Amplificadores a fibra dopada com érbio de dupla passagem (DP-EDFA) contendo fibras compensadoras de dispersão (DCF) são estudados nesta tese. Os DP-EDFAs são uma alternativa para amplificadores de baixo custo e bom desempenho, sobretudo para utilização em redes metropolitanas. Devido a sua estrutura de dupla passagem, outras funções podem ser facilmente inseridas em seu circuito óptico, incrementando sua funcionalidade e reduzindo o custo envolvido. Considerando ainda que a compensação da dispersão é crítica para sistemas WDM de alta velocidade, um interessante tópico de investigação, que será bastante explorado nesta tese, refere-se a embutir uma fibra compensadora de dispersão dentro no circuito do DP-EDFA. Estudos experimentais são conduzidos, mostrando as vantagens e os problemas associados a algumas topologias de circuitos de DP-EDFAs. Um circuito original de DP-EDFA contendo DCF é proposto e caracterizado em termos de ganho e figura de ruído para diversas aplicações multicanal e multibanda dentro do espectro de transmissão da fibra óptica. Caracterizações sistêmicas em termos de taxa de erro de bit são também conduzidas / Double pass erbium doped fiber amplifiers (DP-EDFA) with an embedded dispersion compensation fiber are studied in this work. DP-EDFA is a cost-effective alternative for optical amplifiers, yet preserving good optical performance, mainly for use in metropolitan networks. Due to its double pass circuit, others functions beyond amplification can be inserted within the amplification circuit, increasing its capabilities and decreasing the involved cost. Considering that dispersion compensation is very critical for high-speed DWDM systems operating with standard single mode fiber, a timely topic of investigation concerns the embedding of the high insertion loss DCFs (dispersion compensating fibers) into optical amplifier configurations. Experimental studies are conducted first showing the advantages and impairments associated with DP-EDFAs circuits using DCFs. Next, a DP-EDFA proposed in this work is characterized in terms of gain and noise figure for several applications in multichannel and multiband network topologies. Systemic characterization in terms of bit error rate is also conducted, evaluating the performance of the proposed DP-EDFA using DCF

How can we evaluate and design integrated photonic circuit performance systematically? Can active photonic circuits be controlled for optimized performance? This work uses control theory to analyze, design, and optimize photonic integrated circuits based on versatile semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Control theory provides a mathematically robust set of tools for system analysis, design, and control. Although control theory is a rich and well-developed field, its application to the analysis and design of photonic circuits is not widespread. Following control theoretic methods already used for fibreline systems we derive three interrelated state-space models: a core photonic model, a photonic model with gain compression, and a equivalent circuit optoelectronic model. We validate each model and calibrate the gain compression model by pump/probe experiments. We then linearize the state-space models to design and analyze SOA controllers. We apply each linearized model to proof-of-concept SOA control applications such as suppressing interchannel crosstalk and regulating output power. We demonstrate the power of linearized state-space models in controller design and stability analysis. To illustrate the importance of using the complete equivalent circuit model in controller design, we demonstrate an intuitive bias-current controller that fails due to the dynamics of the intervening parasitic circuitry of the SOA. We use the linearized state-space models to map a relationship between feedback delay and controller strength for stable operation, and demonstrate that SOAs pose unusual control difficulties due to their ultrafast dynamics. Finally, we leverage the linearized models to design a novel and successful hybrid controller that uses one SOA to control another via feedback (for reliability) and feedforward (for speed) control. The feedback controller takes full advantage of the equivalent circuit modelling by sampling the voltage of the controlled SOA and using the error to drive the bias current of the controller SOA. Filtering in the feedback path is specified by transfer function analysis. The feedforward design uses a novel application of the linearized models to set the controller bias points correctly. The modelling and design framework we develop is entirely general and opens the way to the robust optoelectronic control of integrated photonic circuits.

