O aquecimento ôhmico consiste na passagem de corrente elétrica alternada através de um alimento, transformando energia elétrica em energia térmica, promovendo, assim, um aumento de temperatura em seu interior. A habilidade desse método de gerar calor internamente no alimento permite que o aumento de temperatura seja rápido e uniforme. Essa habilidade resulta em um produto de maior qualidade, tornando a tecnologia de aquecimento ôhmico uma alternativa aos processos convencionais. O mirtilo é rico em compostos fenólicos, dentre esses estão as antocianinas. As antocianinas são compostos fenólicos com alto potencial antioxidante, sendo esse potencial relacionado a efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana no tratamento e prevenção de diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um sistema de aquecimento ôhmico em escala de bancada e utilizá-lo no tratamento térmico da polpa de mirtilo, visando avaliar o efeito deste processo na degradação das antocianinas. Para tal, foi investigado o efeito da tensão (160–240 V) e do teor total de sólidos (4–16 %), utilizando um planejamento composto central. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades físicas do produto para posterior modelagem do processo. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico construído opera em batelada e é composto por um variador de tensão, um sistema de aquisição de dados para monitoramento de temperatura, corrente elétrica e tensão e uma célula ôhmica. O teor total de antocianinas foi quantificado prévia e posteriormente ao aquecimento ôhmico, utilizando as metodologias de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectrometria. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico teve desempenho e validação satisfatórios. A degradação de antocianinas do mirtilo variou entre 5,71 e 14,67% nas faixas de tensão e de concentração de sólidos estudadas. O planejamento experimental demonstrou que apenas a tensão exerceu efeito significativo sobre a degradação. O aquecimento ôhmico, quando realizado utilizando altas tensões, apresentou níveis de degradação superiores ao aquecimento convencional. Por outro lado, quando aplicadas tensões mais baixas, a degradação de antocianinas foi inferior à apresentada pelo tratamento convencional. / Ohmic heating is based on the passage of alternating electrical current through food, transforming electrical energy in thermal energy, promoting an increase in temperature. The ability of this method in generating heat from inside the product, allows the heating process to be fast and homogeneous. This ability results in a product of superior quality and presents itself as an alternative to conventional processing. Blueberry fruits contain an array of phenolics, including anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity, being this potential related to benefits to human health in the treatment and prevention of several diseases. The aim of this work was to elaborate a bench ohmic heating system and apply it in the thermal treatment of blueberry pulp, in order to evaluate the effect of this process on anthocyanin degradation. For this purpose, the influence of different voltages (160–240 V) and total solids content (4–16 %) was evaluated using a central composite design. Some of the pulp physical properties were evaluated for posterior process modeling. The ohmic heating apparatus, operates in batch configuration and it consists of a voltage regulator; a system for temperature, tension and electrical current data acquisition; and an ohmic heating cell in which the pulp was inserted. Total anthocyanin content was determined previously and after ohmic heating by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry analysis. Satisfactory performance and validation were obtained considering the ohmic heating system built. Blueberry anthocyanins’ degradation varied from 5.71 to 14.67% in the tensions and solids contend range analyzed in this study. The central design composite showed that only tension exerted significant influence over anthocyanin degradation. Ohmic heating experiments, when carried out with high voltages, presented higher degradation levels than conventional heating. However, when lower voltages were applied, anthocyanin degradation was inferior when compared to conventional heating.

The market for renewable energy sources, and solar cells in particular is growing year by year, as a result there is a large interest in research on new materials and new technologies for solar power applications. In this thesis the photovoltaic properties of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) has been investigated. The research includes material growth using the sublimation epitaxy method, both n-type and p-type SiC have been investigated. 3C-SiC pn junctions have been produced and their electrical properties have been characterized, this is the first time 3C-SiC pn junctions have been studied in the research group. Photoresponse has been demonstrated from a 3C-SiC pn junction with Al and N used as p- and ntype dopants. This is the first demonstrated solar cell performance using 3C-SiC, to our knowledge.

