With the increasing amount of renewable and difficult-to-forecast generation units, Transmission System Operators (TSO) face new challenges to operate the grid properly. The deterministic N-1 criterion is currently used to assess grid reliability. This criterion states that the loss of an active component should not trigger the violation of operational constraints. It has been chosen in the conventional context of electricity in which large units produced power transmitted to the consumer through the transmission and the distribution systems. The renewable energy sources, the distributed generations, and the liberalization of the electricity market led to a revolution in power systems. Renewable energies present intrinsic variability and limited predictability. Those variables are thus subject to forecasting errors. Distributed generations changed the structure of the power system to include smaller productions dispersed in the grid. The competitive electricity market led the consumers to react to electricity prices. The load is thus now subject to higher forecasting errors. An increasing share of the power system’s variables is thus now subject to errors that are likely to affect the operations and the planning of the grid. The N-1 criterion reaches limitations in considering the new characteristics of the power system. To account for this evolution, TSOs have to make a shift in paradigm. They must go from the N-1 criterion to a reliability-based approach, with risk management and integration of errors on forecasted values. This amounts to going from deterministic to probabilistic approaches capable of quantifying this risk.The purpose of this research project is to develop the basis of an industrial tool. The method considers thus the barriers to the use of a probabilistic method for grid planning. TSOs are indeed reluctant to give up the N-1 criterion. They fear that a probabilistic method would be too difficult to understand and apply and that the related computational time would be too long for the operational planning.The method proposed in this research project aims at overcoming those barriers. The method sets the basis of a decision support tool for the planners to make sound decisions. It is thus not a black-box and the planners are included in the assessment. The method is based on the current work of the planners and widens it to englobe probabilistic considerations. It offers thus a smooth evolution from a deterministic to a probabilistic method which will ease the industrial development of the tool using it. The method is called Discrete Forecast ERrors Scenarios method: DIFERS. It has been developed to be consistent with the operational planning in terms of time constraints and available information. It relies on three evolutions from the deterministic N-1 criterion: 1. Include possible variations from the best estimate of the forecasts.2. Enlarge the contingency list to higher N-k events.3. Consider the impact and the probability of the events to compute their risk.The contingency list evolves thus toward a risk-based classification of events. The planners’ work aims then at proposing actions to decrease the risk to an acceptable level. The first step of DIFERS is performed off-line to relax the time constraints. It aims at evaluating the contingency list for a set of situations. It performs an assessment on the most probable events, considering a larger group than the N-1 criterion. The assessment focuses on N-1 and nearby N-2 events. The nearby events have been selected based on a distance criterion defined in terms of number of components in the smallest path from one component to another. Some random N-3 and N-4 events are also analyzed to assess the evolution of the risk with regard to the number of failing components. Continuous variables are represented by their probability density functions (PDFs), which represent the variation range for the set of situations considered. Those PDFs are discretized to limit the computational time. The assessment of the contingencies is performed on each combination of those discrete points. The second step uses the contingency list developed in step 1 to assess the risk related to a specific situation: a grid plan. The PDFs used in this step represent the forecasting errors on the continuous variables for the grid plan considered. They are also discretized and each combination is tested with the events of the contingency list. At the end of the assessment, indicators are computed and provided to the planner. The planner can then propose actions to be tested by the tool to see their impact on the reliability indicators. The assessment stops once the reliability target is met.The final step aims at updating the information computed in step 2 with newly acquired forecasts. As real-time is closer, those forecasts are more reliable. The method has been tested on a plausible scenario and on a simplified version of the Belgian grid. The load and the offshore wind production have been considered as input variables for this implementations. The results show that there is an interest in evolving toward a risk-based assessment to capture the new characteristics of the evolving context of electricity supply. The implementation of the DIFERS method should continue on several scenarios. It should integrate all continuous variables such as solar and onshore productions. Moreover, all real-life considerations on the input variables, such as correlations, should be included to represent the power system as best as possible.This research project has been conducted in collaboration with the Belgian TSO Elia and it has been financed by the Doctiris grant of Innoviris. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[pt] A perfuração de poços de petróleo é uma operação complexa e de elevado risco e custo financeiro. Com o passar dos anos o número de poços horizontais e de longo alcance perfurados aumentou consideravelmente devido à existência de reservatórios mais profundos e de difícil acesso, além da necessidade de se obter uma melhor eficiência na extração do petróleo. Juntamente com este aumento na complexidade da perfuração surgiram problemas operacionais que, por muitas vezes, não são identificados e acabam sendo responsáveis pela maior parte do tempo não produtivo da operação elevando, assim, seus custos diários. Logo, o estudo destes problemas é de extrema importância para se garantir condições seguras de operação, além de contribuir para a otimização da mesma, mitigação dos efeitos causados e uma maior rapidez e eficácia nas tomadas de decisões. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de identificação de problemas operacionais a fim de otimizar a perfuração de poços, através da utilização de recursos computacionais, para gerar análises de previsão de torque, arraste e hidráulica e, posterior, comparação com os dados de perfuração obtidos, em tempo real, dos sensores de mudlogging e da ferramenta de PWD. A caracterização dos problemas foi realizada com base nos dados reais de poços horizontais, perfurados na Bacia de Campos, mediante a identificação de possíveis desvios importantes, que não estavam previstos, nos parâmetros de perfuração. Através da retro-análise dos dados de perfuração dos poços foi possível diagnosticar alguns problemas operacionais ocorridos durante esta operação, tais como: perda de circulação, prisão da coluna de perfuração, washout no tubo de perfuração e dificuldade de avanço causada por uma limpeza deficiente, pelo enceramento da broca e pela vibração na coluna de perfuração. Além disso, foram destacados também alguns exemplos que mostraram variações na tendência do torque em função de mudança na litologia do poço. / [en] Drilling is a complex and a high risk process which involves high financial cost. Over the years the number of horizontal wells and extended reach wells increased, due to the existence of deeper reservoirs, which are more difficult to access, in addition to the need of having an improvement in the oil production efficiency. Along with this increased complexity of drilling, unidentified operational problems end up being responsible for most of the non-productive time and daily cost increase. Thus, analyzing such problems it is very important to ensure safe operating conditions, optimize drilling operation, control causes/effects and have a faster and efficient decision-making capability. This paper presents a methodology to identify operational problems in order to optimize drilling operation using computer resources to predict torque, drag and hydraulic effects and later on to compare with the drilling data obtained in real time from mudlogging sensors and PWD (Pressure While Drilling). Cases were based on real time data from horizontal wells drilled in Campos Basis, Rio de Janeiro, and the problems were identified with unforeseen changes in drilling parameters trend. After studying the available well data, it was possible to diagnose several operational problems occurred during drilling, such as: lost circulation, stuck pipe, drill pipe washout and difficulty in drilling due to a poor hole cleaning, bit balling and drill string stick-slip vibration. In addition, it was also highlighted some examples that showed variations in the torque trend due to lithology changes.