How can we evaluate and design integrated photonic circuit performance systematically? Can active photonic circuits be controlled for optimized performance? This work uses control theory to analyze, design, and optimize photonic integrated circuits based on versatile semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Control theory provides a mathematically robust set of tools for system analysis, design, and control. Although control theory is a rich and well-developed field, its application to the analysis and design of photonic circuits is not widespread. Following control theoretic methods already used for fibreline systems we derive three interrelated state-space models: a core photonic model, a photonic model with gain compression, and a equivalent circuit optoelectronic model. We validate each model and calibrate the gain compression model by pump/probe experiments. We then linearize the state-space models to design and analyze SOA controllers. We apply each linearized model to proof-of-concept SOA control applications such as suppressing interchannel crosstalk and regulating output power. We demonstrate the power of linearized state-space models in controller design and stability analysis. To illustrate the importance of using the complete equivalent circuit model in controller design, we demonstrate an intuitive bias-current controller that fails due to the dynamics of the intervening parasitic circuitry of the SOA. We use the linearized state-space models to map a relationship between feedback delay and controller strength for stable operation, and demonstrate that SOAs pose unusual control difficulties due to their ultrafast dynamics. Finally, we leverage the linearized models to design a novel and successful hybrid controller that uses one SOA to control another via feedback (for reliability) and feedforward (for speed) control. The feedback controller takes full advantage of the equivalent circuit modelling by sampling the voltage of the controlled SOA and using the error to drive the bias current of the controller SOA. Filtering in the feedback path is specified by transfer function analysis. The feedforward design uses a novel application of the linearized models to set the controller bias points correctly. The modelling and design framework we develop is entirely general and opens the way to the robust optoelectronic control of integrated photonic circuits.

This thesis puts focus on the technological challenges for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) implementation, and presents novel semiconductor optical devices for deployment at the optical network unit (ONU). The first-ever reported L-band Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is presented based on InP-base material. A theoretical model is developed to estimate the optical gain and the saturation power of this device compared to a conventional SOA. Experiments on this device design show long-range telecom wavelength operation, with polarization-independent gain of greater than 20 dB, and low saturation output power of 0 dBm suitable for PON applications. Next, the effect of the amplified spontaneous emission noise of RSOA devices on WDM-PON system is investigated. It is shown through theoretical modeling and simulations that the RSOA noise combined with receiver noise statistics increase probability of error, and induce considerable power penalties to the WDM-PON system. By improving the coupling efficiencies, and by distributing more current flow to the input of these devices, steps can be taken to improve device noise characteristics. Further, in spectrally-spliced WDM-PONs deploying RSOAs, the effect of AWG filter shape on system performance is investigated. Simulation modeling and experiments show that deployment of Flat-band AWGs is critical for reducing the probability of error caused by AWG spectral shape filtering. Flat-band athermal AWGs in comparison to Gaussin-shape counterparts satisfy the maximum acceptable error probability requirements, and reduce the power penalty associated with filtering effect. In addition, detuning between two AWG center wavelengths impose further power penalties to the WDM-PON system. In the last section of this thesis, motivated by RSOA device system limitations, a novel injection-locked Fabry-Perot (IL-FP) device is presented which consists of a gain section monolithically integrated with a phase section. The gain section provides locking of one FP mode to a seed source wavelength, while the phase modulator allows for adjusting the wavelength of the internal modes by tuning bias current to maintain mode-locking. This device counters any mode drifts caused by temperature variations, and allows for cooler-less operation over a wide range of currents. The devices and the performance metrics subsequently allow for a hybrid integration platform on a silicon substrate and integrate many functionalities like reflective modulator with thin film dielectric filter and receiver on a single chip for deployment at the user-end of future-proof low cost WDM-PONs.