O aquecimento ôhmico consiste na passagem de corrente elétrica alternada através de um alimento, transformando energia elétrica em energia térmica, promovendo, assim, um aumento de temperatura em seu interior. A habilidade desse método de gerar calor internamente no alimento permite que o aumento de temperatura seja rápido e uniforme. Essa habilidade resulta em um produto de maior qualidade, tornando a tecnologia de aquecimento ôhmico uma alternativa aos processos convencionais. O mirtilo é rico em compostos fenólicos, dentre esses estão as antocianinas. As antocianinas são compostos fenólicos com alto potencial antioxidante, sendo esse potencial relacionado a efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana no tratamento e prevenção de diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um sistema de aquecimento ôhmico em escala de bancada e utilizá-lo no tratamento térmico da polpa de mirtilo, visando avaliar o efeito deste processo na degradação das antocianinas. Para tal, foi investigado o efeito da tensão (160–240 V) e do teor total de sólidos (4–16 %), utilizando um planejamento composto central. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades físicas do produto para posterior modelagem do processo. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico construído opera em batelada e é composto por um variador de tensão, um sistema de aquisição de dados para monitoramento de temperatura, corrente elétrica e tensão e uma célula ôhmica. O teor total de antocianinas foi quantificado prévia e posteriormente ao aquecimento ôhmico, utilizando as metodologias de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectrometria. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico teve desempenho e validação satisfatórios. A degradação de antocianinas do mirtilo variou entre 5,71 e 14,67% nas faixas de tensão e de concentração de sólidos estudadas. O planejamento experimental demonstrou que apenas a tensão exerceu efeito significativo sobre a degradação. O aquecimento ôhmico, quando realizado utilizando altas tensões, apresentou níveis de degradação superiores ao aquecimento convencional. Por outro lado, quando aplicadas tensões mais baixas, a degradação de antocianinas foi inferior à apresentada pelo tratamento convencional. / Ohmic heating is based on the passage of alternating electrical current through food, transforming electrical energy in thermal energy, promoting an increase in temperature. The ability of this method in generating heat from inside the product, allows the heating process to be fast and homogeneous. This ability results in a product of superior quality and presents itself as an alternative to conventional processing. Blueberry fruits contain an array of phenolics, including anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity, being this potential related to benefits to human health in the treatment and prevention of several diseases. The aim of this work was to elaborate a bench ohmic heating system and apply it in the thermal treatment of blueberry pulp, in order to evaluate the effect of this process on anthocyanin degradation. For this purpose, the influence of different voltages (160–240 V) and total solids content (4–16 %) was evaluated using a central composite design. Some of the pulp physical properties were evaluated for posterior process modeling. The ohmic heating apparatus, operates in batch configuration and it consists of a voltage regulator; a system for temperature, tension and electrical current data acquisition; and an ohmic heating cell in which the pulp was inserted. Total anthocyanin content was determined previously and after ohmic heating by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry analysis. Satisfactory performance and validation were obtained considering the ohmic heating system built. Blueberry anthocyanins’ degradation varied from 5.71 to 14.67% in the tensions and solids contend range analyzed in this study. The central design composite showed that only tension exerted significant influence over anthocyanin degradation. Ohmic heating experiments, when carried out with high voltages, presented higher degradation levels than conventional heating. However, when lower voltages were applied, anthocyanin degradation was inferior when compared to conventional heating.

