused by prohibited and legal extraction of moldavites. All notable finding places of moldavites in the southern Bohemia are affected by these anthropogenic changes of the landscape. It is discussed that absence of moldavites in some denuded areas of the region where they are occurring can indicate a range of rocks exhumation since the upper Miocene. On the contrary, it is suggested thah morphostratigraphical significance od sporadic findings of moldavites many kilometres from primary localities is limited by a low resistance of the shape and volume of moldavites in relation to fluvial transport. However, very...

Cette Thèse présente une méthodologie pour la conception optimale multidisciplinaire des générateurs synchrones à aimants permanents appliqués à l'énergie éolienne. Telle méthodologie prend en compte les comportements électriques, géométriques, thermiques, électroniques, mécaniques et économiques de l'éolienne. La courbe d'occurrence du vent, modélisée par une fonction de densité statistique, est également prise en compte par la méthodologie de conception proposée. Considérer cette courbe dans la conception optimale permet de calculer la quantité d'énergie produite par l'éolienne, qui fonctionne sous vitesse et puissance variables par l'influence de la vitesse du vent. La proposition d'utiliser l'optimisation dans la conception est d'améliorer la compétitivité de l'énergie éolienne en concevant un générateur avec une bonne relation entre son coût et sa capacité de produire de l'énergie. Plusieurs études portent sur la conception optimale des machines électriques liées à l'énergie éolienne, mais peu ont présenté une méthode permettant d'estimer la production d'énergie éolienne, ce qui est obligatoire pour obtenir un générateur rentable. De plus, les aspects multidisciplinaires approfondis du générateur électrique ont été considérés par la méthode proposée plus en détail que d'autres études trouvées dans la littérature. Prendre en compte tous ces aspects entraîne un grand problème d'optimisation qui compte environ 2000 variables, dont environ 250 ont des contraintes imposées. Un algorithme d'optimisation déterministe a été choisi pour traiter ce problème. Un tel algorithme est capable de trouver la solution en quelques itérations et un court laps de temps grâce au calcul de la matrice jacobienne, contenant les gradients exacts du modèle (utilisé pour décrire le comportement de l'éolienne). Les résultats présentés explorent le potentiel méthodologique proposé. La première conception optimale réalisée minimise le coût du matériau actif du générateur, ce qui présente une réduction significative des coûts par rapport à un générateur non optimal. Ensuite, la contradiction entre le coût du générateur et son efficacité est analysée et l'importance d'inclure la production d'énergie éolienne dans la conception du générateur devient évidente. En utilisant l'énergie éolienne estimée générée par l'éolienne, le générateur avec un bénéfice net maximal (égal au produit de l'énergie éolienne moins le coût du générateur) a été obtenu. Ce générateur a un bon rapport entre son coût et sa capacité de produire de l'énergie. Ensuite, des analyses de sensibilité ont été effectuées pour vérifier comment le prix de l'électricité et la vitesse moyenne annuelle du vent influencent la conception. Enfin, deux éoliennes de différents diamètres et différents vitesses nominales du vent ont été utilisées, compte tenu de trois profils de vent distincts. Ces résultats fournissent les générateurs plus adaptés à chaque éolienne appliquée à chaque profil de vent, montrant que la méthodologie de conception proposée a la capacité de faciliter le choix de l'éolienne adéquate à chaque parc éolien. / This Ph.D. dissertation presents a multidisciplinary optimum design methodology to permanent magnet synchronous generators applied to wind power. Such a methodology considers the electrical, the geometrical, the thermal, the electronic, the mechanical and the economical behaviors of the wind turbine. The wind occurrence curve, modelled by a statistical density function, is also take into account by the proposed design methodology. Considering this curve in the optimal design allows to calculate the amount of energy produced by the wind turbine, which operates under variable speed and power by the influence of the actual wind speed. The proposal of using the optimization in the design is to enhances the competitiveness of wind power by designing a generator with a good relation between its cost and its capacity to generate energy. Several studies are addressed to electrical machines optimum design related to wind power, however, few have presented a method able to estimate the wind turbine energy generation, which is mandatory to obtain a cost-effective generator. Further, the electric generator in-depth multidisciplinary aspects have been considered by the proposed method in more detail than other studies found in literature. Take into consideration all these aspects results in a large optimization problem that has approximately 2000 variables, among which approximately 250 have constraints imposed on. A deterministic optimization algorithm has been chosen to deal with this problem. Such an algorithm is capable of finding the solution within few iterations and a short time thanks to the computation of the Jacobean matrix, containing the exact gradients of the model (used to describe the wind turbine behavior) outputs. The presented results explore the proposed methodology potential. The first optimal design performed minimizes the generator active material cost, presenting a significant cost reduction compared to a non-optimal generator. Next, the contradiction between the generator cost and its efficiency is analyzed and the importance of including the wind turbine energy generation into the generator design becomes evident. Using the estimated wind turbine generated energy, the generator with maximum net earnings (equal to the wind turbine energy proceeds less the generator cost) has been obtained. This generator has a good ratio between its cost and capability to generate energy. Then, sensibility analysis have been carried out to verify how the electricity price and the annual mean wind speed influence the design. Finally, two wind turbines with different diameters and rated wind speeds have been employed, considering three distinct wind profiles. These results provide the generators more suited to each wind turbine applied to each wind profile, showing that the proposed design methodology has the ability to helps choosing the wind turbine adequate to each wind farm.

