Bakgrund och problem - Globaliseringen ökar företagens behov av att nå konkurrensfördelar. Detta gör att företagen måste vidta åtgärder för att effektivisera sig. Ekonomioutsourcing är ett alternativ för företagen att öka sitt fokus på kärnverksamheten, nå spetskompetens och kostnadsreducering vilket kan leda till bättre konkurrensfördelar. Genom att studera ekonomioutsourcingens framtid kan användare och leverantörer anpassa sina investeringar och resurser. För att få kunskap om framtiden för ekonomioutsourcing bör framtidsförväntningar från användare och leverantörer samt historisk statistik och drivkrafter studeras.   Syfte - Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva drivkrafterna och förväntningarna av ekonomioutsourcing på den svenska marknaden. Detta för att genomföra en jämförande analys samt identifiera mönster för att slutligen skapa en bild av framtiden för ekonomioutsourcing och dess följder.   Genomförande av studien - Studien har en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Datainsamling har främst skett genom intervjuer av användare och leverantörer av ekonomioutsourcing men även insamling av historisk statistik och drivkrafter.     Outsourcingens framtid - Resultatet vår studie pekar på är en ny drivkraft bakom ekonomioutsourcing. De framtida förväntningarna är att ekonomioutsourcing kommer öka men att det eventuellt byter skepnad på grund av automatisering. De förväntade följderna av en ökad ekonomioutsourcing leder till hårdare konkurrens vilket gör det mer attraktivt för uppköp av internationella företag.

This dissertation consists of three essays in Macroeconomics. The first essay assesses the impact of offshoring on aggregate productivity and on labour market outcomes by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model in which workers acquire task-specific human capital. The dynamic nature of the model allows for differentiation between short and long run effects. While the welfare effects are unambiguously positive and independent of the skill-content of the offshored and inshored tasks, the distribution of the gains from trade critically depends on the time horizon. Workers with human capital specific to the inshored tasks gain over those performing offshored tasks in the short term. In the long run, the gains from trade are equally distributed among ex-ante identical agents. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy; welfare gains from increased offshoring are found to be substantial even after taking into account losses in specific human capital for workers in the offshored occupations along the transition path. The second essay integrates the insight that exporting firms are typically more productive and employ higher skilled workers into a directed search model of the labour market. The model generates a skill premium as well as residual wage inequality among identical workers. Trade liberalization will cause a reallocation of workers both within and across industries, which will affect both types of inequality in a way that is consistent with findings from the empirical literature on trade and inequality. A calibrated version of the model can account for much of the effect of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labour market. The final essay incorporates a distortionary tax into the microfoundations of money framework and revisits the optimum quantity of money. An optimal policy may consist of both a positive tax rate and a positive nominal interest rate: if the buyer's surplus share is inefficiently small, the intensive margin is distorted and the constrained optimal policy combines a sales tax with a money growth rate above that prescribed by the Friedman rule. Monetary, but not fiscal, policy alters the agent's bargaining position, leaving a special role for a deviation from the Friedman rule.

Offshoring har länge varit en del av den internationella handeln. När offshoring, främst tillIndien och Kina, inom tjänstesektorn växte uppkom problem som var relaterade till avståndetmellan den flyttade verksamheten och företagets hemland. Nearshoring som fenomen växtefram som en lösning på dessa problem. Genom att förlägga verksamheten utomlands mennärmare än de traditionella offshoring-länderna så kunde företag minska problemenassocierade med avståndet men fortfarande dra nytta av en lägre lönekostnad. Teoretiskt ärdet som påverkar företag att välja nearshoring över offshoring relaterat till närheten men fåempiriska undersökningar har försökt att visa att så är fallet. För att kunna visa att närhetspelar roll vid valet av land dit verksamhet ska flyttas så är det viktigt att försöka definieravad närhet innebär. Detta görs dels genom att relatera till problemen med offshoring, delsgenom att sammanställa vad som i tidigare forskning ansetts vara egenskaperna hos ettnärliggande land. Denna undersökning utmynnade i ett antal olika faktorer som har mednärhet att göra. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med beslutsfattare inom fyra nordiska företaghar vi undersökt hur stor vikt dessa faktorer har och dess påverkan på företagens beslut attvälja nearshoring av finans- och ekonomitjänster till Östeuropa. Resultatet av vårundersökning blev att närhet har betydelse för valet av land men att lönekostnad och tillgångpå kompetent personal var än viktigare för beslutet.

