Seventeenth-century division violin music is not considered part of the classical canon, but its background as a European art form may make it seem “too Western” for traditional ethnomusicological study. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: first, I outline the historical context, transmission, and performance practice of division violin playing in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Also of interest to me is the way in which we, as musicologists, study oral tradition within the context of a musical culture that no longer exists today. After an exploration of the ideas of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, Walter Ong, Ruth Finnegan, and Slavica Ranković, I discuss the English division violin’s background and transition from a largely oral to a predominantly literate tradition. I demonstrate this change in transmission, composition, and performance practices through examining the second and sixth editions of John Playford’s The Division Violin (1684).

Depuis le début du XXIème siècle, la pratique du SMS interroge sur l’usage qui est fait des normes linguistiques traditionnelles dans les écrits du quotidien. Au regard de l’histoire de l’écriture, la rapidité de son avènement en tant que pratique privilégiée de la communication interpersonnelle renvoie aux questionnements sur la diffusion de toute pratique émergente : comment les gens l’utilisent-ils ? Dans quelle mesure le support qu’est le téléphone portable influence-t-il la graphie ? Les divers choix rédactionnels sont-ils liés aux paramètres d’âge, de genre, de lieu de résidence, de niveau d’études, ou d’expérience du SMS ? L’écriture SMS possède-t-elle des caractéristiques homogènes ? Quel rapport entretient-elle avec l’oral ? Peut-elle être le creuset de futures évolutions de la langue écrite ? Par l’analyse linguistique manuelle de plus de 10 000 SMS authentiques rédigés en français, issus de collectes réalisées en Belgique, sur l’île de la Réunion, en Suisse, au Québec et dans le sud de la France, cette étude montre que l’écriture SMS, générée dans le cadre d’échanges majoritairement informels où le contexte joue un rôle crucial, tend vers l’appropriation personnelle du code graphique, sans que la norme orthographique standard soit systématiquement mise à mal. Il en ressort que l’écriture SMS apparait comme révélatrice de l‘identité de chacun, en termes de rapport à l’écriture et de capacités d’adaptation du discours. Ces recherches indiquent également que l’écriture SMS présente parfois des traits qui rendent compte de l’existence d’un lien fort entre code graphique et oralisation cognitive d’un message. / Since the beginning of the XXIst century, the SMS practice questions the use of traditional linguistics norms in daily writings. According to the history of writing, its rapid growth as a prefered practice in interpersonal communication refers to questions about the dissemination of any emergent practice: how people use-it? In which way does a support such as a mobile phone influence the way of spelling? Could the writings depend on the age, gender, place of residency, education level or experience of SMS? Does SMS writing have homogeneous characteristics? Is-it related to the oral language? Can it be the cradle of the evolutions of written language? By manual analysis of linguistic of more than 10,000 authentic SMS in French, from corpora collected in Belgium, Reunion Island, Switzerland, Quebec and southern France, this study shows that SMS writing is aimed at personal appropriation of the graphic code, without orthographic standard systematically suffering. It shows that SMS writing reveals everyone’s identity, in terms of their relationship to writing and ability to adapt the discourse. This research also indicates that SMS writing can sometimes present caracteristics that account for the existence of a strong link between graphic code and cognitive oralisation of a message.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1265953 bytes, checksum: 24b7674898fc76a14523119574fadc13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Based upon a theoretical-discursive perspective of the speech-writing continuum, the present paper results from a research accomplished with students of the Young and Adult People s Education programme, the perceptive teaching practice analysis of which pointed out to the need of a methodological intervention as regards the development of the capacity in the production of written texts by students characterized with relative developed competence, in the production of oral texts. To do so, we searched for contribution in papers with wording practices, contemplating the textual genders and the use of didactic sequences as methodological resource, as well. While approaching textual gender works, we opted for the experienced life report gender to accredit the existence of a larger and better gender similarity with the students knowledge and their life histories. To accomplish our target, we developed a didactic sequence to contemplate a series of systematically organised activities about the gender we chose to develop the study. Out of this practice, there resulted a group of texts classified as follows: text 01 (initial written production), text 02 (initial oral production), text 03 (final written production), used as basic instruments of the analysis and evaluation of the learning results. For the evaluating analysis, we established a compositional