The aim of this master´s thesis is an explanation of the problem of optical access networks with wavelength division multiplex, main purpose is to demonstrate the difference between simulation and real measurement. The thesis is divided into several basic thematic areas. At the beginning of thesis is outlined the basic division of multiplexing system, there are discussed the basic solutions of wavelength multiplexes and their possible combinations. The next chapter deals with the active elements, which are an essential part of xWDM systems such as optical lasers, detectors and amplifiers. The following chapter is focused on the passive elements, especially on the passive filters, which form a key part of the wavelength multiplex. Methods of measurement C/DWDM networks are discussed in the next part of thesis. The next chapter describes the topology used by active and passive optical networks. Penultimate part of this thesis consists of designs simulated models PON and WDM-PON networks and comparing their transmission parameters. The final part presents the results of practical measurements of experimental optical access network with wavelength division multiplex, the results are simultaneously compared with results of simulations.

The work deals with the possibilities of realization of optical access networks. They are introduced to FTTx optical access, including their specifications and differences. The document was largely devoted to passive and active optical networks. These two different technological approaches are explained and compared. Are presented technical solutions of routes - traditional options for laying underground or into the air, but also as an alternative microtubing. Mentioned are also the active network technology. The work also included the issue of measurement of optical access networks. They are illuminated important transmission parameters and methods for their measurement. The whole work is directed to the full FTTH network design according to the standard GEPON. In designing the use of theoretical information contained in each chapter. It does the form of technical documentation in accordance with the procedures used in practice, contains drawings, specific technical solutions and a detailed budget price. The design was verified by attenuation of balance. Finally there are the results of simulations of the proposed network in OptiSystem7.

The master’s thesis is focused on the theoretical and practical issues of optical access networks. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the concept of the access networks known as FTTx. The second and third chapters focus on the principles and standardization of the active optical network AON P2P and the passive optical network TDM PON. The fourth chapter of the thesis focuses on the network WDM PON, wavelength multiplexes, solution concept and the LG-Ericsson EA 1100 platform. The fifth chapter of the thesis deals with the infrastructure of the optical paths for optical access networks. The sixth chapter of the thesis presents custom design of the headend for reception, processing and distribution of television broadcasting. Two custom access network solutions (AON P2P and WDM PON) for the town Bystřice nad Pernštejnem are presented in the seventh chapter. Case studies include the design of the optical paths infrastructure, central office infrastructure, end-user infrastructure, CAPEX/OPEX economic analysis and basic simulation in OptSim.

Nas topologias de redes WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network) baseadas em transmissores colorless, isto é, transmissores que possam operar em uma grande gama de comprimentos de onda, que empreguem técnica de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, tem despertado grande interesse devido a sua comprovada eficiência, granularidade e custo reduzido em relação às alternativas. Entretanto, o alcance destas redes é limitado pelo emprego de remodulação, devido a dependência existente com a qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados. Neste cenário, mantendo-se uma melhor relação custo-benefício, taxas de operação típicas são da ordem de 1,25, e 2,5 Gb/s (20 quilômetros). Neste trabalho é investigada uma nova topologia que combina as técnicas de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, bem como, utiliza um circuito de dupla cavidade óptica, possibilitando um reforço no apagamento óptico e manutenção do estado da polarização no percurso de recirculação da cavidade externa, objetivando uma melhora na qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados, possibilitando altas taxas de transmissão e um maior alcance da rede. Nesta topologia, amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos são utilizados como transmissores colorless, por meio da emissão espontânea amplificada, garantido assim uma redução no custo da rede óptica de acesso. Como metodologia adotada, inicialmente foram realizadas caracterizações ópticas no ambiente de simulação, validação da palheta configurada no simulador com resultados experimentais e avaliações da topologia em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s. Ademais, são conduzidas análises comparativas entre a topologia proposta frente a topologias disponíveis na literatura no estado da arte. Com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa proposta atende aos requisitos de capacidade agregada e custo reduzido, podendo alcançar taxas de transmissão de até 10 Gb/s utilizando transmissores de baixa complexidade, características essenciais para impulsionar a implementação de redes de acesso óptico. / WDM-PON topologies based on colorless transmitters employing self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques have attracted a great deal of interest because of its well known efficiency, granularity and reduced cost, when compared to other alternatives in the literature. Nevertheless, the network reach is limited by the use of remodulation scheme. Maintaining an adequate cost-benefit relation requires typical operating rates of the order of 1.25 Gb/s to 2.5 Gb/s over 20 km of SSMF. In the above framework, we investigate a new topology which combines self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques, but also employs a scheme to reinforce the data erasure in the optical carrier, simultaneously providing state of polarization (SOP) maintenance in the external cavity recirculation path. The proposed configuration improves the quality of the signals to be remodulated, thus allowing high rate and broader reach. Specifically, in our work, reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers are employed as colorless transmitters, by using their own amplified spontaneous emission as a seed to provide the optical carrier. Optical analysis were performed in a simulation environment, including self-seeding layout validation by comparison to experimental results at the symmetric transmission rate of 1.25 Gb/s. Next, comparative analysis are conducted between the topology proposed in this work and topologies in the state of the art, found in the literature. According to the results, we believed that the proposal meets the requirements of aggregate capacity and reduced cost, being able to reach transmission rates of up to 10 Gb/s by using transmitters of low complexity, essential features to drive optical access networks implementation.

