This thesis introduces a method for contact-free optical audio reconstruction of phonograph records using laser triangulation. The reconstruction is done using a 3D-profile camera and by scanning the surface of record in a single circumference. The depth-map created by the camera is then used to decode the audio information stored in the record. To evaluate the quality of the decoded audio information, it is tested against digital copies of the same record in order to analyze the correlation between it and the extracted sound. The result of this thesis presents a decoded and high correlated audio which is recognizable to an original digital copy. The method is well suited for fast real-time or faster than real-time decoding implementations.

Future parallel computer systems for embedded real-time applications,where each node in itself can be a parallel computer, are predicted to havevery high bandwidth demands on the interconnection network. Otherimportant properties are time-deterministic latency and guarantees to meetdeadlines. In this thesis, a fiber-optic passive optical star network with amedium access protocol for packet switched communication in distributedreal-time systems is proposed. By using WDM (Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing), multiple channels, each with a capacity of several Gb/s, areobtained. A number of protocols for WDM star networks have recently been proposed.However, the area of real-time protocols for these networks is quiteunexplored. The protocol proposed in this thesis is based on TDMA (TimeDivision Multiple Access) and uses a new distributed slot-allocationalgorithm with real-time properties. Services for both guarantee-seekingmessages and best-effort messages are supported for single destination,multicast, and broadcast transmission. Slot reserving can be used toincrease the time-deterministic bandwidth, while still having an efficientbandwidth utilization due to a simple slot release method. By connecting several clusters of the proposed WDM star network by abackbone star, thus forming a star-of-stars network, we get a modular andscalable high-bandwidth network. The deterministic properties of thenetwork are theoretically analyzed for both intra-cluster and inter-clustercommunication, and computer simulations of intra-cluster communicationare reported. Also, an overview of high-performance fiber-opticcommunication systems is presented.

This thesis comprises an account of research carried out into the flexoelectro-optic effect, as observed in chiral nematic liquid crystals, and its potential for application in fibre optic communications components. The flexoelectro-optic effect provides a mechanism of fast, analogue rotation of the optic axis in chiral nematic materials via the application of an electric field to the sample. In particular, bimesogenic liquid crystal materials exhibit very large flexoelectro-optic tilt angles, and a large tilt angle per unit field in comparison to other mesogenic materials. In this work a new geometry for the flexoelectro-optic effect is developed in which the chiral nematic liquid crystal is aligned with its helical axis along the normal to the cell walls and the electric field is applied in the plane of the cell. It is shown that polymer stabilization of this device by the addition of a small percentage of reactive mesogen to mixture increases greatly the ability of the device to withstand high amplitude a.c. electric fields. Applied fields of up to 6.8 V/μm are shown to induce a maximum birefringence of ∆n=0.037, due to both flexoelectric and dielectric coupling, and ∆n=0.012 due to flexoelectric coupling only in a sample based on symmetric difluorinated bimesogens. This induced birefringence is shown to consistently respond to field application and removal on the sub millisecond timescale. Polymer stabilization of the same mixtures in the uniform lying helix texture is shown to affect the electro-optic response of the samples in a manner which is dependent on the concentration of reactive mesogen used, and the temperature at which the reactive mesogen is cured. A concentration of approximately 3% weight/weight, however, has little detrimental impact on the device characteristics, and curing of the sample at the lower end of the chiral nematic temperature range is shown to allow optimization of both tilt angle and response time of the samples. The effect is also employed to demonstrate a new method of fast electrical tuning of the output wavelength from chiral nematic photonic band edge lasers. An 8nm shift was induced in these devices by a 3.5 V/μm applied field.

Femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining has been a useful technique either to modify and remove materials or to change the properties of a material, and can be applied to transparent and absorptive substances. Recently high-power fs laser radiation has drawn intensive attention for the induction of refractive index change to fabricate micro-structures in dielectric materials. This thesis studies the optical properties of a novel fiber random grating fabricated by fs laser micromachining technique and extends its applications from optical sensing to random fiber lasers and optical random bit generations. The thesis mainly consists of three parts. In the first part, the physical mechanism behind the fs laser micromachining technique and the fabrication of the fiber random grating are introduced. By employing a wavelength-division spectral cross-correlation algorithm, a novel multi-parameter fiber-optic sensor based on the fiber random grating is proposed and demonstrated to realize simultaneous measurements of temperature, axial strain, and surrounding refractive index. In the second part, Brillouin random fiber laser (BRFL) and Erbium-doped fiber random laser (EDFRL) are introduced, respectively. Firstly, we propose a novel Brillouin random fiber laser with a narrow linewidth of ~860 Hz based on the bi-directionally pumped stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a 10-km-long optical fiber. A random fiber Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator is built up through the pump depletion effects of SBS at both ends of the fiber. The novel laser is successfully applied for linewidth characterization beyond 860 Hz of light source under test. Secondly, the random grating-based FP resonator is introduced to build up a novel BRFL with narrow-linewidth of ~45.8Hz and reduced lasing threshold. The intensity and frequency noises of the proposed random laser are effectively suppressed due to the reduced resonating modes and mode competition. Finally, the fiber random grating is used as random distributed feedback in an EDFRL to achieve both static (temperature, strain) and dynamic (ultrasound) parameter sensing. Multiple lasing lines with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 40dB are achieved, which gives an access for a high-fidelity multiple-static-parameter sensing application. By monitoring the wavelength shifts of each peak, temperature and strain have been simultaneously measured with small errors. The fiber random grating in the EDFRL is also able to sense the ultrasound waves. By achieving single mode lasing with the EDFRL, ultrasound waves with frequencies from 20kHz to 0.8MHz could be detected with higher sensitivity and SNR improvement up to 20dB compared with conventional piezoelectric acoustic sensors. In the third part, we demonstrate that a semiconductor laser perturbed by the distributed feedback from a fiber random grating can emit light chaotically without the time delay signature (TDS). A theoretical model is developed by modifying the Lang-Kobayashi model to numerically explore the chaotic dynamics of the laser diode subjected to the random distributed feedback. It is predicted that the random distributed feedback is superior to the single reflection feedback in suppressing the TDS. In experiments, The TDS with the maximum suppression is achieved with a value of 0.0088, which is the smallest to date.

This thesis present research work conducted in the field of retina image analysis. More specifically, the work is directed at the application of texture analysis technique for the segmentation of common retinal landmark and for retina image classification. The main challenge in this research is in identifying the suitable texture measurement for retina images. In this research we proposed the used of texture measurement based on Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features (BRIEF). BRIEF measure texture by performing an intensity comparison in a local image patch, thus it is very fast to compute and tolerant to any monotonic increase or decrease of image intensities, which makes the descriptor invariant to illumination. The performance of BRIEF as texture measurement is first shown in an experiment involving texture classification and segmentation using common texture datasets. The result demonstrates good performance from BRIEF in this experiment. BRIEF is next used in two applications of retinal image analysis, namely optic disc segmentation and glaucoma classification. In the former, we proposed the used of pixel classification using BRIEF as textural features and circular template matching to segment the optic disc. In addition, an extension of BRIEF called Rotation Invariant BRIEF (OBRIEF) is later proposed to improve the segmentation result. For glaucoma classification, we described two approaches for glaucoma classification using BRIEF/OBRIEF features. The first is based on determination of cup to disc ratio (CDR) and the second is classification using image features i.e. BRIEF features. Overall, our preliminary results on using BRIEF as texture measurement for retinal image analysis are encouraging and demonstrate that it has the potential to be used in retina image analysis.