O aquecimento ôhmico consiste na passagem de corrente elétrica alternada através de um alimento, transformando energia elétrica em energia térmica, promovendo, assim, um aumento de temperatura em seu interior. A habilidade desse método de gerar calor internamente no alimento permite que o aumento de temperatura seja rápido e uniforme. Essa habilidade resulta em um produto de maior qualidade, tornando a tecnologia de aquecimento ôhmico uma alternativa aos processos convencionais. O mirtilo é rico em compostos fenólicos, dentre esses estão as antocianinas. As antocianinas são compostos fenólicos com alto potencial antioxidante, sendo esse potencial relacionado a efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana no tratamento e prevenção de diversas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um sistema de aquecimento ôhmico em escala de bancada e utilizá-lo no tratamento térmico da polpa de mirtilo, visando avaliar o efeito deste processo na degradação das antocianinas. Para tal, foi investigado o efeito da tensão (160–240 V) e do teor total de sólidos (4–16 %), utilizando um planejamento composto central. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades físicas do produto para posterior modelagem do processo. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico construído opera em batelada e é composto por um variador de tensão, um sistema de aquisição de dados para monitoramento de temperatura, corrente elétrica e tensão e uma célula ôhmica. O teor total de antocianinas foi quantificado prévia e posteriormente ao aquecimento ôhmico, utilizando as metodologias de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectrometria. O sistema de aquecimento ôhmico teve desempenho e validação satisfatórios. A degradação de antocianinas do mirtilo variou entre 5,71 e 14,67% nas faixas de tensão e de concentração de sólidos estudadas. O planejamento experimental demonstrou que apenas a tensão exerceu efeito significativo sobre a degradação. O aquecimento ôhmico, quando realizado utilizando altas tensões, apresentou níveis de degradação superiores ao aquecimento convencional. Por outro lado, quando aplicadas tensões mais baixas, a degradação de antocianinas foi inferior à apresentada pelo tratamento convencional. / Ohmic heating is based on the passage of alternating electrical current through food, transforming electrical energy in thermal energy, promoting an increase in temperature. The ability of this method in generating heat from inside the product, allows the heating process to be fast and homogeneous. This ability results in a product of superior quality and presents itself as an alternative to conventional processing. Blueberry fruits contain an array of phenolics, including anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity, being this potential related to benefits to human health in the treatment and prevention of several diseases. The aim of this work was to elaborate a bench ohmic heating system and apply it in the thermal treatment of blueberry pulp, in order to evaluate the effect of this process on anthocyanin degradation. For this purpose, the influence of different voltages (160–240 V) and total solids content (4–16 %) was evaluated using a central composite design. Some of the pulp physical properties were evaluated for posterior process modeling. The ohmic heating apparatus, operates in batch configuration and it consists of a voltage regulator; a system for temperature, tension and electrical current data acquisition; and an ohmic heating cell in which the pulp was inserted. Total anthocyanin content was determined previously and after ohmic heating by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry analysis. Satisfactory performance and validation were obtained considering the ohmic heating system built. Blueberry anthocyanins’ degradation varied from 5.71 to 14.67% in the tensions and solids contend range analyzed in this study. The central design composite showed that only tension exerted significant influence over anthocyanin degradation. Ohmic heating experiments, when carried out with high voltages, presented higher degradation levels than conventional heating. However, when lower voltages were applied, anthocyanin degradation was inferior when compared to conventional heating.