This thesis puts focus on the technological challenges for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) implementation, and presents novel semiconductor optical devices for deployment at the optical network unit (ONU). The first-ever reported L-band Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is presented based on InP-base material. A theoretical model is developed to estimate the optical gain and the saturation power of this device compared to a conventional SOA. Experiments on this device design show long-range telecom wavelength operation, with polarization-independent gain of greater than 20 dB, and low saturation output power of 0 dBm suitable for PON applications. Next, the effect of the amplified spontaneous emission noise of RSOA devices on WDM-PON system is investigated. It is shown through theoretical modeling and simulations that the RSOA noise combined with receiver noise statistics increase probability of error, and induce considerable power penalties to the WDM-PON system. By improving the coupling efficiencies, and by distributing more current flow to the input of these devices, steps can be taken to improve device noise characteristics. Further, in spectrally-spliced WDM-PONs deploying RSOAs, the effect of AWG filter shape on system performance is investigated. Simulation modeling and experiments show that deployment of Flat-band AWGs is critical for reducing the probability of error caused by AWG spectral shape filtering. Flat-band athermal AWGs in comparison to Gaussin-shape counterparts satisfy the maximum acceptable error probability requirements, and reduce the power penalty associated with filtering effect. In addition, detuning between two AWG center wavelengths impose further power penalties to the WDM-PON system. In the last section of this thesis, motivated by RSOA device system limitations, a novel injection-locked Fabry-Perot (IL-FP) device is presented which consists of a gain section monolithically integrated with a phase section. The gain section provides locking of one FP mode to a seed source wavelength, while the phase modulator allows for adjusting the wavelength of the internal modes by tuning bias current to maintain mode-locking. This device counters any mode drifts caused by temperature variations, and allows for cooler-less operation over a wide range of currents. The devices and the performance metrics subsequently allow for a hybrid integration platform on a silicon substrate and integrate many functionalities like reflective modulator with thin film dielectric filter and receiver on a single chip for deployment at the user-end of future-proof low cost WDM-PONs.

Amplificadores a fibra dopada com érbio de dupla passagem (DP-EDFA) contendo fibras compensadoras de dispersão (DCF) são estudados nesta tese. Os DP-EDFAs são uma alternativa para amplificadores de baixo custo e bom desempenho, sobretudo para utilização em redes metropolitanas. Devido a sua estrutura de dupla passagem, outras funções podem ser facilmente inseridas em seu circuito óptico, incrementando sua funcionalidade e reduzindo o custo envolvido. Considerando ainda que a compensação da dispersão é crítica para sistemas WDM de alta velocidade, um interessante tópico de investigação, que será bastante explorado nesta tese, refere-se a embutir uma fibra compensadora de dispersão dentro no circuito do DP-EDFA. Estudos experimentais são conduzidos, mostrando as vantagens e os problemas associados a algumas topologias de circuitos de DP-EDFAs. Um circuito original de DP-EDFA contendo DCF é proposto e caracterizado em termos de ganho e figura de ruído para diversas aplicações multicanal e multibanda dentro do espectro de transmissão da fibra óptica. Caracterizações sistêmicas em termos de taxa de erro de bit são também conduzidas / Double pass erbium doped fiber amplifiers (DP-EDFA) with an embedded dispersion compensation fiber are studied in this work. DP-EDFA is a cost-effective alternative for optical amplifiers, yet preserving good optical performance, mainly for use in metropolitan networks. Due to its double pass circuit, others functions beyond amplification can be inserted within the amplification circuit, increasing its capabilities and decreasing the involved cost. Considering that dispersion compensation is very critical for high-speed DWDM systems operating with standard single mode fiber, a timely topic of investigation concerns the embedding of the high insertion loss DCFs (dispersion compensating fibers) into optical amplifier configurations. Experimental studies are conducted first showing the advantages and impairments associated with DP-EDFAs circuits using DCFs. Next, a DP-EDFA proposed in this work is characterized in terms of gain and noise figure for several applications in multichannel and multiband network topologies. Systemic characterization in terms of bit error rate is also conducted, evaluating the performance of the proposed DP-EDFA using DCF