Nas topologias de redes WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network) baseadas em transmissores colorless, isto é, transmissores que possam operar em uma grande gama de comprimentos de onda, que empreguem técnica de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, tem despertado grande interesse devido a sua comprovada eficiência, granularidade e custo reduzido em relação às alternativas. Entretanto, o alcance destas redes é limitado pelo emprego de remodulação, devido a dependência existente com a qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados. Neste cenário, mantendo-se uma melhor relação custo-benefício, taxas de operação típicas são da ordem de 1,25, e 2,5 Gb/s (20 quilômetros). Neste trabalho é investigada uma nova topologia que combina as técnicas de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, bem como, utiliza um circuito de dupla cavidade óptica, possibilitando um reforço no apagamento óptico e manutenção do estado da polarização no percurso de recirculação da cavidade externa, objetivando uma melhora na qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados, possibilitando altas taxas de transmissão e um maior alcance da rede. Nesta topologia, amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos são utilizados como transmissores colorless, por meio da emissão espontânea amplificada, garantido assim uma redução no custo da rede óptica de acesso. Como metodologia adotada, inicialmente foram realizadas caracterizações ópticas no ambiente de simulação, validação da palheta configurada no simulador com resultados experimentais e avaliações da topologia em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s. Ademais, são conduzidas análises comparativas entre a topologia proposta frente a topologias disponíveis na literatura no estado da arte. Com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa proposta atende aos requisitos de capacidade agregada e custo reduzido, podendo alcançar taxas de transmissão de até 10 Gb/s utilizando transmissores de baixa complexidade, características essenciais para impulsionar a implementação de redes de acesso óptico. / WDM-PON topologies based on colorless transmitters employing self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques have attracted a great deal of interest because of its well known efficiency, granularity and reduced cost, when compared to other alternatives in the literature. Nevertheless, the network reach is limited by the use of remodulation scheme. Maintaining an adequate cost-benefit relation requires typical operating rates of the order of 1.25 Gb/s to 2.5 Gb/s over 20 km of SSMF. In the above framework, we investigate a new topology which combines self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques, but also employs a scheme to reinforce the data erasure in the optical carrier, simultaneously providing state of polarization (SOP) maintenance in the external cavity recirculation path. The proposed configuration improves the quality of the signals to be remodulated, thus allowing high rate and broader reach. Specifically, in our work, reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers are employed as colorless transmitters, by using their own amplified spontaneous emission as a seed to provide the optical carrier. Optical analysis were performed in a simulation environment, including self-seeding layout validation by comparison to experimental results at the symmetric transmission rate of 1.25 Gb/s. Next, comparative analysis are conducted between the topology proposed in this work and topologies in the state of the art, found in the literature. According to the results, we believed that the proposal meets the requirements of aggregate capacity and reduced cost, being able to reach transmission rates of up to 10 Gb/s by using transmitters of low complexity, essential features to drive optical access networks implementation.