L’imagerie super-résolue délivrée par l’optique adaptative permet d’imager la rétine à l’échelle cellulaire et rentre au service du diagnostic et du suivi de pathologie de l’oeil mais aussi à une meilleure connaissance de l’anatomie, des fonctions et des mécanismes de la rétine.Dans un premier temps nous avons défini la méthode permettant de positionner le centre de la fovéa ainsi que de mesurer la densité des cônes avec la meilleure répétabilité. Le centre de l’ellipse de plus fortes densités permet de positionner le centre de la fovéa. La densité des cônes est mesurée dans une fenêtre de 80 par 80 pixels à une excentricité mesurée sur un montage établi à partir de clichés réalisés tous les 2°.Un des aspects fondamental de ce projet est la réalisation d’une base de données cliniques normatives liées à des bio-marqueurs (densité, espacement et morphologie des cônes). En effet il est nécessaire de fournir des mesures quantitatives des structures visualisées. Cette étude a permis de caractériser la structure rétinienne d’une population saine ne présentant aucune maladie rétinienne, de façon à établir un référentiel de normalité. Cette étude nous a aussi permis de répondre aux questions laissées sans réponse par la littérature. Nous avons constaté que la densité des cônes différait nettement entre les méridiens horizontaux et verticaux. Nous avons également observé que la longueur axiale influait sur la densité des cônes exprimée en unité de surface mais pas en terme d'angle visuel, supportant l'hypothèse que la rétine s'étirait avec l'allongement du globe oculaire. Enfin, l'âge ne semble pas avoir d'impact sur la densité des cônes excepté à 2°.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé au lien entre l’acuité visuelle périphérique et l’espacement des cônes. Il est connu que les cellules ganglionnaires midgets (mRGC) sont responsables de la résolution visuelle. Mais, au niveau de la fovéa, chaque cône se connecte, via des cellules bipolaires, à une mRGC ON et OFF. Cette particularité anatomique rend la mesure de l’espacement entre les cônes un substitut observable aux cellules ganglionnaires permettant ainsi le lien avec l'acuité visuelle. Nous avons donc déterminé jusqu'à quelle excentricité les cônes ne sont plus un substitut observable des cellules ganglionnaires. Nous avons constaté que l’acuité visuelle est régit par l’espacement des cônes jusqu’à 2° d’excentricité, à la fois en rétine nasale et inférieure, soutenant l'idée que seulement 50% des mRGC fovéale détermine l’acuité visuelle (mRGC ON ou OFF). Au delà, l’espacement des cônes surestime l’acuité visuelle. Watson a développé un modèle permettant de prédire l’acuité visuelle sur la base de l’espacement entre les mRGC lui-même dérivé de l’espacement entre les cônes. Le modèle 50% (mRGC ON ou OFF) prédit également l’acuité visuelle dans le méridien vertical (inférieur) à 4° et 6° d'excentricité. Le long du méridien nasal, le modèle 50% sous-estime l’acuité visuelle. Un chevauchement partiel des champs récepteurs des mRGC ON + OFF pourrait en être la cause. Nous avons ensuite mesuré la densité des cônes dans les 48° centraux le long du méridien horizontal dans deux groupes, l’un présentant une histoire d’évolution myopique (i.e. allongement de l'oeil) et l'autre non. À ce jour, il n'existe qu’une seule étude ayant des mesures in-vivo de la densité des cônes au delà des 15° centraux. Cette étude nous a également permis d'affirmer que lors de l'évolution myopique, la rétine s’étirerait de manière uniforme dans la zone mesurée, excepté proche de la tête du nerf optique, où il semblerait qu'il y ait une adhérence plus forte. / The high-resolved imagery delivered by the adaptive optic is used to form pictures of the retina at the cellular level and to diagnose and follow up on eyes pathologies, but also to improve knowledge of the anatomy, functions and mechanisms of the retina.First we defined the method that allows us to position the center of the fovea and to measure the density of the cones with the best repeatability. The center of the ellipse of higher densities makes it possible to position the center of the fovea. The cone density is measured in a region of interest of 80 x 80 pixels to an eccentricity measured on a montage established from pictures made every 2°.One of the fundamental aspects of this project is the creation of a normative clinical database linked to bio-markers (density, spacing and morphology of cones). Indeed it is necessary to provide quantitative measures of the structures visualized. This study made it possible to characterize the retinal structure of a healthy population with no retinal disease, so as to establish a reference of normality. This study also allowed us to answer questions left unanswered by the literature. The density of the cones differs sharply between the horizontal and vertical meridians. We have also observed that the axial length influences cone density expressed in metric unit but not in terms of visual angle, supporting the hypothesis that the retina is stretched with the lengthening of the eyeball. Finally, age does not seem to have an impact on cone density except at 2°.We then examined the relationship between peripheral visual acuity and cone spacing. It is known that midget ganglion cells are in charge of visual resolution. But, at the fovea, each cone connects, via bipolar cells, to a midget ganglion cell ON and OFF. This anatomical particularity makes the measurement of the cone spacing an observable substitute for ganglion cells thus allowing the link with visual acuity. We have therefore determined to what eccentricity the cones are no longer an observable substitute for ganglion cells. We found that visual acuity is governed by the arrangement of cones up to 2° of eccentricity, both in nasal and inferior retinas, supporting the idea that only 50% of foveal mRGCs determine VA (mRGC ON or OFF). Beyond this, cone spacing over-samples ganglion cells. Watson developed a model to predict visual acuity based on the mRGC spacing, itself derived from the cone spacing. The 50% model (mRGC ON or OFF) also predicts visual acuity in the inferior meridian at 4° and 6° of eccentricity. Along the nasal meridian, the 50% model underestimates visual acuity. Partial overlap of the mRGC ON + OFF receptive fields may be the cause.Finally, we measured the cone density in the central 48° along the horizontal meridian in two study groups, one with a history of myopic evolution (i.e. elongation of the eye) and the other without. To this date, there is only one study with in-vivo measurements of cone density beyond the central 15°. This study also allowed us to assert that during myopic evolution, the retina stretches uniformly in the measured area, excepted near the optic nerve head, where it appears that there is a stronger adhesion.