structure of the experienced life report gender as a delimiting parameter of an adequate production. We observed the occurrence of a relative evolution in the students knowledge during the accomplishment of the analysis between the initial production context and the final production one. Another point observed in the second moment of the analysis, i. e., the one regarding the texts produced in the oral version, was that we can confirm the students better performance in the oral texts. And, in a more comprehensive scope of the analysis, the results showed the development of a more significant learning when we consider the relationships of the interface composing the space between the oral practice and writing as a guiding point to the students formation, so confirming the growth of the autonomy and the consequent proficiency in the production of written texts. / Embasado em uma perspectiva teórico discursiva do Continuum fala-escrita, o presente trabalho é resultante de uma pesquisa realizada com alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, cuja análise perceptiva da prática docente, pontuou a necessidade de uma intervenção metodológica no tocante ao desenvolvimento da capacidade na produção de textos escritos, para alunos caracterizados com competência, relativamente desenvolvida, na produção de textos oralizados. Nesse sentido, buscamos aporte nos trabalhos com as práticas do letramento, contemplando os gêneros textuais e o uso das sequências didáticas, enquanto recurso metodológico. Na abordagem do trabalho com os gêneros textuais, optamos pelo gênero relatos de experiências vividas, por credenciar a existência de uma maior e melhor similaridade, do gênero, com os conhecimentos dos alunos e suas histórias de vida. Na intenção de efetivar o nosso objetivo, desenvolvemos uma sequência didática, de modo a contemplar uma série de atividades, sistematicamente organizadas, em torno do gênero que escolhemos para desenvolver o estudo. Dessa prática, decorreu um grupo de textos, classificados como texto 01 (produção escrita inicial); texto 02 (produção oral inicial) e texto 03 (produção escrita final), utilizados como instrumentos base, da análise e avaliação dos resultados da aprendizagem. Para análise avaliativa, estabelecemos a estrutura composicional do gênero relatos de experiências vividas, como parâmetro delimitador de uma produção adequada. Tendo sido verificada a ocorrência de uma relativa evolução nos conhecimentos dos alunos, quando da realização de análise entre o contexto de produção inicial e o contexto de produção final. Outra constatação, verificada em um segundo momento da análise, está instaurada nos textos produzidos na versão oral, quando foi possível confirmar a maior capacidade dos alunos em textos oralizados, e a preponderância de uma aprendizagem mais significativa, quando consideramos as relações de interface, que compõe o espaço entre a oralidade e a escrita, como ponto norteador na formação de alunos com perfil de maior eficiência e autonomia na produção de textos escritos.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-17T14:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1265945 bytes, checksum: 5f8dc283c79b2c0f3c1a17bf973f54c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-17T14:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1265945 bytes, checksum: 5f8dc283c79b2c0f3c1a17bf973f54c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Based upon a theoretical-discursive perspective of the speech-writing continuum, the present paper results from a research accomplished with students of the Young and Adult People’s Education programme, the perceptive teaching practice analysis of which pointed out to the need of a methodological intervention as regards the development of the capacity in the production of written texts by students characterized with relative developed competence, in the production of oral texts. To do so, we searched for contribution in papers with wording practices, contemplating the textual genders and the use of didactic sequences as methodological resource, as well. While approaching textual gender works, we opted for the experienced life report gender to accredit the existence of a larger and better gender similarity with the students’ knowledge and their life histories. To accomplish our target, we developed a didactic sequence to contemplate a series of systematically organised activities about the gender we chose to develop the study. Out of this practice, there resulted a group of texts classified as follows: text 01 (initial written production), text 02 (initial oral production), text 03 (final written production), used as basic instruments of the analysis and evaluation of the learning results. For the evaluating analysis, we established a compositional structure of the experienced life report gender as a delimiting parameter of an adequate production. We observed the occurrence of a relative evolution in the students’ knowledge during the accomplishment of the analysis between the initial production context and the final production one. Another point observed in the second moment of the analysis, i. e., the one regarding the texts produced in the oral version, was that we can confirm the students’ better performance in the oral texts. And, in a more comprehensive scope of the analysis, the results showed the development of a more significant learning when we consider the relationships of the interface composing