This dissertation consists of three essays in Macroeconomics. The first essay assesses the impact of offshoring on aggregate productivity and on labour market outcomes by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model in which workers acquire task-specific human capital. The dynamic nature of the model allows for differentiation between short and long run effects. While the welfare effects are unambiguously positive and independent of the skill-content of the offshored and inshored tasks, the distribution of the gains from trade critically depends on the time horizon. Workers with human capital specific to the inshored tasks gain over those performing offshored tasks in the short term. In the long run, the gains from trade are equally distributed among ex-ante identical agents. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy; welfare gains from increased offshoring are found to be substantial even after taking into account losses in specific human capital for workers in the offshored occupations along the transition path. The second essay integrates the insight that exporting firms are typically more productive and employ higher skilled workers into a directed search model of the labour market. The model generates a skill premium as well as residual wage inequality among identical workers. Trade liberalization will cause a reallocation of workers both within and across industries, which will affect both types of inequality in a way that is consistent with findings from the empirical literature on trade and inequality. A calibrated version of the model can account for much of the effect of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labour market. The final essay incorporates a distortionary tax into the microfoundations of money framework and revisits the optimum quantity of money. An optimal policy may consist of both a positive tax rate and a positive nominal interest rate: if the buyer's surplus share is inefficiently small, the intensive margin is distorted and the constrained optimal policy combines a sales tax with a money growth rate above that prescribed by the Friedman rule. Monetary, but not fiscal, policy alters the agent's bargaining position, leaving a special role for a deviation from the Friedman rule.

The International fragmentation of production processes is of rising importance. One part of this fragmentation involves the relocation of a production process from a home- to a new host country. This literature survey deals with the effects of such relocations on the home country. First of all, we try to conceptualize the terms and definitions most frequently used in this context which are "outsourcing", "offshore outsourcing" and "offshoring". Despite the fact that there is little textual documentation dealing directly with the phenomena of offshoring and offshore outsourcing we try to give an overview of possible empirical literature to which one can regard to. Including FDI literature we try to cover empirical literature which can provide helpful insight on the effects of a relocation to foreign countries on the home country in connection with wages, skill upgrading, prices, profits, taxes and unions. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

No description available.

Abstract   Aim: The aim of this study is to explore offshoring in terms of different motives, challenges, advantages and disadvantages a company face.   Method: Qualitative research method is adopted to conduct the study. The data was collected from interview questions from 11 personnel of M&F Associates with relative offshoring experience. Theories from peer-reviewed journal articles and relevant books were consulted throughout the study.   Results and Conclusion: The findings suggest that major motives and advantages of offshoring strategy are cost efficiency. Contingency plan and development of consultants and services in home country also emerged as a major motive for companies to choose offshoring strategy. Further, the findings suggest challenges faced by the organization while implementing offshoring strategy like ‘language barrier’, ‘cultural differences’, ‘competency’ and setting deadlines. There are different challenges identified which are faced by an organization on continuous bases while implementing the offshoring strategy like ‘language barrier’, ‘cultural differences’, ‘competency’ and setting deadlines. Further, the finding suggests better margin is key for an organization and considered as a major advantage. As far as disadvantages go, the findings from the study reveal weak control and knowledge could be regarded as a disadvantage.   This study also concludes that one of the evolving motives for organizations to adopt offshoring to make capacity for customer relations as well as organization face difficulty to communicate their offshoring strategy with its customers.   Limitations: The study is based on the perspective of only one organization and with a limited number of interviews. Results of this study cannot be generalised.   Suggestions for further research: Our recommendation for future study is to consider customer’s perspective on the issue. Both managerial perspective, as well as the customer's perspective should be taken into  consideration for better result. Another suggestion, is to look into the relationship between offshoring and customer relation. Since, lack of studies been found in this area, further research can be explored for the benefit of organizations. A quantitative study with a wider selection of samples gathered from different parts of the world with specific industries could enrich the study even more.   The contribution of the study: This study contributes to the general knowledge and understanding of why companies use offshoring strategy to expand business while discussing its motives, challenges, advantages, and disadvantages. Keywords:  Offshoring, outsourcing, Uppsala model, customer relations.

Dagens allt mer globaliserade värld kräver enkla medel som genererar ekonomisk lönsamhet. Den ökade globaliseringen med de nuvarande kommunikationsmöjligheterna främjar verksamheter till att förflytta produktionen till andra destinationer, för att uppnå konkurrensnivå och erhålla billigare driftkostnader. Offshore outsourcing innebär förflyttning av produktion till från intern provision till en extern enhet som är specialiserad inom styrande och utförande av denna aktivitet. Verksamheter som instiftar offshore outsourcing överlämnar icke- och kärnprocesser till externa parter, som utför samma arbete som den interna verksamheten men för en lägre kostnad. I litteraturen framkommer det att offshore outsourcing genererar minskade kostnader, ökad flexibilitet, ett ökat utnyttjande av teknologi samt tillgången till expertis. Offshoring innebär förflyttningar av affärsfunktioner över nationsgränserna vilket gör att de kan erhålla reduceringar av kostnader, strategiska resurser och behåller marknadsandelar gentemot konkurrenterna. De drivkrafter som finns till varför organisationer förflyttar sin produktion är på grund av det transanktionskostnadsekonomiska perspektivet som de flesta verksamheter innehar. Transanktionskostnadsperspektiv är ett synsätt som definierar alla aspekter vid införandet av offshore outsourcing och offshoring Syftet är att undersöka motiv till förflyttande av kärn-och icke kärnprocesser och undersöka de negativa effekter som medföljer en sådan organisationsförändring. Undersökningen ska besvara hur motiven och effekterna för offshore outsourcing skiljer sig från offshoring. I ett frågeformulär som har skapats utifrån litteratur gällande offshore outsourcing och offshoring, har två olika verksamheter intervjuats om deras erfarenheter om respektive koncept. Utifrån intervjuerna har det framkommit att det finns likheter och skillnader gentemot litteraturen. Verksamheterna har dock en gemensam faktor till införande av offshore outsourcing och offshoring vilket är kostnadsmotiv. Beslutet bakom om en organisation ska genomföra offshore outsourcing eller offshoring cirkulerar kring ett flertal aspekter som beror på organisationsstruktur och förhållanden. Denna studie ska hjälpa framtida företag och privatpersoner att få en djupare inblick kring de båda begreppen för att förhoppningsvis påverka deras val vid införande av rationella organisationsförändringar. Studien ska dessutom hjälpa nuvarande och framtida studenter som vill fördjupa sig och få en bredare bild kring ämnet. / Today's increasingly globalized world requires simple means to generate economic profitability. The increasing globalization of the current communication possibilities promotes the move of production and activities to other destinations, to achieve a higher level of competition and obtain cheaper operating costs. Offshore outsourcing involves moving production from the internal commission to an external unit specialized in directing and conducting this activity. Activities instituting offshore outsourcing submit core and non-core processes to external parties, who perform the same work as the internal organization but for a lower cost. In the literature, it appears that offshore outsourcing generates lower costs, increased flexibility, increased use of technology and access to expertise. Offshoring involves the movement of business functions across national borders, which means that they can achieve reductions in costs, strategic resources and retain market share against competitors.                                         The driving forces to why organizations move their production is due to the Transaction Cost Perspective that most companies holds. The Transaction Cost Perspective is an approach that defines all aspects of the introduction of offshore outsourcing and offshoring. The aim is to investigate the reasons for the moving the core and non-core processes and analyzing the harmful effects that come with such an organizational change. The study will answer how the motives and effects of offshore outsourcing differ from the motives and effects of offshoring. In a questionnaire that has been created based on the theory of offshore outsourcing and offshoring two different businesses were interviewed about their experiences of each concept. Based on the interviews, it has emerged that there are similarities and differences from the literature. The operations, however, has a common factor in the adoption of offshore outsourcing and offshoring, which are cost advantages. The decision behind why an organization to implement offshore outsourcing or offshoring circulates around a number of aspects, depending on their organizational structure and relations. This study should help future businesses and individuals to get a deeper insight on the two concepts to hopefully influence their choices at the introduction of rational organizational changes.

Tématem mé práce je offshoring v sektoru služeb ve Spojených státech amerických. Offshoring je proces, při kterém jsou rozděleny jednolivé části produkce a některé z nich jsou pak přesunuty do zahraničí. Většinou je motivací k offshoringu snižování nákladů. Offshoring může být spojen s outsourcingem, tj. zajištěním služby nebo výrobku externím dodavatelem. Ve své práci prezentuji teoretické přístupy k offshoringu a outsourcingu a platnost jejich závěrů zkoumám na datech ze sektoru služeb Spojených států amerických. Zaměřila jsem se na služby z kategorie informačních a komunikačních technologií, administrativních služeb poskytovaných firmám a výzkumu a vývoje. Analyzuji zejména data o produkci, produktivitě, zaměstnanosti a mezinárodním obchodě. Poslední část mé práce je analýzou americké vládní politiky zaměřené na negativní dopady offshoringu v sektoru zpracovatelského průmyslu. Zkoumám, je-li účelné takovou politiku zavádět také pro sektor služeb.

The diploma thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part deals with the relocation of business activities and processes and its impact on logistics and supply chain. The second part is dedicated to the determinants of the choice of suitable locations for offshoring and a multi-criteria analysis from the theoretical point of view. In the last part the North African region is characterized and multi-criteria analysis of the countries of the region based on selected criteria is carried out. In this analysis there are for comparison also included selected competing countries.