Distributed sensing is highly desirable in a wide range of civil, industrial and military applications. The current technologies for distributed sensing are mainly based on the detection of optical signals resulted from different elastic or non-elastic light-matter interactions including Rayleigh, Raman and Brillouin scattering. However, they can measure temperature or strain only to date. Therefore, there is a need for technologies that can further expand measurement parameters even to chemical and biological stimuli to fulfill different application needs. This dissertation presents a fully-distributed fiber-optic sensing technique based on a traveling long-period grating (T-LPG) in a single-mode fiber. The T-LPG is generated by pulsed acoustic waves that propagate along the fiber. When there are changes in the fiber surrounding medium or in the fiber surface coating, induced by various physical, chemical or biological stimuli, the optical transmission spectrum of the T-LPG may shift. Therefore, by measuring the T-LPG resonance wavelength at different locations along the fiber, distributed measurement can be realized for a number of parameters beyond temperature and strain. Based on this platform, fully-distributed temperature measurement in a 2.5m fiber was demonstrated. Then by coating the fiber with functional coatings, fully-distributed biological and chemical sensing was also demonstrated. In the biological sensing experiment, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was immobilized onto the fiber surface, and the experimental results show that only specific antigen-antibody binding can introduce a measurable shift in the transmission optical spectrum of the T-LPG when it passes through the pretreated fiber segment. In the hydrogen sensing experiment, the fiber was coated with a platinum (Pt) catalyst layer, which is heated by the thermal energy released from Pt-assisted combustion of H2 and O2, and the resulted temperature change gives rise to a measurable T-LPG wavelength shift when the T-LPG passes through. Hydrogen concentration from 1% to 3.8% was detected in the experiment. This technique may also permit measurement of other quantities by changing the functional coating on the fiber; therefore it is expected to be capable of other fully-distributed sensing applications. / Ph. D.

Psychostimulants are known to alter visual function acutely and on withdrawal, and can cause attention deficit following prenatal exposure. However, psychostimulants can also improve visual attention in patients with attention deficit. The mechanisms involved in these contrasting effects remain largely unknown. To determine the role of specific brain regions and the dopamine system in the impact of cocaine exposure on visual processing, we employed two-photon microscopy and a transgenic larval zebrafish expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP-HS. We documented neuronal responses to contrasting visual stimuli, red light (LF) and dark (DF) flashes. We found that in the optic tectum neuropil (TOn), both stimuli elicited similar responses, though after repeated stimulus presentation, habituation developed to dark flash only. The dorsal telencephalon (dTe) responded and habituated to LF only. Acute cocaine (0.5 μM) reduced neuronal responses to LF in both brain regions and prevented habituation of dTe neurons to LF, but did not modify responses or habituation to dark flash. Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) did not modify baseline responses, but it prevented the acute effects of cocaine on LF responses in both regions and habituation in dTe, with no impact on dark flash responses. PCE also significantly reduced D1 dopamine receptor expression in TOn and cerebellum, but not dTe or the eye. Fish lacking the dopamine transporter (DATKO) retained normal D1 expression throughout the brain, baseline responses to LF in both TOn and dTe, and response reduction following cocaine in TOn. However, they demonstrated abnormal swimming behavior, and neither their swimming behavior nor dTe responses to LF were modified by cocaine. We discovered that in zebrafish, a diurnal vertebrate, responses to light not only require the primary visual processing center TO (superior colliculus in mammals), but also higher level processing by dTe. Responses to light but not darkness are modified by cocaine, unless the fish lack DAT or were exposed to PCE. Together, our results demonstrate specific effects of cocaine on visual processing mediated by the dopamine system, and provide a novel animal model for further investigation of these phenomena and development of new therapeutic approaches.

Microwave photonic applications in the terahertz (THz) region of the spectrum are attracting increasing attention due to the need to find solutions for next-generation (5G/6G) wireless communication systems capable of handling unprecedented data rates. It is crucial to develop millimeter-wave (mm-wave) (30-300GHz) fiber supported transport networks. One of the key questions is, which carrier frequency generation technique will be the most suitable for THz signals above 300 GHz; electronics-based or photonics-based. Since the backbone of the wireless networks is composed by very high-capacity fibre optic cables, the microwave photonic approach has the ultimate advantage of seamless integration with existing optical fibre networks. Although the cost effectiveness is still an open question, simplistic base station architecture with simplified antenna units and high optical component reuse is necessary for enabling a compatible mobile network backhaul. For THz applications a broadband electro-optic modulator (EOM) with a frequency response extending to the sub-terahertz range, high power handling, and very low nonlinear distortions, is required. The objective of this thesis is to study the feasibility of photonic integration and, proof of concept implementations with the effective use of optical components with reduced energy consumption, reduced footprint and offer speed beyond all-electronic implementations. The first study presents a coherent electro-optic photonic integrated circuit deploying generalized Mach-Zehnder interferometer (GMZI) substituting N×1 combiner by an optical N×N discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in order to generate a regularly spaced frequency comb. The proposed design comprises of 1×N splitter that feeds light into a parallel array of N electro-optic phase modulators electrically driven by RF signal with a progressive phase shift with their phase modulated optical outputs processed by an N×N optical DFT. A pragmatic design approach and analytical formulation for implementing MMI based optical DFT in photonic networks composed of waveguide splitters, combiners, and phase-shift elements with necessary circuit diagram for even and odd dimensions are presented. Recently, there has been impressive progress toward ultra-wide band low voltage EOM. The heterogeneous approach of utilizing silicon nitride on lithium niobate waveguide integrated on a single chip is demonstrated for the best optical modulation performance that opens a wide range of opportunities for universal linear optical networks, chip-scale MWP systems, ultra-speed switching of optical communications. Finally, the third study de-scribes the architecture for compact on-chip spectrometry targeting high resolution across the entire C-band to measure the spectral profile of WDM signals reliably and accurately in fixed and flex-grid architectures. The design architecture of technologically viable com-pact on-chip high-resolution wideband spectrometer such as Mach-Zehnder delay interferometers (MZDI), 2×2 directional couplers and multimode interference couplers is presented and verified by software simulation using an industry standard tool. The components simulations that supported the assessment of the feasibility of a spectrometer compliant with the specification made use of the LioniX asymmetric double strip (ADS) waveguide and the low-cost photolithography.

Acousto-optic (AO) sensing and imaging (AOI) is a dual-wave modality that combines ultrasound with diffusive light to measure and/or image the optical properties of optically diffusive media, including biological tissues such as breast and brain. The light passing through a focused ultrasound beam undergoes a phase modulation at the ultrasound frequency that is detected using an adaptive interferometer scheme employing a GaAs photorefractive crystal (PRC). The PRC-based AO system operating at 1064 nm is described, along with the underlying theory, validating experiments, characterization, and optimization of this sensing and imaging apparatus. The spatial resolution of AO sensing, which is determined by spatial dimensions of the ultrasound beam or pulse, can be sub-millimeter for megahertz-frequency sound waves.A modified approach for quantifying the optical properties of diffuse media with AO sensing employs the ratio of AO signals generated at two different ultrasound focal pressures. The resulting “pressure contrast signal” (PCS), once calibrated for a particular set of pressure pulses, yields a direct measure of the spatially averaged optical transport attenuation coefficient within the interaction volume between light and sound. This is a significant improvement over current AO sensing methods since it produces a quantitative measure of the optical properties of optically diffuse media without a priori knowledge of the background illumination. It can also be used to generate images based on spatial variations in both optical scattering and absorption. Finally, the AO sensing system is modified to monitor the irreversible optical changes associated with the tissue heating from high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, providing a powerful method for noninvasively sensing the onset and growth of thermal lesions in soft tissues. A single HIFU transducer is used to simultaneously generate tissue damage and pump the AO interaction. Experimental results performed in excised chicken breast demonstrate that AO sensing can identify the onset and growth of lesion formation in real time and, when used as feedback to guide exposure parameters, results in more predictable lesion formation. / Bernard M. Gordon Center for Subsurface and Imaging Systems (CenSSIS) via the NSF ERC award number EEC-9986821.