In the study of international relations, it has been all the time that ¡§security¡¨ means national security and military security. The topic of ¡§security¡¨ in early days was focused on how to avoid suffering from the external military attack. Under this concept structure, economy, culture, or ideology is considered to be the accessories under the military strategy, or a kind of tools to strengthen the military threat. Such practices and thinking are not only helpless to the settlement of the problem, but it is apt to face the security dilemma instead, and the development of education, culture, social welfare, economic construction, and environmental public security, etc. will be oppressed and restricted. Long time of the hostile state for the two sides of Mainland China and Taiwan, makes both sides all the time to construct stronger military force for national defense. However, how much security is really bought by spending huge number of money on national defense? And is it really safe by buying the military equipments? Is it really the security what we want? Is there no other ways to get security without military force to threaten? This thesis attempts to adopt critical study, and analyzes the four concepts of national security from David Baldwin: ¡§Security for whom?¡¨, ¡§Security for which values?¡¨, ¡§From what threat?¡¨, and ¡§By what means?¡¨ It also researches on the thinking of national security concept and different national defense policies in different periods after the government moving to Taiwan in 1949. It is hoped to find out the blind spot of the national security concept in Taiwan, and construct the security view that relies mainly on people.

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O objetivo desta dissertação é oferecer uma fixação crítica do texto do Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), crônica jesuítica do século XVI que narra as guerras de conquista do território da Paraíba, a partir de um estudo crítico das suas variantes. O manuscrito autógrafo se perdeu, e atualmente se conhecem três apógrafos que contêm variantes da crônica, todos eles salvaguardados em instituições portuguesas: o manuscrito da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, o manuscrito da Biblioteca Pública de Évora e o testemunho da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, testemunho que se encontra no códice intitulado Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. A fim de se realizar a fixação do texto do Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), as variantes foram transcritas e comparadas uma a uma. E, a partir das comparações, optou-se por se estabelecer a fixação, tomando por base o testemunho existente no códice da Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. Não se trata, portanto, de um trabalho de crítica histórica dos eventos narrados, mas do estabelecimento e estudo de um texto compreensão da sua circulação, da possível autoria e data de redação. Na primeira parte encontra-se o estudo introdutório e na segunda parte estão as regras de transcrição e o texto fixado, com notas que registram as diferenças referentes às outras duas variantes. / The purpose of this work is to offer a single manuscript edition of the Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589) text, a Jesuit chronicle written on the sixteenth century which describes the conquest Paraibas territory, based on a critical study of its textual variants. The autograph manuscript has been lost, and three apographs are known nowadays that contain variants of the chronicle, all safeguarded in Portuguese institutions: the manuscript of the National Library of Portugal, the manuscript of the Public Library of Évora and the testimony of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, which codex is titled Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. In order to provide a single manuscript edition of the Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), the variants were transcribed and compared one by one. From this process the textual differences were established which analysis indicated the best testemony is the one found in the codex Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. It is not, therefore, a work of historical criticism of the events narrated, but the single manuscript edition and study of a text, the understanding of its circulation, of the possible authorship and date of writing. In the first part of work there is the introductory study and in the second part there are the rules of transcription and the single manuscript edition, along the notes that reremark the differences referring to the other two variants.

O objetivo desta dissertação é oferecer uma fixação crítica do texto do Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), crônica jesuítica do século XVI que narra as guerras de conquista do território da Paraíba, a partir de um estudo crítico das suas variantes. O manuscrito autógrafo se perdeu, e atualmente se conhecem três apógrafos que contêm variantes da crônica, todos eles salvaguardados em instituições portuguesas: o manuscrito da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, o manuscrito da Biblioteca Pública de Évora e o testemunho da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, testemunho que se encontra no códice intitulado Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. A fim de se realizar a fixação do texto do Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), as variantes foram transcritas e comparadas uma a uma. E, a partir das comparações, optou-se por se estabelecer a fixação, tomando por base o testemunho existente no códice da Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. Não se trata, portanto, de um trabalho de crítica histórica dos eventos narrados, mas do estabelecimento e estudo de um texto compreensão da sua circulação, da possível autoria e data de redação. Na primeira parte encontra-se o estudo introdutório e na segunda parte estão as regras de transcrição e o texto fixado, com notas que registram as diferenças referentes às outras duas variantes. / The purpose of this work is to offer a single manuscript edition of the Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589) text, a Jesuit chronicle written on the sixteenth century which describes the conquest Paraibas territory, based on a critical study of its textual variants. The autograph manuscript has been lost, and three apographs are known nowadays that contain variants of the chronicle, all safeguarded in Portuguese institutions: the manuscript of the National Library of Portugal, the manuscript of the Public Library of Évora and the testimony of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, which codex is titled Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. In order to provide a single manuscript edition of the Sumario das Armadas (ca. 1589), the variants were transcribed and compared one by one. From this process the textual differences were established which analysis indicated the best testemony is the one found in the codex Historia da Capitania da Paraiba. It is not, therefore, a work of historical criticism of the events narrated, but the single manuscript edition and study of a text, the understanding of its circulation, of the possible authorship and date of writing. In the first part of work there is the introductory study and in the second part there are the rules of transcription and the single manuscript edition, along the notes that reremark the differences referring to the other two variants.

No / Occupational discrimination and segregation along gendered lines continue to be seen as problematic throughout the UK and the USA. Women continue to be attracted to occupations that are considered to be women's work, such as clerical, secretarial and personal service work, and inequalities persist even when women enter traditional male domains such as management Work psychology's chief, though indirect, contribution to this field has been through personnel selection research, where methods aimed at helping organizations to make more fair and unbiased selection decisions have been carefully examined. Our aim in this paper is to argue that, on their own, such methods can make very little difference to the position of women (and other minorities) in work organizations. The processes that are fundamental to organizational attraction and adjustment cannot, we contend, be understood adequately through reductionist approaches that treat organizational and individual characteristics as context independent realities. Drawing on critical management research and using the specific example of police work, we argue that work roles and work identities can be more fruitfully understood as social constructions that, when deconstructed, illuminate more powerfully how processes that lead to the relative subordination of women (and other groups) are both reproduced and challenged.

In recent years, there has been a significant amount of new attention to white dominance and privilege (or whiteness) as the often unmarked inverse of racial oppression. This interest has spawned the academic domain called Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS). While the critical investigation of whiteness is not new, and has been pioneered by Black scholars beginning at least since the early 1900s in the work of W. E. B. Du Bois, what is notable about this new interest in whiteness is its advancement almost exclusively by white scholars. The paucity of literature centering the Black voice in the study of whiteness both suggests the lack of appreciation for the importance of this perspective when researching the phenomenon of racial dominance, and raises questions about the manner in which racial equity work is approached by some Whites who do work that is intended to advance racial equity. This study investigates the context of racial equity collaborations between Blacks and Whites, responding to this knowledge deficit in two ways: a) it centers the Black voice, specifically and intentionally seeking the perspectives of Blacks about racial equity collaborations b) it investigates the nature and effects of the relationships between Blacks and Whites in these collaborative endeavours. This qualitative research study uses in-depth interview data collected from ten Black racial equity workers who collaborate with Whites in doing racial equity work. The data makes evident that the Black participants find these collaborations to be necessary and strategic while at the same time having the potential to undermine their own agency. The study examines this contradiction, discussing several manifestations of it in the lives of these Black racial equity workers. It outlines the importance of Black embodied knowledge to racial equity work and to these collaborations, and outlines an epistemology of unknowing and a politics of humility that these Blacks seek in their white colleagues. The study also outlines the collective and individual strategies used by these Black racial equity workers to navigate and resist the contradictory terrain of their collaborations with Whites in racial equity work.

In recent years, there has been a significant amount of new attention to white dominance and privilege (or whiteness) as the often unmarked inverse of racial oppression. This interest has spawned the academic domain called Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS). While the critical investigation of whiteness is not new, and has been pioneered by Black scholars beginning at least since the early 1900s in the work of W. E. B. Du Bois, what is notable about this new interest in whiteness is its advancement almost exclusively by white scholars. The paucity of literature centering the Black voice in the study of whiteness both suggests the lack of appreciation for the importance of this perspective when researching the phenomenon of racial dominance, and raises questions about the manner in which racial equity work is approached by some Whites who do work that is intended to advance racial equity. This study investigates the context of racial equity collaborations between Blacks and Whites, responding to this knowledge deficit in two ways: a) it centers the Black voice, specifically and intentionally seeking the perspectives of Blacks about racial equity collaborations b) it investigates the nature and effects of the relationships between Blacks and Whites in these collaborative endeavours. This qualitative research study uses in-depth interview data collected from ten Black racial equity workers who collaborate with Whites in doing racial equity work. The data makes evident that the Black participants find these collaborations to be necessary and strategic while at the same time having the potential to undermine their own agency. The study examines this contradiction, discussing several manifestations of it in the lives of these Black racial equity workers. It outlines the importance of Black embodied knowledge to racial equity work and to these collaborations, and outlines an epistemology of unknowing and a politics of humility that these Blacks seek in their white colleagues. The study also outlines the collective and individual strategies used by these Black racial equity workers to navigate and resist the contradictory terrain of their collaborations with Whites in racial equity work.

À la fin de la dynastie Ming, Baoweng laoren a sélectionné quarante contes en langue vulgaire dans la collection San Yan Er Pai 三言兩拍 de Feng Menglong et de Ling Mengchu. Cette anthologie est connue sous le titre Jingu qiguan 今古奇觀 (Spectacles curieux d’aujourd’hui et de jadis). Elle a connu un immense succès à l’époque de sa publication et a été sans cesse rééditée. Aujourd’hui, elle est considérée comme un chef-œuvre représentatif de la littérature chinoise en langue vulgaire. Sa réputation a dépassé la frontière de la Chine depuis longtemps. Au XVIIIe siècle, trois contes du Jingu qiguan ont été traduits pour la première fois en Europe par un jésuite français. Dès lors, l’œuvre a connu de très nombreuses traductions partielles, retraductions et réécriture dans toute l’Europe. Seulement en langue française, il en existe déjà trente traductions partielles et une traduction intégrale, ainsi que de nombreuses réécritures de natures variées. Cela nous amène à nous interroger sur les raisons de ces traductions et retraduction, et à nous intéresser à leurs différentes réécritures. Qui les a traduits et comment ont-ils été traduits ? Ces contes ont-ils exercé quelque influence sur la littérature locale, et de quelle manière ? La présente étude a pour objectif de traiter toutes ces questions. / At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Baoweng laoren has selected forty tales of the three collections of Feng Menglong and two collections of Ling Mengchu to compile another anthology entitled Jingu qiguan 今古奇觀 (curious spectacles of today and of the past). This anthology was a huge success at the time of its publication, and is constantly reprinted for centuries until today. Today it is considered as a main representative work of Chinese literature in vernacular language. The reputation of Jingu qiguan has already exceeded the Chinese border since a long time. Since the 18th century, three tales of the Jingu qiguan were translated for the first time in Europe by a French Jesuit. Therefore, throughout the centuries, the Jingu qiguan has experienced a lot of partial translations, retranslations and adaptation across Europe. Only in French, there are about thirty translations, retranslations and rewrite of Jingu qiguan. So that leads us to wonder why these stories have constantly been translated and retranslated, or even rewritten. Who have translated them and how they have been translated? How these translations did had some influence in the local literature? This study is intended to cover all these issues.

Consistently throughout the book of Jonah, the author draws attention to matters of life and death. The present study argues that by approaching this recurring subject through a rhetorical-critical approach, it is evident that the author has intentionally constructed a motif of life and death, which they implement as the foundation for the theme of YHWH’s sovereignty that runs throughout the narrative. In this way, the motif is designed to build anticipation which comes to its climax as Jonah and YHWH converse directly in Jonah 4. This thesis argues that the presence of this motif is found in both the recurring key words and key situations connected with the concepts of life or death. Furthermore, the study identifies the purpose of Jonah as a declaration of YHWH’s sovereignty over matters of life and death, yet with a tendency toward mercy for the repentant. This is realized in and through the very motifs under examination.

La période de 1838-1839 se distingue dans la production de l’écriture romanesque de Balzac par la présence d’emprunts considérables à l’oeuvre de Théophile Gautier. Alliée à un large éventail de pratiques intertextuelles à divers degrés, cette présence nous incite à découvrir de quelle façon les éléments intertextuels sont insérés dans la création balzacienne et comment ils contribuent au développement raisonné d’un vaste réseau de significations. Cette thèse se construit alors autour de deux des exemples, qui sont les plus représentatifs de la création balzacienne à cette époque : Une fille d’Ève et Béatrix. L’analyse intertextuelle de ces romans, complétée par une étude génétique, permet de mettre en évidence la poétique intertextuelle du romancier. / In 1838-1839, Balzac’s writing is marked by the presence of significant borrowings in the works of Théophile Gautier. This presence, along with the vast range of intertextual practices of varying degree, incites us to discover how the intertextual elements are introduced in the novelist’s creative process and in what ways they contribute to the deliberate elaboration of an extensive network of meaning. This thesis is based upon two novels, Une fille d’Ève and Béatrix, chosen as best representations of Balzac’s creations at the time. The intertextual analysis of those two texts, together with a study of their genesis, highlights the author’s own concept of intertextuality.