A enzima β-D- frutofuranosídeo frutohidrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.26), também conhecida como invertase, é uma hidrolase capaz de clivar o dissacarídeo sacarose, gerando mistura equimolar de glicose e frutose (‘açúcar invertido’). A aplicação deste, bem como a dos monossacarídeos de modo isolado é bastante comum na indústria alimentícia, por exemplo na manufatura de recheios de doces, além de outras aplicações, como na indústria farmacêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes suportes e métodos de imobilização de uma invertase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os experimentos feitos com filmes de celulose, macroesferas de quitosana, e o suporte comercial Immobead não apresentaram resultados conclusivos. A imobilização covalente unipontual da invertase em mistura de nano e agregados de nanopartículas de quitosana possibilitou a obtenção dos seguintes resultados: além desse suporte ser de fácil preparação e ativação, oferecendo grande área superficial para a imobilização, o derivado imobilizado apresentou alta recuperação da atividade, sendo utilizado o protocolo que permitiu obter 74,3 % de rendimento e 61,6 % de eficiência de imobilização. A temperatura (55 ºC) e o pH ótimos de atividade (4,5), estabilidade térmica e ao armazenamento não foram modificados pós-imobilização. A afinidade da invertase pelo substrato decaiu cerca de 3 vezes, devido à reduzida acessibilidade da sacarose ao sítio ativo da enzima. Porém, o parâmetro Vmax manteve-se constante, indicando que não houve perda na máxima conversão da sacarose em seus monossacarídeos. Através da imobilização foi possível obter excelente estabilidade operacional: 59 reusos com 100 % da atividade catalítica da enzima (bateladas de 30 min, sob suave agitação, com solução de sacarose 8 %, a 55 ºC). / The enzyme β-D- fructofuranoside fructohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.26), also known as invertase, is one hydrolase able to cleave the sucrose disaccharide, generating an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose (‘invert sugar’). The application of invert sugar, as well the isolated monosaccharides is very common in the food industry, for example in the manufacture of filling of sweets, besides other applications, as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate different supports and immobilization methods of an invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experiments performed with cellulose films, chitosan macrospheres and the commercial support Immobead did not present conclusive results. The unipoint covalent immobilization of invertase in a mixture of chitosan nano and aggregated nanoparticles made possible to obtain the following results: besides the easy preparation and activation of this support, offering high superficial area for enzyme immobilization, the immobilized derivative presented high activity recovery, which allowed getting 74.3 % of immobilization yield and 61.6 % of immobilization efficiency. The optimal temperature (55 ºC) and pH (4.5) for activity, thermal and storage stabilities were not modified after immobilization. The enzyme affinity for its substrate decreased about 3 folds, mainly due to the reduced accessibility of sucrose to the catalytic site of the enzyme. However the parameter Vmax remained constant, indicating that there was not loss in the maximal conversion of sucrose in its monosaccharides. Through the immobilization was possible to obtain excellent operational stability: 59 reuses with 100 % of the catalytic enzyme activity (batches of 30 min, under genlte stirring, with sucrose solution 8 %, 55 ºC).

No abstract available / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.

No description available.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_bc_me_guara.pdf: 1492178 bytes, checksum: 2c201ad6660278573573b0b255349982 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa propõe o planejamento econômico de gráficos de controle ̅ para o monitoramento de uma característica de qualidade na qual as observações se ajustam a um modelo autorregressivo de primeira ordem com erro adicional. O modelo de custos de Duncan é usado para selecionar os parâmetros do gráfico, tamanho da amostra, intervalo de amostragem e os limites de controle. Utiliza-se o algoritmo genético na busca do custo mínimo de monitoramento. Para determinação do número médio de amostras até o sinal e o número de alarmes falsos são utilizadas Cadeias de Markov. Uma análise de sensibilidade mostrou que a autocorrelação provoca efeito adverso nos parâmetros do gráfico elevando seu custo de monitoramento e reduzindo sua eficiência / This research proposes an economic design of a ̅ control chart used to monitor a quality characteristic whose observations fit to a first-order autoregressive model with additional error. The Duncan's cost model is used to select the control chart parameters, namely the sample size, the sampling interval and the control limit coefficient, using genetic algorithm in order to search the minimum cost. The Markov chain is used to determine the average number of samples until the signal and the number of false alarms. A sensitivity analysis showed that the autocorrelation causes adverse effect on the parameters of the control chart increasing monitoring cost and reducing significantly their efficiency

Étant donnés un planning aérien et des prévisions de demande, le problème d'affectation de flotte aérienne consiste à déterminer la meilleure façon de répartir les types d'appareils sur les vols. Cette répartition a un impact majeur sur le profit d'une compagnie aérienne, puisqu'elle détermine les quantités de places disponibles sur les itinéraires du réseau aérien, ainsi que le coût de fonctionnement de celui-ci. Des décennies de recherche ont rendues les modélisations de ce problème de plus en plus réalistes. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité de ces recherches en considérant le problème d'affectation de flotte dans un contexte où les demandes des passagers sont incertaines. Nous proposons dans un premier temps une étude autour des deux modèles de la littérature les plus utilisés dans l'industrie, FAM et IFAM. Nous montrons que FAM peut être vu comme une Relaxation Lagrangienne de IFAM, avec des multiplicateurs Lagrangiens particuliers. Nous implémentons cette relaxation, et nous appliquons des résultats connus pour l'étendre en une génération de colonnes basée sur une décomposition de Dantzig-Wolfe de IFAM. Nous étudions ensuite les effets que l'imprécision des prévisions peut avoir sur la performance d'IFAM, et nous présentons au terme de cette étude une nouvelle approche pour modéliser le problème d'affectation de flotte. Notre modèle, Market Driven Fleet Assignment Model (MDFAM), intègre les demandes par itinéraires comme variables de décision, et contraint ces demandes plutôt que de les considérer comme une entrée fixe. Nous appelons les contraintes résultantes des contraintes de Marché. Nous illustrons la flexibilité de cette approche à travers divers exemples, et nous proposons une série d'expériences visant à déterminer quelles sont les contraintes de marché donnant les meilleurs résultats. Nous comparons les différents modèles, et nous montrons que MDFAM peut atteindre des niveaux de performance similaires à ceux offert par IFAM, tout en étant plus facile à utiliser et à implémenter. / Given an airline schedule and demand forecasts, the Fleet Assignment Problem consists in determining how to assign aircraft types to flight legs in the best possible way. This assignment has a major impact on the profit of an airline, since it determines the quantities of seats available over the itineraries of the flight network, along with the associated operating cost. Decades of research on this problem have improved the formulations to be more and more realistic. This thesis extends the ongoing work, considering the problem of doing Fleet Assignment taking demand volatility into account. We first propose a study involving the two models of the literature that are the most widely used by the industry, FAM and IFAM. We show that FAM can be seen as a Lagrangian Relaxation of IFAM, with particular Lagrangian multipliers. We implement this relaxation, and we apply known results to extend it in a column generation based on a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition of IFAM. We then study the effects of forecasts inaccuracy over the performance of IFAM, and we present a novel approach for modeling the Fleet Assignment Problem. Our model, Market Driven Fleet Assignment Model (MDFAM), makes the itinerary demands part of the decision variables. We propose to constraint these variables rather than consider them as a fixed input of the problem, and we call the resulting constraints Market Constraints. We illustrate the flexibility of this approach through various examples, and we provide a series of experiments in order to determine which Market Constraints give the best results. We compare the different models, and we show that MDFAM can reach a performance which is similar to IFAM's, while being easier to use and to implement.

Orientador: João Antônio Pereira / Banca: Luiz de Paula do Nascimento / Banca: Domingos Alves Rade / Resumo: A Análise Modal envolvendo apenas as respostas da estrutura é ainda um desafio que requer o uso de técnicas de identificação especiais. Este trabalho discute a identificação baseada apenas na resposta utilizando um método de identificação no tempo, mais especificamente, o método Identificação Estocástica de Subespaço. É mostrado que uma estrutura vibrando excitada por forças não conhecidas, pode ser modelada como um modelo de espaço de estado estocástico. A partir da aplicação de técnicas numéricas robustas como fatorização QR e Decomposição em Valores Singulares para a matriz bloco de Hankel semi-infinita, contendo os dados de resposta, é obtida a estimativa dos estados do modelo. Uma vez que os estados são conhecidos, o sistema de matrizes é encontrado através da solução de um problema de mínimos quadrados. Encontrado o modelo matemático da estrutura, os parâmetros modais são estimados diretamente através da decomposição em autovalores. O trabalho apresenta ainda uma metodologia que utiliza a função densidade de probabilidade para identificar possíveis componentes harmônicos contidos nos sinais de respostas. Os sinais são filtrados em uma faixa de freqüência contendo um provável modo e é verificado se este corresponde a um modo natural ou operacional. A metodologia é avaliada com dados simulados e experimentais e os resultados obtidos mostraram-se promissores para identificação dos parâmetros modais de sistemas estocásticos lineares e invariantes no tempo, utilizando apenas as respostas. / Abstract: Modal analysis using output-only measurements is still a challenge in the experimental modal analysis community. It requires the use of special modal identification techniques. This work discusses the concepts involved in the output-only modal analysis and the implementation of the Stochastic Subspace Identification time domain method. It is shown that a vibrating structure excited by an unknown force can be modelled as a stochastic state space model. In this approach, the SSI method estimates the state sequences directly from the response data and the modal parameters are estimated by using the eigenvalues decomposition of the state matrix. The steps of the procedure are implemented using the well-known numerical linear algebra algorithms, Singular Value Decomposition and the QR decomposition. It also includes a methodology based on the Probability Density Function to identify harmonic components of the response signals. The signals are filtering in a range of frequency containing a mode, to verify if it is a natural or operational mode. The approach is evaluated with simulated and experimental data and the results have shown to be promising to identify the modal parameters of stochastic linear time-invariant systems, based only on the output data. / Mestre

A enzima β-D- frutofuranosídeo frutohidrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.26), também conhecida como invertase, é uma hidrolase capaz de clivar o dissacarídeo sacarose, gerando mistura equimolar de glicose e frutose (‘açúcar invertido’). A aplicação deste, bem como a dos monossacarídeos de modo isolado é bastante comum na indústria alimentícia, por exemplo na manufatura de recheios de doces, além de outras aplicações, como na indústria farmacêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes suportes e métodos de imobilização de uma invertase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os experimentos feitos com filmes de celulose, macroesferas de quitosana, e o suporte comercial Immobead não apresentaram resultados conclusivos. A imobilização covalente unipontual da invertase em mistura de nano e agregados de nanopartículas de quitosana possibilitou a obtenção dos seguintes resultados: além desse suporte ser de fácil preparação e ativação, oferecendo grande área superficial para a imobilização, o derivado imobilizado apresentou alta recuperação da atividade, sendo utilizado o protocolo que permitiu obter 74,3 % de rendimento e 61,6 % de eficiência de imobilização. A temperatura (55 ºC) e o pH ótimos de atividade (4,5), estabilidade térmica e ao armazenamento não foram modificados pós-imobilização. A afinidade da invertase pelo substrato decaiu cerca de 3 vezes, devido à reduzida acessibilidade da sacarose ao sítio ativo da enzima. Porém, o parâmetro Vmax manteve-se constante, indicando que não houve perda na máxima conversão da sacarose em seus monossacarídeos. Através da imobilização foi possível obter excelente estabilidade operacional: 59 reusos com 100 % da atividade catalítica da enzima (bateladas de 30 min, sob suave agitação, com solução de sacarose 8 %, a 55 ºC). / The enzyme β-D- fructofuranoside fructohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.26), also known as invertase, is one hydrolase able to cleave the sucrose disaccharide, generating an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose (‘invert sugar’). The application of invert sugar, as well the isolated monosaccharides is very common in the food industry, for example in the manufacture of filling of sweets, besides other applications, as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate different supports and immobilization methods of an invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experiments performed with cellulose films, chitosan macrospheres and the commercial support Immobead did not present conclusive results. The unipoint covalent immobilization of invertase in a mixture of chitosan nano and aggregated nanoparticles made possible to obtain the following results: besides the easy preparation and activation of this support, offering high superficial area for enzyme immobilization, the immobilized derivative presented high activity recovery, which allowed getting 74.3 % of immobilization yield and 61.6 % of immobilization efficiency. The optimal temperature (55 ºC) and pH (4.5) for activity, thermal and storage stabilities were not modified after immobilization. The enzyme affinity for its substrate decreased about 3 folds, mainly due to the reduced accessibility of sucrose to the catalytic site of the enzyme. However the parameter Vmax remained constant, indicating that there was not loss in the maximal conversion of sucrose in its monosaccharides. Through the immobilization was possible to obtain excellent operational stability: 59 reuses with 100 % of the catalytic enzyme activity (batches of 30 min, under genlte stirring, with sucrose solution 8 %, 55 ºC).