Syfte och forskningsfrågor: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka på vilka sätt enmans- och mikroföretag tar till sig sökmotoroptimering. Detta för att bättre förstå vilka hinder företag upplever med att ta till sig sökmotoroptimering, så att kunskap om hur företag skulle kunna ta sig förbi identifierade hinder genereras.  1. På vilka sätt tar enmans- och mikroföretag till sig sökmotoroptimering som den digitala utvecklingen möjliggjort?  2. Vad finns det för hinder för enmans- och mikroföretag att ta till sig sökmotoroptimering?  Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och har genomförts med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen har främst skett genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från enmans- och mikroföretag samt med experter inom området från marknadsföringsbyråer.  Slutsats: Studien har resulterat i kunskap kring hur enmans- och mikroföretag tar till sig sökmotoroptimering. Resultatet visar att enmans- och mikroföretag upplever fyra framträdande hinder när de tar till sig SEO vilka är brist på finansiella resurser, tidsbrist, extern påverkan och bristen av kunskap inom informationsteknik och strategi. Studien har vidare identifierat fem nya hinder vid implementering av SEO vilka är kunskapsbrist om teknisk implementering av SEO, föråldrad generation på företag, brist på tillit, konjunkturell påverkan samt tidsbrist. Dessa hinder kategoriseras som interna eller externa hinder beroende på hur de påverkar företag. Kunskap har även genererats kring hur enmans- och mikroföretag skulle kunna ta sig förbi dessa hinder. / Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this study is to investigate how one-person- and microenterprises relate to search engine optimization. This to better understand what kind of barriers companies experience when adopting search engine optimization, to generate knowledge about how companies could overcome the identified barriers.  1. In what ways does one-person- and microenterprises adopt search engine optimization which the digital development has enabled?  2. What kind of barriers do one-person- and microenterprises experience when adopting search engine optimization?  Method: The study is of qualitative nature and has been implemented with an inductive approach. The data has mainly been collected through eight semistructured interviews with respondents from one-person- and microenterprises as well as experts in the field from marketing agencies.  Conclusion: The study has resulted in knowledge about how one-person- and microenterprises relate to search engine optimization. The result shows that one-person- and microenterprises experience four prominent barriers when approaching SEO. These four barriers are lack of financial resources, lack of time, external impact and lack of knowledge in information technology and strategy. The study has further identified five new barriers when enterprises approach SEO which are lack of knowledge about technical implementation of SEO, elderly generations at the company, lack of trust, impact of business cycle and lack of time. These barriers are categorized as internal or external barriers depending on how they affect companies. The study has also generated knowledge about how one-person and microenterprises could overcome these barriers.

隨著時代的變遷，家庭結構出現了龐大變化。尤其在社會氛圍瀰漫著「不婚、不生」的風氣下，人口轉型的速度比起過去大幅增加。根據行政院主計總處的調查，近年來單人家戶以及夫婦兩人家戶占總家庭戶數的比重已增長至33.01%。因此，在「單人」、「頂客」家庭越來越多的情況下，不僅僅改變了社會型態，也改變了家庭的消費模式。所以說，本研究企圖利用家庭收支調查以及普查資料進行分析，並使用R軟體運算資料以及視覺化呈現空間資訊。其研究的方向與重點有三：第一，本研究旨在探討在不同背景條件下，會分別產生出何種樣貌的單人家戶以及頂客家戶類型，以針對各類型家戶進行人口樣貌與背景特徵的比較分析；第二，於分類後，結合2010年普查資料中的鄉鎮市區地理資訊，來歸納出不同的家庭類型其區域分布的差異；最後，再使用家庭等值規模尺度之概念，從家庭的收入、消費支出著手，以瞭解在不同的單人家戶、頂客家戶類型中，其消費樣態的差異為何？單人家戶是否能夠達到與頂客家戶相同甚至更高的生活風貌？並探究出單人家戶者究竟能否透過消費來實現「樂單」生活。 本研究結果發現，在分布與特性中，無論是在單人家戶抑或頂客家戶，個人的背景會影響其未來組成家庭的樣貌，大部分的青年人口皆為高學歷，也因為教育年限的延長以及晚婚，導致這些人成為單人家戶抑或是頂客家戶的比率也隨之成長。尤其是在單人家戶裡的青年人口，逐漸成為現代中不容小覷的一群，其比率僅次於第一高的離異單人家戶。而在區域分布的部分，可以發現，單人家戶與頂客家戶的高齡人口比例，已足以影響整體家戶區域分布的狀況，實有必要透過本研究中的五種以及三種分類加以說明，才能夠更為精確地描述出各家戶的分布狀況。 最後，在消費趨勢中，則可以發現，一個家庭位於不同生命週期以及不同家庭規模之下，會呈現出不同比例的消費特性，家庭中的所有消費，除單人戶之外，均須考慮到規模經濟的影響，所以，最後研究者利用等值規模尺度概念進行運算，得出在單人階段與年輕夫妻階段，於家庭收支調查所列的消費項目都有較高的消費支出，而單人家戶又比頂客家戶更高，因此，由本文即可證明，單人家戶的消費，的確能夠比起其他家戶更為自由，其消費會以精美、自我實現為最大考量，使自己能夠獲得享受獨居生活之樂趣，所以說，「樂單」一詞足以取代「孤單」，成為「單人者」的新興代名詞。 / As time goes by, the structure of family has made some changement. Especially under the atmosphere of “no marriage, no plan to give birth to a child” within this society, the speed of demographic transition has risen intensely than the old times. According to the survey of The Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) of Executive Yuan, the percentage of One-person household and Married-couple household have increased to 33.01% in all kinds of household. Hence, the increase of One-person, DINK household has not only change the social type but also the way of consumption of a family. This study attempt to analysis the changement by the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure and census data. I use R to run statistic data, and also to visualize space information. The research focus on three points: First, I would like to know what kind of One-person household and DINK household will be formed under different condition to do comparative analysis. Second, after categorizing, combined with the geography information in 2010. To distinguish the distribution pattern difference within each type of household. In the end, use the Household Equivalence Scale to see through the difference of consumption to be affected by income and consumption. If One-person household can be living at the same or even better than the DINK household? I would also like to know if One-person household can live their “Quirkyalone” life simply through consumption. According to the result, personal background will affect the future household feature both in One-person and DINK household. Most of the youth are highly educated, due to the extension of years of education and the postpone of going into marriage. These kind of persons are more likely to become One-person household or DINK household. Particularly the youth in the One-person household, their rate after the highest divorced One-person household. In the regional distribution, proportion of elderly population in the One-person and DINK household can affect the regional distribution of households. It needs to explain by the five and the three categories in this study, then precisely describe the distribution of household ratio. In the consumption trends, when a family at different stage and scale of life cycle will present different portion of consumption features. However, this proportionality is to ignore the fact that composition of One-person household is less than DINK household. Therefore, to take the effection of economies of scale into consideration, during single and newlyweds stage they have higher expense within the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure. Above all, the One-person household is higher than the DINK household. Thus, as a result, I can prove that the One-person household is more liberated than other household. They will take their self-fulfillment maximize into consideration while making consumptions. To increase the enjoyment of living alone. In a nutshall, “Quirkyalone” is a word that can replace “lonely”.

No description available.

Le régime juridique de la société anonyme unipersonnelle (SAU) de droitOHADA est défini par renvoi au régime prévu pour la SA pluripersonnelle, avec desadaptations minimales. En réalité, le caractère unipersonnel de la SA lui confère une certaineparticularité qui rend inappropriée la transposition pure et simple des règles du modèlepluripersonnel. Outre les difficultés d’application qu’elle entraîne souvent, la technique durenvoi laisse irrésolues de nombreuses questions suscitées par l’unipersonnalité. Le régimejuridique de la SAU dans son ensemble en ressort insuffisamment adapté à l’unicitéd’actionnaire.Une adaptation du régime juridique de la SAU de droit OHADA au particularisme del’unipersonnalité devient alors nécessaire. Elle doit être entreprise sous fond de simplificationdes règles, d’une part à l’égard de la société, à travers les règles relatives à sa constitution et àson évolution, d’autre part, à l’égard des acteurs que sont l’actionnaire unique, les organesd’administration et de contrôle.Au-delà de son approche critique, l’étude a surtout pour ambition de proposer unmodèle de société anonyme unipersonnelle au régime juridique plus lisible, simple et attractif. / The one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW has seen itslegal regime being defined with reference to the regime of the multi-persons limited company,with minimum adaptations. In fact the one-person character of the Limited company gives it a certain peculiarity that renders inappropriate the pure and simple transportation of rules of the multi-person limited company model. Besides the difficulty of implementation that it oftenentails, the technique of referring leaves unresolved many questions raised by the one-personlimited company model. The legal regime of the one-person limited company as a whole thatarises is insufficiently adapted to the unique shareholder.An adaptation of the one-person limited company legal regime of the OHADA LAWto the particularity of the one-person thus becomes necessary. It has to be undertaken underthe simplification of rules, on the one hand with regards to the company, through rules relatedto its constitution and its evolution, on the other hand, with respect to the actors that are thesole shareholders, administrative and control bodies.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la première crèche parentale bilingue anglais-français établie dans la ville de Strasbourg, France. En utilisant une approche ethnographique, cette recherche examine le lien qui existe entre la politique linguistique identifiée et les facteurs sociaux. La problématique de recherche a été formulée ainsi : comment fonctionne une structure éducative bilingue dédiée à la petite enfance du point de vue des politiques linguistiques, quelles sont les implications du choix de la politique une personne, une langue (UPUL) sur les pratiques des acteurs éducatifs et des familles au sein de la crèche en question, et quel est le lien entre le bilinguisme déclaré de la structure et le multilinguisme des familles ? Enfin l’étude des choix de langues dans un contexte tel que celui de la petite enfance apporte-t-elle une compréhension nouvelle de la notion de politique linguistique éducative ? De plus, cet effort de recherche vise à combler une lacune dans les études de LP qui, dans une certaine mesure, sont concentrées soit sur le cadre familial, soit sur le cadre de l’éducation formelle. / This doctoral thesis focuses on the first parental English-French bilingual crèche established in the multilingual city of Strasbourg, France. Using an ethnographic approach, this research looks into the relationship of language policy with social factors. With the one person, one language (OPOL) policy as this ECEC setting’s identified language policy (LP), my aim is to understand its language policy processes. Primarily informed by Spolsky’s tripartite LP conceptualisation, I seek to analyse the following: the declared language policy or what the proponents say about how they manage languages; the perceived language policy or what they believe about OPOL; and the practiced language policy or what they do and how they implement the said LP. Moreover, following Johnson (2009), I also address the multilayered dimension of LP and look at the agents, goals, processes and discourses involved in the creation of this crèche. Moreover, this research endeavour aims to address a gap in LP studies that to a certain extent have focused on either family or formal educational settings.