the space between the oral practice and writing as a guiding point to the students’ formation, so confirming the growth of the autonomy and the consequent proficiency in the production of written texts. / Embasado em uma perspectiva teórico discursiva do Continuum fala-escrita, o presente trabalho é resultante de uma pesquisa realizada com alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, cuja análise perceptiva da prática docente, pontuou a necessidade de uma intervenção metodológica no tocante ao desenvolvimento da capacidade na produção de textos escritos, para alunos caracterizados com competência, relativamente desenvolvida, na produção de textos oralizados. Nesse sentido, buscamos aporte nos trabalhos com as práticas do letramento, contemplando os gêneros textuais e o uso das sequências didáticas, enquanto recurso metodológico. Na abordagem do trabalho com os gêneros textuais, optamos pelo gênero relatos de experiências vividas, por credenciar a existência de uma maior e melhor similaridade, do gênero, com os conhecimentos dos alunos e suas histórias de vida. Na intenção de efetivar o nosso objetivo, desenvolvemos uma sequência didática, de modo a contemplar uma série de atividades, sistematicamente organizadas, em torno do gênero que escolhemos para desenvolver o estudo. Dessa prática, decorreu um grupo de textos, classificados como texto 01 (produção escrita inicial); texto 02 (produção oral inicial) e texto 03 (produção escrita final), utilizados como instrumentos base, da análise e avaliação dos resultados da aprendizagem. Para análise avaliativa, estabelecemos a estrutura composicional do gênero relatos de experiências vividas, como parâmetro delimitador de uma produção adequada. Tendo sido verificada a ocorrência de uma relativa evolução nos conhecimentos dos alunos, quando da realização de análise entre o contexto de produção inicial e o contexto de produção final. Outra constatação, verificada em um segundo momento da análise, está instaurada nos textos produzidos na versão oral, quando foi possível confirmar a maior capacidade dos alunos em textos oralizados, e a preponderância de uma aprendizagem mais significativa, quando consideramos as relações de interface, que compõe o espaço entre a oralidade e a escrita, como ponto norteador na formação de alunos com perfil de maior eficiência e autonomia na produção de textos escritos.

In order to spell fluently and accurately, phonology, orthography, and morphology must be integrated and stored into long term memory (Berninger & Richards, in press; Berninger, Nagy, Tanimoto, Thompson, Abbott, 2015). Children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD have specific deficits in linguistic processing that impede the cross-mapping of these linguistic elements. This study analyzes the frequency and nature of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD during an academic writing task in order to determine if known deficits in linguistic processing affect the type and severity of spelling errors made by these children. The present study analyzed error severity and frequency of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia (n=13), dyslexia (n=17), or OWL-LD (n=5) during the academic writing tasks obtained in the Berninger et al. (2015) study. In the previous study, students read or listened to computerized lessons about basic mathematical concepts and then typed summaries of what they learned. For the current study, all spelling errors made during the typed summary writing tasks were extracted and analyzed using the Phonological, Orthographic, Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS) and then recoded with POMplexity (a measure of error severity) to determine the severity and frequency of spelling errors made in the linguistic categories of phonology, orthography, and morphology. Results indicated that the students did not differ in error severity by diagnostic category. However, a qualitative analysis using the POMAS revealed that children from different diagnostic categories produced different types of errors. With respect to error frequency, only students with dysgraphia made significantly fewer errors than students with OWL-LD, and all participants, regardless of diagnostic category produced more errors in typed summaries following the reading condition. These results are consistent with previous research indicating that children with learning disabilities do not produce deviant spelling errors when compared to typically-developing, age-matched peers or typically-developing, spelling-matched peers (Silliman, Bahr, and Peters, 2006, among others). The current results demonstrate that the spelling errors of children with learning disabilities reflect the expected linguistic breakdowns in cross-code mapping, and that children with learning disabilities may display these spelling deficits beyond an appropriate age.

The diploma thesis folows up the analysis of the language of spanish speaking adolescents acros online discussion forums. The theoretic section mainly pursues the issues of the oral/written and colloquial/formal dichotomies which takes an important part in the resultant form of the language used on the internet. It also describes the general features of language, used on the internet, focusing spanish and adolescent users. The practical section analyses the graphic, morphosyntactical, semantic and pragmatic level of the language sample found on the internet discussion forums.

La thèse s’appuie sur un recueil de 48 productions narratives, orales puis écrites, recueillies auprès d’élèves scolarisés en classe de CM2, dans deux écoles de Metz et de Libreville. La consigne – identique dans les deux situations – a consisté à demander aux élèves qu’ils racontent une histoire qui leur était arrivée et qui les avait frappés. Nous cherchions, à partir de ce recueil empirique, à évaluer « qualitativement » la compétence narrative des élèves telle que plusieurs comparaisons nous aidaient à le faire (les deux productions d’un même élève, les productions écrites de la classe française, etc.). Après une première partie qui procède à différents cadrages – théoriques et méthodologiques – les analyses des productions recueillies sont envisagées du point de vue de la temporalité interne des procès (l’avancée, la simultanéité et la régression des faits rapportés) ainsi que le suggèrent les analyse de Bres (2001). Quant à l’évaluation de la cohésion des discours produits, nous nous sommes inspirée des études sur la cohérence et la cohésion (Adam, 2011 ; Charolles 1988) pour envisager les productions d’un point de vue d’abord global – le niveau supérieur de la narrativité – sur ce qu’elles semblent indiquer comme intention signifiante. Nous avons ensuite envisagé le niveau intermédiaire des plans de texte et de leur cohésion, c’est-à-dire de l’enchaînement des énoncés et des phénomènes de liaison (ou de rupture) qui, non strictement syntaxiques, qui fondent cette cohésion. Il s’est agi, tout au long de ce travail d’éviter une conception trop étroitement normative et micro-structurelle des erreurs rencontrées. À l’issue d’une deuxième partie consacrée aux analyses des productions recueillies, la dernière partie s’efforce de reconfigurer les activités langagières dans le cadre de la didactique du français et de sérier les domaines de compétence dans lesquels s’exerce la pratique narrative d’élèves âgés d’une dizaine d’années, comme le sont ceux que nous avons soumis à notre investigation / The thesis is based on a collection of 48 narrative productions, oral and written, collected from pupils enrolled in the CM2 class at two schools in Metz and Libreville. The instruction - identical in both situations - consisted in asking the students to tell a story that had happened to them and that had struck them. From this empirical collection, we sought to evaluate the narrative competence of the pupils as "qualitatively" as several comparisons helped us to do (the two productions of the same pupil, the written productions of the French class, etc.) After a first part which proceeds to different frames - theoretical andMethodologies - the analyzes of the collected productions are considered from the point of view of the internal temporality of the processes (the progress, the simultaneity and the regression of the reported facts) as suggested by the analyzes of Bres (2001). As for the evaluation of the cohesion of the discourse produced, we based our studies on coherence and cohesion (Adam, 2011, Charolles 1988) to consider production from a global point of view - Of narrativity - on what they seem to indicate as meaningful intention. We then considered the intermediate level of the textplanes and their cohesion, that is to say, the chaining of utterances and the phenomena of bonding (or rupture) which, not strictly syntactic, underlie this cohesion. Throughout this work, we have avoided an overly normative and micro-structural conception of the errors encountered. After a second part devoted to the analyzes of the collected productions, the last part attempts to reconfigure the linguistic activities within the framework of the didactics of French and to set out the areas of competence in which the narrative practice is practiced Of students aged about ten years, as are those we have submitted to our investigation

Cette étude s'intéresse à la formation linguistique des salariés de premier niveau de qualification. Des travaux de recherche montrent que la part langagière occupe une place importante dans l'activité professionnelle des employés, y compris des moins qualifiés. Des formations dites « de base » sont mises en place depuis ces dernières décennies afin de procurer aux personnels qui ne les maîtriseraient pas, les compétences langagières utiles à l'exercice de leur activité professionnelle. Nous nous sommes interrogée sur ces formations. Sont-elles adaptées aux besoins des employés ? Répondent-elles à leurs demandes et à leurs besoins réels ? L'étude entreprise a eu pour but de comprendre comment ces employés utilisent leurs compétences langagières sur leur lieu de travail. Elle repose sur l'hypothèse que dans la formation des adultes, la question du langage au travail doit être élargie à la littéracie et plus particulièrement, à la raison graphique. Les métiers, comme celui d'agent de nettoyage, où la gestion du temps et de l'espace sont des éléments essentiels, constituent un cas intéressant. Les horaires particuliers, la durée de l'intervention et la présence des usagers nécessitent une gestion efficace du temps et de l'espace. Des stratégies spontanées issues de l'expérience sont mises en œuvre par ces employés pour être plus efficaces dans leur activité professionnelle et rendre le travail moins pénible. Les observations de terrain menées dans cette recherche, inspirées de l'ethnologie, montrent que ces travailleurs utilisent effectivement des « tactiques » au sens de M. de Certeau (1990). Mais ces manières de faire sont des compétences ignorées et non valorisées, ni par les employeurs ni par les formateurs. Ainsi cette recherche contribue à une meilleure connaissance du milieu professionnel et permet de proposer des pistes pour des formations linguistiques qui prendraient en considération leurs acquis. En effet, les résultats informent sur la place du langage dans l'activité de nettoyage ainsi que sur ce que l'on peut qualifier de logique au travail : mise au jour de manières de faire, d'astuces et de compétences ignorées ou masquées, pourtant essentielles à l'organisation du travail, notamment dans la gestion de l'espace et du temps. / This study concerns the linguistic training of employees with a basic level of qualification. The research work shows that the lingual part has an important place in the professional activity of the employees, including those who are the least qualified. Training courses called basic have been established for the past decades to give to the personnel who do not master them well, linguistic skills useful for the exercise of their professional activity. We have analyzed different types of training. Are they adapted to the needs of employees ? Are they an adapted answer to their expectations and their real needs ? The study undertaken aims to understand how these employees use their linguistic skills in the workplace. It is based on the hypothesis that in training for adults, the issue of language at work should be extended to the issue of literacy and more specifically, to the logic of writing. Jobs, such as those of a cleaning agent, where time and space management are crucial elements, are interesting cases. Particular schedules, work duration and presence of users need an effective time and space management. Spontaneous strategies based on experience are implemented by these employees in order to be more efficient in their professional activity and make the work less difficult. Observations in the field led by this research, inspired by ethnology, show that workers use « tactics» effectively in the sense of M. de Certeau (1990). But these methods are ignored skills which are not appreciated, either by employers, or by trainers. Hence, this research contributes to a better understanding of professional environment and allows approaches for linguistic training that should take into consideration their skills. Indeed the results give information about the place of language in professional activity and about what we can call work logic : updating the know-how, tricks and ignored or hidden skills, which, however, are crucial to work organization, especially in time and space management.

L’un des aspects les plus percutants des avancées de la technologie des quinze dernières années a trait à la communication médiée par ordinateur : clavardage, messagerie instantanée, courrier électronique, forums de discussion, blogues, sites de réseautage social, etc. En plus d’avoir eu un impact significatif sur la société contemporaine, ces outils de communication ont largement modifié les pratiques d’écriture. Notre objet d’étude est le clavardage en groupe qui offre la possibilité aux scripteurs de communiquer simultanément entre eux. Cet outil de communication présente deux caractéristiques importantes aux plans discursif et communicationnel. Premièrement, on admet de façon générale que le clavardage est une forme de communication hybride : le code utilisé est l’écrit, mais les échanges de messages entrent dans une structure de dialogue qui rappelle l’oral. Deuxièmement, le caractère spontané du clavardage impose la rapidité, tant pour l’encodage que pour le décodage des messages. Dans le cadre d’une étude comparative réalisée sur les pratiques scripturales des clavardeurs francophones (Tatossian et Dagenais 2008), nous avons établi quatre catégories générales pour rendre compte de toutes les variantes scripturales de notre corpus : procédés abréviatifs, substitutions de graphèmes, neutralisations en finale absolue et procédés expressifs. Nous voulons maintenant tester la solidité de notre typologie pour des langues dont le degré de correspondance phonético-graphique diffère. En vertu de l’hypothèse de la profondeur de l’orthographe (orthographic depth hypothesis [ODH]; Katz et Frost 1992) selon laquelle un système orthographique transparent (comme l’italien, l’espagnol ou le serbo-croate) transpose les phonèmes directement dans l’orthographe, nous vérifierons si nos résultats pour le français peuvent être généralisés à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « transparente » (l’espagnol) comparativement à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « opaque » (le français et l’anglais). Pour chacune des langues, nous avons voulu répondre à deux question, soit : 1. De quelle manière peut-on classifier les usages scripturaux attestés ? 2. Ces usages graphiques sont-ils les mêmes chez les adolescents et les adultes aux plans qualitatif et quantitatif ? Les phénomènes scripturaux du clavardage impliquent également l’identité générationnelle. L’adolescence est une période caractérisée par la quête d’identité. L’étude de Sebba (2003) sur l’anglais démontre qu’il existe un rapport entre le « détournement de l’orthographe » et la construction identitaire chez les adolescents (par ex. les graffitis, la CMO). De plus, dans ces espaces communicationnels, nous assistons à la formation de communautés d’usagers fondée sur des intérêts communs (Crystal 2006), comme l’est la communauté des adolescents. Pour la collecte des corpus, nous recourrons à des échanges effectués au moyen du protocole Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Aux fins de notre étude, nous délimitons dans chacune des langues deux sous-corpus sociolinguistiquement distincts : le premier constitué à partir de forums de clavardage destinés aux adolescents, le second à partir de forums pour adultes. Pour chacune des langues, nous avons analysé 4 520 énoncés extraits de divers canaux IRC pour adolescents et pour adultes. Nous dressons d’abord un inventaire quantifié des différents phénomènes scripturaux recensés et procédons ensuite à la comparaison des résultats. / One of the most sticking aspects of technological progress over the last fifteen years is computer- mediated communication (CMC): chatting, instant messaging, e-mail, discussion forums, blogs, social networking sites, etc. In addition to having significantly impacted contemporary society, these communication tools have greatly modified writing practices. The object of this study is group chatting which offers many writers the possibility of communicating simultaneous amongst themselves. This communication tool shows two important discursive and communicational characteristics. First, chatting is generally a hybrid form of communication: the code used is written, but the exchange of messages forms a dialogue structure resembling oral speech. Second, the spontaneous character of chatting imposes speed, both in encoding and decoding messages. Within the framework of a comparative study on writing practices in Francophone chatters (Tatossian and Dagenais 2008), four general categories for all writing variations in the corpus were established: abbreviatory processes, grapheme substitutions, word final neutralisations and expressive processes. Now we are interested in testing the rigueur of this classification in languages where the phonetico-graphical degree of correspondence differs. According to the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis [ODH] (Katz and Frost 1992), in which a transparent orthographic system (such as in Italian, Spanish or Serbo-Croatian) directly transpose phonemes into the orthographic system, we seek to verify whether our results for French can be generalised both to languages with a “transparent” orthographic system (Spanish) and to languages whose orthographic systems are “opaque” (French, English). For each language, two questions were asked: 1. How can attested scriptural practices be classified? 2. Are these graphic practices qualitatively and quantitatively similar amongst both adolescents and adults? The scriptural phenomena related to chatting also imply a generational identity. Adolescence is a period characterised by the quests for an identity. A study by Sebba (2003) on English shows that a relationship exists between “modified spelling” and the construction of identity in adolescents (i.e. graffiti, CMC). In addition, in these communication realms, we see the creation of a community of users based on common interests (Crystal 2006), such as in the adolescent community. A corpus was constructed from exchanges accessed through the Internet Relay Chat protocol. For each language in the study, two sociolinguistic distinct sub-corpora were defined: the first was made up of adolescent chat forums, the second, of a forum for adults. For each language, 4520 sentences, taken from various IRC channels for adolescents and adults, were analysed. First, a quantified inventory of the different scriptural phenomena collected was created and then the results were compared.

L’un des aspects les plus percutants des avancées de la technologie des quinze dernières années a trait à la communication médiée par ordinateur : clavardage, messagerie instantanée, courrier électronique, forums de discussion, blogues, sites de réseautage social, etc. En plus d’avoir eu un impact significatif sur la société contemporaine, ces outils de communication ont largement modifié les pratiques d’écriture. Notre objet d’étude est le clavardage en groupe qui offre la possibilité aux scripteurs de communiquer simultanément entre eux. Cet outil de communication présente deux caractéristiques importantes aux plans discursif et communicationnel. Premièrement, on admet de façon générale que le clavardage est une forme de communication hybride : le code utilisé est l’écrit, mais les échanges de messages entrent dans une structure de dialogue qui rappelle l’oral. Deuxièmement, le caractère spontané du clavardage impose la rapidité, tant pour l’encodage que pour le décodage des messages. Dans le cadre d’une étude comparative réalisée sur les pratiques scripturales des clavardeurs francophones (Tatossian et Dagenais 2008), nous avons établi quatre catégories générales pour rendre compte de toutes les variantes scripturales de notre corpus : procédés abréviatifs, substitutions de graphèmes, neutralisations en finale absolue et procédés expressifs. Nous voulons maintenant tester la solidité de notre typologie pour des langues dont le degré de correspondance phonético-graphique diffère. En vertu de l’hypothèse de la profondeur de l’orthographe (orthographic depth hypothesis [ODH]; Katz et Frost 1992) selon laquelle un système orthographique transparent (comme l’italien, l’espagnol ou le serbo-croate) transpose les phonèmes directement dans l’orthographe, nous vérifierons si nos résultats pour le français peuvent être généralisés à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « transparente » (l’espagnol) comparativement à des langues dont l’orthographe est dite « opaque » (le français et l’anglais). Pour chacune des langues, nous avons voulu répondre à deux question, soit : 1. De quelle manière peut-on classifier les usages scripturaux attestés ? 2. Ces usages graphiques sont-ils les mêmes chez les adolescents et les adultes aux plans qualitatif et quantitatif ? Les phénomènes scripturaux du clavardage impliquent également l’identité générationnelle. L’adolescence est une période caractérisée par la quête d’identité. L’étude de Sebba (2003) sur l’anglais démontre qu’il existe un rapport entre le « détournement de l’orthographe » et la construction identitaire chez les adolescents (par ex. les graffitis, la CMO). De plus, dans ces espaces communicationnels, nous assistons à la formation de communautés d’usagers fondée sur des intérêts communs (Crystal 2006), comme l’est la communauté des adolescents. Pour la collecte des corpus, nous recourrons à des échanges effectués au moyen du protocole Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Aux fins de notre étude, nous délimitons dans chacune des langues deux sous-corpus sociolinguistiquement distincts : le premier constitué à partir de forums de clavardage destinés aux adolescents, le second à partir de forums pour adultes. Pour chacune des langues, nous avons analysé 4 520 énoncés extraits de divers canaux IRC pour adolescents et pour adultes. Nous dressons d’abord un inventaire quantifié des différents phénomènes scripturaux recensés et procédons ensuite à la comparaison des résultats. / One of the most sticking aspects of technological progress over the last fifteen years is computer- mediated communication (CMC): chatting, instant messaging, e-mail, discussion forums, blogs, social networking sites, etc. In addition to having significantly impacted contemporary society, these communication tools have greatly modified writing practices. The object of this study is group chatting which offers many writers the possibility of communicating simultaneous amongst themselves. This communication tool shows two important discursive and communicational characteristics. First, chatting is generally a hybrid form of communication: the code used is written, but the exchange of messages forms a dialogue structure resembling oral speech. Second, the spontaneous character of chatting imposes speed, both in encoding and decoding messages. Within the framework of a comparative study on writing practices in Francophone chatters (Tatossian and Dagenais 2008), four general categories for all writing variations in the corpus were established: abbreviatory processes, grapheme substitutions, word final neutralisations and expressive processes. Now we are interested in testing the rigueur of this classification in languages where the phonetico-graphical degree of correspondence differs. According to the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis [ODH] (Katz and Frost 1992), in which a transparent orthographic system (such as in Italian, Spanish or Serbo-Croatian) directly transpose phonemes into the orthographic system, we seek to verify whether our results for French can be generalised both to languages with a “transparent” orthographic system (Spanish) and to languages whose orthographic systems are “opaque” (French, English). For each language, two questions were asked: 1. How can attested scriptural practices be classified? 2. Are these graphic practices qualitatively and quantitatively similar amongst both adolescents and adults? The scriptural phenomena related to chatting also imply a generational identity. Adolescence is a period characterised by the quests for an identity. A study by Sebba (2003) on English shows that a relationship exists between “modified spelling” and the construction of identity in adolescents (i.e. graffiti, CMC). In addition, in these communication realms, we see the creation of a community of users based on common interests (Crystal 2006), such as in the adolescent community. A corpus was constructed from exchanges accessed through the Internet Relay Chat protocol. For each language in the study, two sociolinguistic distinct sub-corpora were defined: the first was made up of adolescent chat forums, the second, of a forum for adults. For each language, 4520 sentences, taken from various IRC channels for adolescents and adults, were analysed. First, a quantified inventory of the different scriptural phenomena collected was created and then the results were compared.