This work deals with the modern trends in FTTX, but mainly focuses on FTTH, who represents the connecting of fiber to the homes of the participants. Sum up the basic problems of communication on the optical fibre, followed by comparison with other types of access networks. Another part is the analysis of the problems of construction and a description of the optical network topologies and technologies used in FTTH. In following chapter are characterized active and passive elements forming AON and PON networks. Next part deals with the study of the most common services that can be on the optical access network to operate. They are mainly associated with the TriplePlay services. An integral part of the project is the study of management and supervision optical networks. In the main part is created real model situation where is the requirement for the creation of optical access networks with broadband of TriplePlay, followed by selection of appropriate options and detailed project with a selection of active and passive elements with economic balance.

Recent studies on growth of telecomm sector depict an ever rising demand for high bandwidth applications such as on-line gaming, high definition television and many more. This demand is coupled with increase in internet connected utilities per house hold - each requiring a portion of bandwidth. The fast development of broadband telecommunication services calls for an upgrade of access infrastructure. This challenge could be met by technologies such as Fiber-To-The-Home/Building (FTTH/B) point-to-multipoint (P2MP) optical access networking. Further, FTTH is also widely regarded as a future proof solution for broadband telecommunication services within scientific and industrial sectors. This has encouraged large amount of research and development throughout the globe to find optimal topologies for FTTH. OFDM based optical access network topology abbreviated as OTONES is an ongoing EU FP 7 project under the PIANO+ framework. The OTONES project addresses the next generation optical access networking on the basis of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access (OFDMA), with special provision for reduced complexity and signal processing aspects of the subscriber side terminals (ONUs). This thesis focuses on the theoretical investigation of OFDM based optical access network topology OTONES. The thesis provides an in depth view of the salient aspects of the topology and formulates the key requirements of OTONES topology. The investigation primarily delves on two important aspects of the topology. First, finding the optimal analog circuitry for the optical network unit (ONU). Second, finding the optimal operation regime for the topology and hence optimizing the system level concept. In this thesis, we show that the requirement of an analog circuitry originates from the need of successive up-conversions in OTONES topology which also produces image spectrum. This image spectrum causes a 3 dB loss in power and spectral efficiency in absence of a proper image rejection circuitry. Thus, we discuss the generic SSB generation methods for efficient image rejection. Novel Bedrosian method based on Bedrosian Theorem is established as a promising method for image rejection. We show that this method is an analog implementation of Hilbert Transform Method and does not involve any approximation. Both generic methods for SSB along with the Novel Bedrosian method are evaluated based on the criterion established for OTONES topology. Finally, optical filtering from the set of generic SSB method is proposed for the downstream path and Novel Bedrosian method is proposed for the upstream path. The tolerance limits for Novel Bedrosian method, are also established for its physical implementation. We further discuss the realistic implementation of various components of the OTONES topology. We also establish the optimal operation regime of the full concurrent topology based on parameters such as input optical power, pilot tone separation and many more. Finally as a key feature of the thesis, we optimize the system level concept of the topology with the use of the proposed Novel Bedrosian Method as the optimal analog circuitry for OTONES topology and provide a region of optimal operation of the topology.

By 2020 there will be 50 billion connected devices over the Internet. With the fast-increasing data traffic demand in both fixed and mobile networks, network operators need to migrate networks towards next generation solutions. The network migration requires the enormous investment in equipment and infrastructure, while the revenues are not expected to grow significantly. Therefore, one of the main challenges for network operators is to find out a proper cost-effective optical network solution that can match future high capacity demand and flexibly support multiple network services on a common network infrastructure. The first part of the thesis addresses the Active Optical Network (AON) and its migration strategies towards Next Generation Optical Access (NGOA) solutions. Several migration strategies are proposed from the perspective of network topology, data plane and control plane. A general methodology for Techno-Economic analysis has been developed and applied to the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculation of different NGOA solutions. The thesis provides a complete cost evaluation of AON migration paths, which can be used by network operators to assess the economic feasibility of network migration. A converged Optical Transport Network (OTN) that can serve both fixed and mobile network services is beneficial from the cost-saving perspective. However, the different types of services, require different network performance. The second part of the thesis focuses on the investigation of the converged OTN that can be flexibly and timely adjusted to satisfy varying service conditions. A programmable OTN featured with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in the data plane and Software Defined Networking (SDN) in control plane has been proposed. To demonstrate the benefits of the converged OTN, the thesis also provides a multi-domain orchestration architecture for the multiple network services.  The resource orchestration, across three network domains: OTN, mobile network and cloud, enables agile service creation and optimized resource allocation among the multiple domains. / <p>QC 20170512</p>