Orientadores: Evandro Conforti, Carlos Allan Caballero Petersen / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toazza_AdrianoLuis_D.pdf: 4079607 bytes, checksum: bb3aa0dd52628e849f97cb827da20ffb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A técnica de pré-distorção com a adição de um impulso ao degrau que normalmente chaveia o Amplificador Óptico a Semicondutor - (SOA) , permite diminuir os tempos de chaveamento eletro-óptico do SOA para valores inferiores a nanosegundos, obtendo-se contrastes da luz amplificada na saída da chave acima de 25 dB e bandas de passagem da ordem de 60 nm. Entretanto, estes tempos de chaveamento de alta velocidade vêm acompanhados de efeitos deletérios ligados às flutuações do ganho óptico durante o processo de ligar a chave, do estado "off" para o estado "on". Nesta tese é efetuada a análise destes fenômenos, com boa correspondência com resultados experimentais. Mostram-se, também, caminhos a seguir para diminuir as flutuações de ganho. O estudo aqui apresentado baseia-se no comportamento da impedância da montagem com o SOA em alta frequência, até 20 GHz. A obtenção dos valores dos componentes do circuito equivalente incluem o SOA (a partir de sua porta elétrica) e a montagem de microondas do chaveamento eletro-óptico. O modelo para o SOA foi baseado em um circuito desenvolvido para laser a diodo semicondutor. Os parâmetros do circuito equivalente para a montagem do SOA foram obtidos por técnicas de extração de parâmetros, através de aproximações sucessivas entre as respostas experimentais e teóricas, utilizando um programa desenvolvido neste trabalho. Em seguida, a partir da impedância do SOA, foram estimados os tempos de transição, o casamento em banda larga, assim como a influência do encapsulamento do dispositivo, aprimorando o entendimento do seu comportamento e limitações, com boa correspondência com resultados experimentais / Abstract: Reduction of the Semiconductor Optical Ampli.er (SOA) switching times can be achieved with the pre-distortion technique consisting of impulse(s) addition to the current step that generally switches the SOA. With this technique it is possible to reduce the electro-optical switching time to sub-nanoseconds with a contrast approaching 25 dB between the "off" and the "on" state of the optical gain, and with a bandwidth in excess of 60 nm. However those high speed switching times comes jointly with deleterious effects of overshoot and optical gain fluctuations during the switch state variation from the "off" to the "on" state. This thesis analyzes those phenomena with good correspondence to experimental results, and actions to decrease those deleterious effects are revealed. The results make use of SOA electrical gate impedance measurements up to 20 GHz, with the accomplishment of the SOA equivalent circuit extraction including the effects of the microwave lines and SOA encapsulation. The SOA model was based in the literature results for semiconductor lasers. The parameters extraction was based in a software and in measurements prepared here to obtain the circuit parameters values through successive approximations between practice and theory. Finally, the obtained SOA equivalent circuit was used to find the switching time estimation, the broadband matching, the encapsulation influences, in order to achieve a better theoretical understanding of the deleterious effects. The computer simulated results are in good correspondence with the experimental results / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Aldário Chrestani Bordonalli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Godoy_RafaelMartinsBuckde_M.pdf: 2737697 bytes, checksum: 81ed80e4884021bcb8fa95b1f7731beb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nas propostas atuais de redes ópticas reconfiguráveis, a multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda é adotada como técnica de transmissão que proporciona à rede características dinâmicas que otimizam a transmissão dos sinais e a utilização da banda disponível. Contudo, dependendo do número de canais acoplados aos amplificadores ópticos a fibra dopada com érbio destas redes e, portanto, da potência óptica de entrada, o ganho por canal no amplificador saturado pode ser maior ou menor devido a possíveis reconfigurações da rede, causando sérias penalidades por excesso ou falta de potência óptica no receptor, deteriorando, ou até impossibilitando, a transmissão da informação. Assim, técnicas de controle automático de ganho têm sido propostas a fim de reduzir a dependência de ganho do EDFA com o número de canais acoplados em redes ópticas atuais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de, primeiramente, elaborar um modelo matemático para o EDFA. Em seguida, estudou-se e adaptou-se a este modelo a técnica totalmente óptica de controle automático de ganho. Como resultado, obteve-se uma rotina de simulação que permite prever o comportamento do amplificador de ganho controlado sob diversas condições de operação, fornecendo uma ferramenta útil para a análise e projeto de EDFAs para redes reconfiguráveis / Abstract: In recent reconfigurable optical network applications, the wavelength division multiplexing is adopted as the transmission technique since it can give the network dynamic characteristics that optimize the transmission of signals and the use of the available bandwidth. However, depending on the number of channels coupled into Erbium doped fiber amplifiers of such networks and, therefore, on the optical input power, the per-channel in the saturated amplifier can change due to network reconfiguration, leading to serious penalties for excess or lack of optical power at the receiver end, deteriorating, or even preventing the transmission of information. Thus, automatic gain control techniques have been proposed to reduce the dependence of the EDFA gain on the number of coupled channels in optical networks. The aim of this study was to first develop a mathematical model for the EDFA. Then, this model was studied and adapted to incorporate the all-optical automatic gain control technique. As a result, a simulation routine that allows for the