A contaminação do amendoim com aflatoxinas é objeto de estudo de vários trabalhos de pesquisa. Entretanto, não consta em trabalhos publicados no país, o estudo da distribuição da contaminação com aflatoxinas entre embalagens de produtos processados que apresentam grãos inteiros e grãos triturados, assim como a estimativa da ingestão de aflatoxinas oriundas do consumo de produtos de amendoim. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a ocorrência e a distribuição da contaminação com aflatoxinas entre embalagens de produtos de amendoim comercializados em estabelecimentos da cidade de Piracicaba – SP, além de caracterizar as amostras quanto a dados qualitativos e quantitativos e condições do ambiente no local da amostragem, assim como estimar a ingestão de aflatoxinas através de produtos de amendoim. A análise qualitativa visual das embalagens não constata esta como fonte de favorecimento da contaminação por aflatoxinas. Quantitativamente, a análise das faixas dos pesos líquidos dos produtos corresponderam aos pesos declarados nas embalagens dos produtos. A atividade de água, mostraram valores normalmente não altos o suficiente para permitirem crescimento fúngico e somente em alguns produtos específicos, os valores poderiam proporcionar o crescimento fúngico. Quanto aos parâmetros temperatura e umidade relativa, observou-se que a temperatura em vários locais amostrados poderia favorecer o crescimento fúngico, enquanto que a umidade relativa não demonstrou valores favoráveis. Os dados de contaminação com aflatoxina mostraram que os produtos comercializados, em alguns casos, ainda apresentam contaminação acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira e que estabelecimentos de diferentes portes apresentaram mesma freqüência e nível de contaminação. O estudo da distribuição da contaminação mostrou que pode ocorrer uma distribuição bastante diferente entre embalagens do mesmo lote, também no produto processado a partir de amendoim triturado, e a detecção da contaminação com aflatoxinas nesses produtos, mostra ser de mais fácil detecção, do que em produtos processados que utilizam amendoim inteiro ou parcialmente inteiro. A avaliação do consumo de produtos de amendoim mostrou níveis de consumo diferentes dos obtidos através de dados de literatura, ressaltando a importância de se trabalhar com dados realísticos de consumo para estimar a ingestão diária provável de aflatoxina AFB1. A estimativa da ingestão diária provável (IDP) de aflatoxina AFB1, mostrou ser inferior a ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) proposta na literatura, ressaltando que as (IDP) relatadas neste estudo foram somente devido ao consumo de produtos de amendoim e não em relação a dieta completa da população. / The peanut contamination with aflatoxins has already been objective of several researches. However there is no published article dealing with the aflatoxin contamination distribution among packages of processed peanut products, containing hole or smashed grains of peanut, neither with the estimate of ingestion of aflatoxins related to peanut products. The objective of this research study was to investigate the occurrence and the widespread-distribution of contamination with aflatoxins in packages of processed peanut products available on the market in Piracicaba city – state of São Paulo and to characterize the samples in terms of: the aspect of the package by visual inspection, the actual weight in comparison to the weight printed on the labels, the water activity of the peanut products and the ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity) in the sampled stores, as well as to estimate the ingestion of aflatoxin AFB1 through peanut products. In general, based on the visual inspection of the aspect of the peanut products sampled in this study, the packages were not considered a potential source of contamination with aflatoxins. Also, the check of the actual net weight of the products in comparison to the declared weight on the product labels didn’ t show harmfull weight variations to the consumers. The analytical results for water activity showed that in general the values of aw of the products were not high enough to allow the fungic growth-development and the values of water activity could allow the fungic growth. With respect to the temperature and relative humidity it was observed that the temperature of many stores could favor the fungic growth while that relative humidity wasn‘t show values favorable to the fungic growth. The results of contamination with aflatoxins showed that there were some cases which showed contamination with aflatoxin above accepted levels by the Brazilian legislation and that establishment of different size showed one same frequency and level of contamination by aflatoxin. The research of the distribuition of contamination showed that can occur on distribuition enough different among packages of the same lot, also in processed product from peanut products that presented grains crushed, and detection of contamination with aflatoxin in these products, showed to be the more easy detection that in processed products that used grains not crushed or entire grains. The evaluation the consumption the peanut products showed levels differents the levels obtained across the literature datas, to stand up an importance the if to work with real datas of consumption for estimated the probable diary ingestion the aflatoxin AFB1. The estimated of probable diary ingestion (IDP) the aflatoxin AFB1, showed be lower than acceptable diary ingestion (IDA) to proposal by literature, to stand up that as (IDP) reported in this reasearch were only due the consumption the peanut products and not in the statement the completed diet of population.

The diploma thesis focuses on the issue of the system of collection and evaluation of operational events at the DOA organization. It specifies the basic legislative requirements and regulations in the field of reporting incidents of an aircraft technical. For the analysis of the given topic, Czech companies were contacted, which could share their own experience in the framework of security management using a proactive method. Based on the summary of findings, the system of event collection and processing was designed. The system could be used by organizations dealing with the design of aircraft category ELA2

Thanks to their adaptability and high efficiency compared to traditional carbon based surfactants, silicone surfactants are a success in many different applications, from pesticides to cosmetics, polyurethane foam, textile and car care products. In spite of those numerous applications, no analytical method existed for their trace determination in environmental samples and no data have been available regarding their environmental occurrence and fate. An analytical method for the trace analysis of trisiloxane surfactants in the aqueous environment was developed and validated. The method, based on liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC-MS/MS, reaches limits of quantification in the ng L-1 range and allows an individual quantification of every homologue of the targeted trisiloxane surfactant. The newly developed analytical method was applied to analyze 40 river water samples. The targeted trisiloxane surfactant was detected in 14 samples, between 1 ng L-1 and 100 ng L-1. The results showed that the studied trisiloxane surfactant does not ubiquitously occur in the aquatic environment in measurable concentrations, but can reach surface waters on a local scale. In order to assess the persistence of the trisiloxane surfactant in surface waters, its hydrolysis was studied in the lab, under various conditions (temperature, pH, and concentration). The half-lifes at pH 7 and 2 mg L-1 were found to be between 29 days and 55 days at 25°C and between 151 days and 289 days at 12°C. Taking only into account the hydrolysis, these results indicate that the trisiloxane surfactant could persist several weeks in surface waters. A degradation product of the trisiloxane surfactant was tentatively identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. When used as agricultural adjuvants, trisiloxane surfactants may reach the soil compartment and might further leach to ground water. The behavior of the trisiloxane surfactant on soil was therefore investigated to assess the possibility to reach ground water. With a sorption batch equilibrium method, distribution coefficients between water and soil (Kd, Koc, and Kclay) were estimated for two standard soils (loam and sandy loam) and for every homologue of the trisiloxane surfactant. The obtained values for Kd were between 15 L kg-1 and 135 L kg-1, indicating that the trisiloxane surfactant is only slightly mobile in soil. To further investigate the possibility of leaching to ground water after application on agricultural fields, the leaching in soil was simulated in the lab in a soil column. The experimental settings were designed to simulate a worst case scenario where the application of the trisiloxane surfactant is done on quartz sand and is immediately followed by a heavy rainfall. Even in these conditions, less than 0.01 % of the initially applied trisiloxane surfactant leached through 20 cm of quartz sand. Based on the Kd values and the results of the leaching in soil column, the studied trisiloxane surfactant is considered to be unlikely to leach to ground water after application as an agricultural adjuvant.