Dans ce travail de thèse, un aperçu général sur les systèmes PON est présenté et sont étudiés les mécanismes et classification PON existants. Après, nous introduisons notre première contribution qui est un algorithme d'allocation dynamique de bande passante pour EPON. Cet algorithme proposé est désigné comme «hcDBA». Par la suite, une amélioration de l'algorithme de hcDBA avec mécanisme de prédiction précoce est présentée. Notre simulation montre bien que notre algorithme hcDBA est performant comparé aux mécanismes existants en termes de taux de perte de paquets et de délai d’accès. Dans notre seconde contribution, nous sommes intéressés au problème de consommation d’énergie qui est un sujet d’actualité dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les études montrent aujourd’hui que les réseaux d'accès constituent une partie remarquable de la consommation totale d'énergie dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les organisations ITU-T et IEEE ont publié la recommandation pour la conversation de l'énergie pour les réseaux PONs. Bien que, la consommation totale d'énergie des nœuds ONU est plus importantes que d'autres équipements dans le réseau d'accès fixe, les normes et la plupart des travaux de recherches ont porté sur les économies d'énergie du côté de ONU. Dans cette thèse, nous sommes concentrés sur une méthode d'efficacité énergétique basée sur la conservation de l'énergie du côté de l’OLT. La méthode proposée permet d’économiser de l'énergie en déplaçant dynamiquement des cartes d’OLT en mode de sommeil profond en fonction des charges de trafic entrant et sortant / In this thesis, general overview about PON systems is presented and existing PON mechanisms and classification are investigated. After, a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for EPON is introduced. This proposed algorithm is named as “Half Cycling Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation-hcDBA” by the inspiration of its half cycling processing mode. Later, an improvement of hcDBA algorithm with early prediction mechanism is presented. As a result statement of the study, hcDBA algorithm performs better than existing mechanism in terms of packet loss ratio and access delays. Beside, simulation traffic behavior of EPON’s upstream channel has been investigated in order to support the decision of selecting suitable traffic generator in further studies. Energy conversation is one of the hot topics in telecommunication networks. Access networks constitute remarkable portion of the total energy consumption in telecommunication networks. ITU-T and IEEE organizations published recommendation for energy conversation in PONs. While, total energy consumption of ONUs is more than other equipment in fix access network the standards and most of the researches focused on saving energy at ONU side. In this thesis I focused on an energy efficiency method based on energy conversation on OLT side. The proposed method save energy by dynamically moving OLT cards to deep sleep mode according to the incoming and outgoing traffic loads

[pt] Para suportar os requisitos das redes móveis de 5a geração (5G), os sistemas de comunicação óptica serão usados nas redes de acesso. Isso ocorre porque a evolução das RAN (Radio Access Networks) incluem a centralização do equipamento mais crítico para implantar pontos de acesso móveis de baixa potência, como DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) e Small Cells. Os serviços emergentes solicitam a implantação de tecnologias de rádio sobre fibra com ênfase na eficiência de largura de banda, eficiência energética e alta confiabilidade. Neste âmbito, um monitoramento eficiente da camada física é imperativo para a operação dessas redes. O sistema de monitoramento deve fornecer uma localização de falhas em serviço, econômico, centralizado e com impacto mínimo para a transmissão de dados. Esta tese propõe vários sistemas de monitoramento incorporado no transceptor utilizando reflectometria óptica no domínio do tempo. Os sistemas de monitoramento são testados em diferentes sistemas de transmissão de dados e arquiteturas de rede, onde é apresentada uma validação simulada e outras experimentais. / [en] In order to support the requirements for 5th generation mobile networks (5G), optical communication systems will be used in the access part of the network. This is because the evolution of radio access networks includes the centralization of the most critical equipment in order to deploy low power mobile access points, like distributed antenna systems and small cells. The emerging services call for the deployment of radio over fibre technologies with emphasis on bandwidth efficiency, energy efficiency and high reliability. Within this scope, an efficient monitoring of the physical layer would become essential for the operation of these networks. The monitoring system should provide in-service, cost efficient and centralized fault localization with minimum impact on data transmission. This thesis proposes several transceiver-embedded optical time domain reflectometry monitoring systems. The monitoring systems are tested over different data transmission systems and network architectures, where one architecture was simulated and several others experimentally validated.