prediction of the gain-controlled amplifier behavior under various operating conditions was obtained, providing a useful tool for analysis and design of EDFAs for reconfigurable networks / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Aldário Chrestani Bordonalli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T03:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_EduardoCavalcanti_M.pdf: 2183276 bytes, checksum: 9f71d4d8e8faa9a702090adfeb4a9a6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, os amplificadores ópticos a semicondutor (SOA) têm sido foco de interesse em diversas aplicações. Uma das mais comuns é a de conversor de comprimentos de onda, onde o dispositivo transfere informação entre portadoras ópticas, sem a necessidade de passagem para o domínio elétrico. A mistura de quatro ondas (FWM), a modulação cruzada de ganho (XGM) e a modulação cruzada de fase (XPM) são os principais efeitos não-lineares que ocorrem no SOA e contribuem de forma distinta no processo de conversão. Estes efeitos, e, em particular, o XGM e o FWM, tornam-se proeminentes ao se submeter o dispositivo a elevados níveis de potência de entrada (regime de saturação). Com isso, conversão com ampla banda para sinais modulados em amplitude é relativamente simples para SOAs. Entretanto, estes tendem a falhar quando se utilizam canais modulados em fase, já que a informação não pode ser preservada pelo XGM ou XPM. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caracterização empírica de um conversor de comprimentos de onda baseado no efeito FWM de um SOA utilizando-se canais modulados em fase por sinais senoidais de 10 GHz e chaveados (BPSK) a taxas de até 14 Gbps / Abstract: Recently semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have been the focus of interest in several applications. One of the most common SOA roles is as a wavelength converter, where the device transfers information content among optical carriers in the optical domain. Four wave mixing (FWM), cross-gain modulation (XGM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM) are major nonlinear effects that occur in SOAs and contribute differently in the process of wavelength conversion. These effects, in particular, XGM and FWM, become more prominent when subjecting the device to high levels of input power (saturation regime). SOAs can provide intensity-modulated carrier wavelength conversion with large conversion range. However, they tend to fail for phase modulated carriers since phase information cannot be preserved by either XGM or XPM. Thus, an empirical characterization of wavelength conversion for phase modulated channels based on SOA FWM properties is presented in this work. Phase modulation was implemented by using 10 GHz sinusoidal signals and by BPSK with rates up to 14 Gbps / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Aldario Chrestani Bordonalli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho_ThallesValentePinto_M.pdf: 8999099 bytes, checksum: 6e6e5ddd4494f52ddec2b46c26746e75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho realiza um estudo detalhado de diversas topologias de amplificadores a fibra dopada com érbio (EDFA). Tendo como referência a topologia básica do EDFA (bombeio co-propagante), foram implementadas outras topologias através de modificações do circuito óptico, por meio da inserção de diferentes dispositivos passivos, da mudança da localização da aplicação do bombeio e até da possibilidade de dupla passagem do sinal pela fibra dopada. Com este estudo, é possível verificar os fundamentos de operação do EDFA e também realizar análises comparativas entre diferentes topologias que foram contempladas em trabalhos anteriores. Além disso, foram propostas outras montagens de circuitos ópticos. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois comprimentos de onda distintos para o sinal de entrada, diversos segmentos de fibra dopada com érbio e diferentes valores de potência de sinal e de bombeio óptico. Assim, os resultados obtidos puderam ser comparados, com o intuito de identificar as topologias que melhor se adequam a uma determinada aplicação (potência, linha ou pré-amplificação). Além do ganho de sinal, outros parâmetros analisados foram a figura de ruído e o espectro de saída do amplificador, entre outros / Abstract: This work presents a detailed study of different topologies of erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). By using an optical circuit based on the classic topology of the EDFA, others topologies were implemented. In order to modify the optical circuit, it was necessary to insert passive and/or active optical components, change the position where the pump is coupled and to make a double pass of the signal through the doped fiber. In this study it was verified the fundamentals of the functionalities of the EDFA and, beyond that, we carried out comparative analysis among different topologies, so far this has not been referenced in the current literature. For the experimental measurements we used two distinct wavelengths for the optical signal, several lengths of erbium doped fibers and different powers for pumping and signal. For instance, it was possible to observe a performance comparison with the topologies and identify the best characteristics for a specific function in the optical system (line, power or pre-amplification). Other amplifier operational characteristics are also analyzed, such as, amplifier gain, noise figure and amplified spontaneous emission, among others / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica