The thesis deals with the creation of the biosynthetic pathways of selected alkaloids of opium poppy. Then is following the design primers for selected genes and optimization of PCR reaction of these genes for amplification and sequencing of the longest fragments. The PCR reaction was optimized for the 7OMT, TNMT and CODM genes. These genes are involved in biosynthetic pathways of morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine and sanguinarine. Each gene was split in half. The primers were designed separately for each half of the gene. Altogether were designed 13 pairs primers. 5 pairs primers were optimized by gradient PCR and gel electrophoresis. These primers were used for sequencing analysis.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os mecanismos envolvidos no aumento da eficácia analgesia da crotalfina (CRF), um peptídeo com atividade tipo opióide, na vigência de inflamação (prostaglandina E2/PGE2) ou lesão tecidual (constrição crônica do nervo isquiático/CCI). A PGE2 (intraplantar), em ratos, aumentou a expressão gênica e protéica de receptores opióides do tipo <font face=\"Symbol\">m e <font face=\"Symbol\">k, no gânglio da raiz dorsal (DRG) e nervo da pata (NP), quando comparado a animais naive. A CCI aumentou a expressão de receptores <font face=\"Symbol\">m e <font face=\"Symbol\">d, no DRG e diminuiu os níveis de receptores <font face=\"Symbol\">k. Embora a PGE2 e CCI, per se, não ativem receptores opióides o CRF e agonistas opióides acarretam maior ativação destes receptores na vigência de sensibilização por PGE2 e CCI. Ainda, o CRF ativa a via das MAPKs (ERK1/2 e JNK), apenas na presença de PGE2, efeito mediado por receptores do tipo <font face=\"Symbol\">k e PKC<font face=\"Symbol\">z. Estes dados mostram que a expressão e ativação de receptores opióides são diferentemente regulados pela injúria aguda ou crônica. / This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the increased analgesic efficacy of crotalphine (CRP), an opioid-like peptide, under inflammation prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tissue injury (chronic constriction injury/CCI). PGE2 (intraplantar) in rats, increases the genic and proteic expression of <font face=\"Symbol\">m- and <font face=\"Symbol\">k-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and nerve paw (NP), when compared to naïve rats. CCI up-regulates the expression of <font face=\"Symbol\">m and <font face=\"Symbol\">d -opioid receptors in DRG and NP. In contrast, <font face=\"Symbol\">k-opioid receptors were down-regulated by CCI. Although PGE2 and CCI, per se, do not activate opioid receptors, CRP and opioid agonists lead to a higher activation of these receptors in NP slices under PGE2 or CCI sensitization or in DRG cells incubated with PGE2. Moreover, CRP activates ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs pathways, <font face=\"Symbol\">k-receptor and PKC<font face=\"Symbol\">z-mediated, only when the cells were pre-incubated with PGE2. These data indicate that the expression and activation of opioid receptors are distinctly regulated by the presence of acute or chronic injury.

No description available.

<p>Den här uppsatsen har skrivits inom ramen för centralasiatisk säkerhetspolitik ur ett europeiskt perspektiv. Jag har begränsat uppsatsen till att fokusera på narkotika, som på senare år har blivit en kärnfråga i säkerhetspolitiska diskussioner, framförallt i Europa och i USA. Genom att tillämpa ett vidare perspektiv har jag försökt överskrida den eurocentrism, evolutionism, passivisering och viktimisering som finns i litteraturen och de artiklar som jag har studerat. Med den beskrivande tesen: Narkotikans roll i kampen om den globala hegemonin och drömmen om kalifatet, har jag velat belysa narkotikans roll i båda dessa strävanden mot en ny värld. Narkotikans roll som ett maktobjekt kan inte förminskas, varken i européernas kamp om den globala hegemonin eller i de islamistiska extremistgruppernas dröm om kalifatet. Narkotikan har haft en betydande och stimulerande roll i historien, i nutiden och kommer även att ha det i framtiden.</p>

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether the implementation of a social safety net programme in Ethiopia has affected the value, risk and composition of farmers‟ crop portfolios. The empirical analysis suggests that the value and risk of the crop portfolio have not been altered due to the programme. However, the programme seems to have brought about some changes in the land allocated to different crops. Paper [II] studies how a social safety net affects farmers‟ (dis)investments in productive assets. More specifically, it studies how the Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has changed livestock and tree holdings. The results indicate no significant effect on livestock holdings, but a significant increase in tree holdings. Paper [III] investigates if there is a problem of adverse selection in formal microlending in rural Bangladesh. The results indicate that farmers who only borrow formally have a shadow price of capital that is substantially higher than the average informal interest rate. This suggests that farmers that only borrow formally are perceived as poor credit risks by informal lenders. Paper [IV] explores the economic incentives surrounding the cultivation of opium poppy in Afghanistan. Specifically, it examines the impact of eradication policies when opium is used as a means of obtaining credit, and when the crops are produced in sharecropping arrangements. The results indicate that both these features are likely to affect the outcome of eradication policies.

Den här uppsatsen har skrivits inom ramen för centralasiatisk säkerhetspolitik ur ett europeiskt perspektiv. Jag har begränsat uppsatsen till att fokusera på narkotika, som på senare år har blivit en kärnfråga i säkerhetspolitiska diskussioner, framförallt i Europa och i USA. Genom att tillämpa ett vidare perspektiv har jag försökt överskrida den eurocentrism, evolutionism, passivisering och viktimisering som finns i litteraturen och de artiklar som jag har studerat. Med den beskrivande tesen: Narkotikans roll i kampen om den globala hegemonin och drömmen om kalifatet, har jag velat belysa narkotikans roll i båda dessa strävanden mot en ny värld. Narkotikans roll som ett maktobjekt kan inte förminskas, varken i européernas kamp om den globala hegemonin eller i de islamistiska extremistgruppernas dröm om kalifatet. Narkotikan har haft en betydande och stimulerande roll i historien, i nutiden och kommer även att ha det i framtiden.

In this study, aerobic biological treatment of opium alkaloid wastewater and the effect of gamma preirradiation and fenton&amp / #8217 / s oxidation were investigated. First, the biodegradability of alkaloid wastewater was investigated by batch reactors and wastewater was found to be highly biodegradable providing 83 &amp / #8211 / 90 % COD degradation. In order to evaluate the effect of irradiation, original wastewater and irradiated wastewaters (40 &amp / 140 kGy) were compared by means of BOD5/COD values and through aerobic batch experiments. Results indicated that irradiation imparted no further enhancement in biodegradability. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) studies revealed that the treatment operation was not possible due to sludge settleability problem observed beyond an influent COD value of 2 g/L. Possible reasons for problem were investigated, and the high molecular weight, larger size and aromatic structure of the organic matters present in wastewater was thought to contribute to poor settleability characteristics. Some operational modifications including phosphate buffer addition cured the settleability problem. Influent COD was then increased to 5,000 mg/L. Significant COD removal efficiencies (&gt / 70 %) were obtained in SBRs fed with both original and irradiated wastewaters. Preirradiated wastewater provided a better settling sludge in comparison to original wastewater. Degradation of the complex structure was followed by GC/MS analyses, particle size measurements and enhancement in filterability. Pre-irradiation enhanced the filterability of wastewater more than Fenton&amp / #8217 / s treatment and degradation by irradiation was proved by GC/MS analyses.

No description available.

In his preface to The Moonstone , Wilkie Collins declares that his object with the novel has been "to trace the influence of character on circumstances", referring mainly to the conduct of the novel's heroine, Rachel.  In view of the other characters' similar function in this symbol-laden novel, this essay looks closer at the one character with whom Collins brings his extensive tapestry to a close, Ezra Jennings, thereby exposing the deeper significance of this 'detective novel'.  Ezra's added function in this novel, is to be the physical focal point, within the plot, for three crucial themes within the novel: 'Opium', 'Empire' and 'Sacrifice'.  Of course, the other characters incorporate these themes as well, but it is always Ezra who has the ultimate representational power.  He is, literally, the sum of the others' hopes and fears, and Collins's metaphorical 'third eye' of The Moonstone, presenting an alternative aspect of events.

Thesis (M.A. (Population and Reproductive Health Research))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0028 ; please contact computer services.