Orientadores: Stanislav Alexandrovich Moshkalev, Mario Antonio Bica de Moraes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonEras_JorgeAugusto_D.pdf: 28434284 bytes, checksum: 042fbff5bb19c08014235156fdc57ee4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

O presente trabalho reúne elementos para projeto de precipitadores eletrostáticos, com dados levantados de cinzas volantes provenientes da combustão de gases em caldeiras de carvão mineral. Os objetivos desta pesquisa são construir um dispositivo padronizado para medição da resistividade ôhmica de materiais, levantar dados de resistividade ôhmica das cinza volantes de carvão mineral utilizado no Brasil e, com estes dados, listar recomendações sobre cuidados no dimensionamento de precipitadores (cálculo da área de captação), quando este equipamento é posicionado após uma caldeira que queima o carvão mineral nacional. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada em norma americana ASME, em que o pó (material a ser testado) é colocado sobre eletrodos de descarga e de coleta, uma alta tensão elétrica é aplicada até atingir a tensão de ruptura elétrica e neste instante é medida a resistividade. A construção do experimento e procedimento de execução foram seguidos conforme esta norma. O material de teste foi coletado de precipitadores eletrostáticos existentes na região Sul do Brasil, onde o carvão mineral tem seu uso freqüente. Os resultados apresentaram baixos valores para resistividade da cinza volante nacional, se comparados com resultados de carvões de outros países. Sua variação em função da temperatura segue a tendência de cinza volantes de outros países, ou seja, aumento da resistividade ôhmica com o aumento da temperatura. Foram realizados também experimentos com material retirado de precipitadores eletrostáticos acoplados a caldeiras de biomassa, que forneceram valores de resistividade ainda menores do que os do carvão mineral nacional. O material de teste, composição química e processo de coleta foram totalmente caracterizados, disponibilizados e uma análise completa pôde ser realizada, fato inédito no Brasil. Esses resultados permitiram listar recomendações visando o projeto de precipitadores eletrostáticos acoplados a caldeiras que queimam carvão mineral nacional. / This report is a collection of elements to be used in the design of Electrostatic Precipitators, with experimental data of fly ashes from combustion gases of Mineral Coal Fired Boilers. The aims of this research are to construct a standard device to measure the ohmic resistivity of materials, to get data of ohmic resistivity of fly ashes from mineral coals used in Brazil and with this data, to list recommendations about the key points to size electrostatic precipitators (calculation of specific collection area), when this equipment is arranged after one boiler that burns Brazilian mineral coals. The method used was based on the ASME Standard, in which the fly ash (material to be tested) is put between the discharge and the collecting electrodes, a high electrical tension is applied until the electrical break down tension to be reached; at this moment, the resistivity is measured. The construction of this device and the experimental procedure were conducted according to this standard. The tested materials were collected from existing Electrostatic Precipitator of South of Brazil, where the mineral coal is commonly used. The results indicated low values of ohmic resistivity of the Brazilian fly ashes, if compared to results of coals from other countries. Its variation with the temperature has the same behavior of fly ashes from other countries, i.e., the ohmic resistivity increases when the temperature increases. It was also executed tests with particulate materials from electrostatic precipitator of biomass boiler whose ohmic resistivity is lower than the Brazilian mineral coal. The tested material, chemical composition, and collecting process were totally described, available and a full analysis can be executed; these data are inedita in Brazil. These results allow to list the recommendations to design Electrostatic Precipitators for Brazil Mineral Coal Fired Boilers.

La contamination des vins par des microorganismes non désirés peut entraîner une dégradation importante du produit. Pour lutter contre ces problèmes, le dioxyde de souffre (SO2) est l’additif le plus utilisé actuellement pour ses propriétés antiseptiques et antioxydantes. Cependant, la limitation des intrants chimiques dans les vins est une des préoccupations majeures des consommateurs et producteurs. Les procédés de stabilisation physiques existants (flash pasteurisation, filtration tangentielle) présentent quant à eux des inconvénients, tels que leur cout énergétique ou leur maintenance complexe. Deux procédés innovants permettant d’assurer la stabilisation microbiologique des vins en alternative aux procédés classiques sont étudiés : le rayonnement ultraviolet (UV-C) et le chauffage ohmique. Les rayonnements UV-C (100 à 280 nm) sont connus pour leur effet germicide et déjà appliqués dans le traitement de l’eau et des surfaces. Cependant les liquides absorbants, tels que le vin, limitent fortement la profondeur de pénétration du rayonnement et donc l’efficacité du procédé. Un réacteur UV-C hélicoïdal a été développé, basé sur les propriétés hydrodynamiques des vortex de Dean, pour améliorer l’efficacité et l’homogénéité du traitement. Les performances de stabilisation ont été validées pour la première fois en alternative au mutage par SO2 de mouts liquoreux et avant la mise en bouteille de vins finis. De plus, les analyses chimiques et sensorielles menées sur les vins traités ne montrent aucun impact sur la qualité des vins. Le chauffage ohmique est ici utilisé comme procédé de stabilisation thermique des mouts et des vins. Lors du passage d’un courant à travers un matériau ayant une résistance électrique, l’énergie électrique est transformée en énergie thermique. La chaleur est alors générée à l’intérieur même de la matière à traiter. Les résultats des travaux ont montré pour la première fois que la rapidité et l’homogénéité de chauffe permettent une stabilisation efficace des vins et des mouts sans préjudices sur leur qualité. / Contamination of wines by undesired microorganisms may lead to significant deterioration of the final product. To combat these problems, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most widely used additive for its antiseptic and antioxidant properties. However, the limitation of chemical inputs in wines is one of the major concerns of consumers and producers. Existing physical stabilization processes (flash pasteurization, tangential filtration) have disadvantages, such as their energy cost or their complex maintenance. Two innovative processes to ensure the microbiological stabilization of wines as an alternative to conventional processes are studied: ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) and ohmic heating. UV-C radiation (100 to 280 nm) is known for its germicidal effect and already applied in the treatment of water and surfaces. However, absorbent liquids, such as wine, strongly limit the penetration depth of the radiation and hence the efficiency of the process. A helical UV-C reactor was developed, based on the hydrodynamic properties of Dean vortices, to improve the efficiency and homogeneity of the treatment. The stabilization performance was validated for the first time as an alternative to the SO2 mutage of sweet wines and before the bottling of finished wines. Moreover, the chemical and sensory analyzes carried out on the treated wines showed no impact on the quality of wines. Ohmic heating is used in this study as a method of thermal stabilization of musts and wines. During the passage of a current through a material having an electrical resistance, the electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy. The heat is then generated inside the material to be treated. The results of this work showed for the first time that heating rate and homogeneity of ohmic heating allow an effective stabilization of musts and wines without affecting their quality.

Les microcommutateurs MEMS ohmiques comportent un contact électrique sous très faible force, très sensible à des paramètres difficiles à maîtriser. Ce contact a été l'objet d'une méthode de modélisation développée précédemment au LAAS-CNRS, dont le principe consiste à effectuer une simulation par éléments finis du contact mécanique avec les données AFM puis évaluer analytiquement la résistance électrique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer les possibilités d'extension de cette méthode à des simulations multiphysiques.La thèse comporte une partie dédiée à la validation de la simulation mécanique par éléments finis par rapport à des résultats expérimentaux obtenus précédemment.Des simulations multiphysiques sont alors réalisées et les résultats en termes de résistance électrique sont comparés avec des résultats expérimentaux. On observe une très forte sous estimationde la résistance électrique, et donc des élévations de température. Ce constat est attribué à la présence de films isolants en surface d'une au moins des surfaces de contact.Enfin, des modèles qui incluent un film isolant sont développés avec une géométrie simplifiée d'aspérité. Les modèles les plus intéressants incluent des "nanospots": le film isolant est parsemé de zones conductrices, de très faibles dimensions. Les résultats permettent de cerner les caractéristiques typiques possibles de la géométrie dans cette configuration. / MEMS ohmic microswitches include very low force electrical contacts. These are very sensitive to parameters which reveal difficult to control. A previously developed modelization method consists in computing mechanical contact using finite elements, then estimating electrical resistance using analytical expressions. Here we focus on the possibilities of multiphysical finite element computations instead.Validation of the contact mechanical computation is first attempted, based on experimental results of previous works. Multiphysical contact computations are carried out. Resulting electrical contact resistance isfound to be much lower than experimental results. The presence of insulating surface films is supposedly the cause for that. Eventually, a simplified geometry for asperities is used to build models with insulating films.The most relevant models feature “nanospots”: some very small conductive areas are scattered on the contact area. The results allow us to determine some possible geometry configurations that could lead to contact resistance values such as those measured on real devices.

It is challenging to achieve low-resistive ohmic contacts to III-nitride semiconductors due to their wide bandgap. A common way to reduce the contact resistance is to recess the ohmic area prior to metallization. In the minimization of the contact resistance, parameters like the recess depth, anneal temperature and design of the metal stack are commonly optimized. In this work, three other approaches have been evaluated. All experiments were performed on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. The fabricated ohmic contacts were recess etched, metallized with a Ta/Al/Ta stack, and annealed at 550-575◦C.Firstly, it is shown that the laser writer intensity, transmittance and focus offset during optical lithography affect the contact resistance. The reason is believed to be the variation in the resist profile, which has an impact on the metal coverage. At the optimum intensity/transmittance/focus condition, which generates a relatively medium undercut, a contact resistance of 0.23 Ωmm was obtained.In the second approach, the metal layer of annealed contacts was removed by wet etching, followed by the re-deposition of a metal stack and annealing. The purpose was to increase the amount of N vacancies in the AlGaN, which are responsible for the contact formation. A minimum contact resistance of 0.41 Ωmm was achieved with this method, compared to 0.28 Ωmm with the regular method (without remetallization).In the last approach, the bottom Ta layer was sputtered, whereas evaporation was used in all other cases. The minimum contact resistance was found to be 0.6 Ωmm, which was higher than for the evaporated contacts. The reason was assumed that the thickness of sputtered Ta should be thinner than the evaporated Ta due to its higher density. Moreover, the obtained lower sheet resistance is assumed to caused by the atomic scale damage due to the high energy ions during sputtering. / En utmaning med III-nitrid-halvledare är att uppnå låg-resistivitetskontakter, på grund av deras breda bandgap. Ett konventionellt tillvägagångsätt för att reducera kontaktresistansen är att fördjupa ohmska ytan före metallisering. I strävandet av att minska den ohmska resistansen sker vanligtvis en optimering av följande parametrar, recessddjup, anlöpningstemperatur och metallagersdesign. I detta arbete så har samtliga tre parametrar evaluerats. Alla experiment utfördes på AlGaN/GaNheterostrukturer. De tillverkade ohmska kontakterna var recesssetsade, metalliserade med ett Ta/Al/Ta lager och anlöpt vid 550-575◦C.Den primära undersökningen, visar att laserritar-intensitet, -transmission och fokusförskjutning under optisk litografi inverkar på kontaktresistansen. Anledningen antas vara variation i resistprofilen, vilket påverkar metallbeläggningen. Vid optimal intensitet/transmission/fokus-förhållanden, (som genererar en underskärning), blev den resulterande kontaktresistansen 0.23 Ωmm uppmätt.I en sekundär undersökning, avlägsnas ohmska kontaktens metallager genom våtetsning, följt av en återdeponering av ett nytt metallager, samt anlöpning. Syftet var att öka mängden N-vakanser i AlGaN-lagret, som formar ohmska kontakten. Minsta kontaktresistansen uppmätt var 0.41Wmm, att jämföras med 0.28 Ωmm, som uppnåddes genom den konventionella metoden (utan återmetallisering).Den sista undersökningen jämförde sputtrade med evaporerade bottenlager av Ta, (evaporation användes som standardmetod i de tidigare undersökningarna). Med sputtrning blev den minsta kontakresistansen 0.6 Ωmm, (högre än de evaporerade kontakterna). En hypotetisk förklarning kan vara att det sputtrade Ta-lagret är tunnare än det evaporerade Ta-lagret, på grund av en dess högre densitet. Därutöver, den uppmätta lägre skiktresistansen antas bero på den skada i atomskala som sker vid de höga energi-kollisioner som joner skapar vid sputtrning.

No description available.