Stories are complex linguistic constructions through which we share our interpretations of the social world. The ability to comprehend and produce stories is referred to as narrative competence. Narrative competence is rooted in social interactions in the preschool years that foster a sense of story structure and familiarity with story language. It has been shown to play a critical role in reading and writing achievement in the elementary school years since the language of literacy, like the language of storytelling, is predominantly decontextualized. The mastery of decontextualized language poses a significant challenge for children who enter kindergarten with little previous exposure to the majority language. The storytelling ability of these children was the focus of the present study. The study's primary aim was to examine second language narrative competence across the kindergarten years by comparing the fictional stories generated by a cross-section of EL1 and ELL junior and senior kindergarten children in response to a wordless picture book from the point of view of macrostructure (story structure), microstructure (story language), and the use of evaluative language. Grade and gender differences across and within language groups were also considered. A second aim of the study was to examine the relationship between narrative competence and receptive vocabulary and between narrative competence and print-based emergent reading skill. Overall, the results suggested that the ELL children's narratives were comparable to those of their EL1 counterparts with respect to most measures of microstructure, and with respect to macrostructure and evaluative language use. The one clear language-based difference favouring the EL1 children related to morpho-syntactic quality. Age-related differences were obtained on most measures and the results suggested parallel developmental trajectories across language groups. Gender was found to play a more prominent role in ELL than EL1 narrative performance. Few aspects of narrative were predicted by receptive vocabulary, suggesting dissociation between word- and discourse-level skills, particularly among the ELL children. On the other hand, emergent literacy scores predicted several aspects of microstructure, macrostructure and evaluative language use. The study provides evidence that various aspects of narrative competence might be differentially related to vocabulary and emergent literacy skills in ELL and EL1 kindergarten children.

Stories are complex linguistic constructions through which we share our interpretations of the social world. The ability to comprehend and produce stories is referred to as narrative competence. Narrative competence is rooted in social interactions in the preschool years that foster a sense of story structure and familiarity with story language. It has been shown to play a critical role in reading and writing achievement in the elementary school years since the language of literacy, like the language of storytelling, is predominantly decontextualized. The mastery of decontextualized language poses a significant challenge for children who enter kindergarten with little previous exposure to the majority language. The storytelling ability of these children was the focus of the present study. The study's primary aim was to examine second language narrative competence across the kindergarten years by comparing the fictional stories generated by a cross-section of EL1 and ELL junior and senior kindergarten children in response to a wordless picture book from the point of view of macrostructure (story structure), microstructure (story language), and the use of evaluative language. Grade and gender differences across and within language groups were also considered. A second aim of the study was to examine the relationship between narrative competence and receptive vocabulary and between narrative competence and print-based emergent reading skill. Overall, the results suggested that the ELL children's narratives were comparable to those of their EL1 counterparts with respect to most measures of microstructure, and with respect to macrostructure and evaluative language use. The one clear language-based difference favouring the EL1 children related to morpho-syntactic quality. Age-related differences were obtained on most measures and the results suggested parallel developmental trajectories across language groups. Gender was found to play a more prominent role in ELL than EL1 narrative performance. Few aspects of narrative were predicted by receptive vocabulary, suggesting dissociation between word- and discourse-level skills, particularly among the ELL children. On the other hand, emergent literacy scores predicted several aspects of microstructure, macrostructure and evaluative language use. The study provides evidence that various aspects of narrative competence might be differentially related to vocabulary and emergent literacy skills in ELL and EL1 kindergarten children.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilken uppfattning några yrkesverksamma förskollärare hade om hur de själva arbetade mot förskolans läroplans strävansmål rörande barns begynnande läsande och skrivande. Studien har också gjorts med anledning av den politiska satsningen på att kompetensutveckla förskollärare med förskolelyftets kurs Barns litteracitet och matematiska gestaltande. Sex förskollärare i södra Norrland har intervjuats om deras interaktion med förskolebarnen. Av dem har tre läst kursen och tre har inte läst kursen. Detta gjordes för att se om det går att avläsa någon skillnad mellan grupperna i föreställningen om förskollärarens roll i barns intresse för skriftspråket. Ett stort engagemang genomsyrar förskollärarnas berättelser om vad de gör för att bemöta och utmana barnens begynnande intresse för ”ABC”. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna planerar och formar en stimulerande pedagogisk miljö med hjälp av texter och logotyper, för att möjliggöra ett växande litteracitetsintresse. Förskollärarna i studien inspirerade till litteracitetserövrande aktiviteter som kommunikativa lekar och uppmuntrade aktivt deltagande i högläsning och i dialog med andra framför datorn och i den övriga textmiljön. Genom aktiviteter som rim, ramsor och sånger tränades förmågan att skilja på bokstävers ljud och former, och gav möjligheter till ett lekande erövrande av litteracitet. Barnens reflektioner av dokumenterade egna teckningar gav mening åt vidare texterövrande. En liten skillnad mellan grupperna märktes genom att de tyckte sig kunna förklara matematiska ord bättre för barnen på deras nivå av förståelse efter utbildningen.

This knowledge overview, known as SAG, aims to answer questions regarding what the national and international research in didactics shows about how history teachers in secondary and upper secondary schools reflect, plan, and teach about genocide. The methods used for this overview were a systematic search of relevant research and the processing of chosen research articles. Our results show that teachers consider genocide to be significant but also a complex subject. Furthermore, teachers aim to not only teach about genocide as a historical factual phenomenon but also open the door to discussions among learners regarding moral aspects of genocide throughout history.  Prominent strategies that teachers use was shown through research on teaching about different narratives about genocide, but also getting learners actively involved in studying history, emphasizing human rights, and highlighting the consequences when these rights are ignored. In addition, research also shows the absence of certain aspects, such as the absence of explicit aims for teaching and too much focus on the political, ideological, and economic perspectives when teaching about genocide. To conclude, teaching about genocide should be a subject that teachers approach with carefulness and explicit strategies to make learners more engaged in the diverse historical contexts being discussed in the classroom and develop historical consciousness and narrative competence.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5089136 bytes, checksum: 2b1f4f880393b8f3b7592c8807017548 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The historical consciousness is an intellectual ability that allows men to guide themselves through time. The formation of historical consciousness can be stimulated through movies, books, music, TV programs, especially at school through history books. The German theorist Jörn Rüsen shows in his work O livro didático ideal criteria for the development of narrative competence and, therefore, historical consciousness. Such text is talked about in this final paper. The main point here is to identify what is far and near from the criteria of historical formation that Rüsen presents and the elements in the collection of the school book distributed by the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático PNLD-2008. The justification for such research lies on the recent appropriation of Rüsen s work in Brazil. The theoretical reference used is focused on Jörn Rüsen s theory about historical formation, especially his thoughts over the school book. The methodology employed is based on categories of narrative competence perception, interpretation and orientation developed by the same author. The comparison performed allowed us to gather evidence on how the source of our study stimulates historical formation. / A consciência histórica é uma habilidade intelectual que permite ao homem orientar-se temporalmente na vida prática. A formação da consciência histórica pode ser estimulada tanto por filmes, livros, músicas, programas de televisão, quanto pelo ambiente escolar, por meio, do livro didático de história. O teórico alemão Jörn Rüsen apresenta no texto O livro didático ideal critérios para o desenvolvimento da competência narrativa e, portanto da consciência histórica, tal texto é colocado é questão na presente dissertação. A questão-central é identificar as aproximações e distanciamentos entre os critérios de formação histórica que Rüsen apresenta e os elementos que compõem uma coleção de livro didático avaliado e distribuído pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático PNLD-2008. A justificativa para tal pesquisa encontra-se na recente apropriação da obra de Rüsen no Brasil, nos estudos sobre ensino de história. O referencial teórico usado centra-se na teoria da formação histórica de Jörn Rüsen, principalmente em suas reflexões sobre livro didático. A metodologia a ser empregada fundamenta-se nas categorias da competência narrativa - percepção, interpretação e orientação desenvolvidas pelo mesmo autor. A comparação realizada permitiu-nos reunir pistas sobre como a fonte de estudo estimula a formação histórica.

A incorporação do sujeito que adoece e suas expectativas de cuidado é um apelo que acompanha as propostas de mudança da prática clínica no campo da APS. Esta perspectiva implica em um novo modo de ver o processo de adoecimento que procura romper com o reducionismo biomédico onde a clínica e sua ação são, praticamente, independentes do discurso do paciente. Este trabalho usou a narrativa, aplicada como uma ferramenta conceitual e prática na clínica na APS, para investigar as possibilidades de ampliar o universo discursivo e interpretativo, isto é, a competência narrativa do médico, para além de um modelo biomédico restritivo. Foi realizada uma busca, não sistemática, na literatura médica e de ciências sociais procurando identificar os aspectos conceituais, significados e perspectivas que podem ser assumidos para substantivar a narrativa como um conceito/idéia e suas possíveis interfaces e aplicações na clínica. Esta apropriação da narrativa instrumentalizou a observação participante nos módulos do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, assim como a realização e análise dos resultados de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com seus médicos. Observou-se que a formação da identidade e da legitimidade profissionais do médico de família é dirigida, principalmente, pelo arranjo organizacional promovido pelo modelo de atenção e não pelo desenvolvimento de um saber que o diferencie e qualifique. Identificou-se que as capacidades dialógicas desenvolvidas nas experiências com a clínica na APS eram compreendidas e assumidas pelos médicos como habilidades pessoais e/ou como aspectos morais. Percebeu-se que este modo de pensar dá margem a uma tensão, externada por um discurso ambíguo e fragmentado, entre a proximidade, o vínculo e o diálogo com o paciente e a estruturação do saber e da prática clínica. A limitação dos médicos em incorporar novos saberes a partir de suas vivências, associada à forma como a racionalidade biomédica dirige a clínica, se constituem como obstáculos epistemológicos e práticos para a ampliação da competência narrativa e interpretativa médica. Estas são condições que dificultam o desenvolvimento de um estilo de pensamento médico que reflita, desenvolva e integre o saber prático e os saberes não biomédicos como algo legítimo, sistematizável, avaliável e reprodutível no âmbito da clínica. / The incorporation of the fellow who falls ill and his expectations of care is an appeal of the proposals to change primary care clinical practices. This perspective implies a new viewpoint of the sickening process which tries to break with the biomedical reductionism in which the clinic and its action are almost apart of the patients discourse. This work employed the narrative as a conceptual and practical tool in primary care clinic to investigate the possibilities of enlarging the universe of discourse and interpretation, that is, the physicians narrative competence beyond a restrictive biomedical model. A non- systematic search was carried out, in medical and social sciences literature, trying to identify the conceptual aspects, meanings and perspectives that can be assumed to turn the narrative into a concept/idea, and its possible interfaces and applications to clinic. This appropriation of narrative instrumentalized the participant observation in the Family Health Program, in Niterói, as well as the analysis of results of semi-structured interviews with physicians. We noticed that the formation of the family doctors professional identity and legitimacy is mostly guided by the organization promoted by the healthcare model, and not by the development of knowledge able to distinguish and qualify it. We found that the dialogic abilities developed in experiences in primary care clinic were apprehended and assumed by physicians as personal abilities and/or moral aspects. This thought created tension, translated in an ambiguous and fragmented discourse among proximity, liaison and dialogue with patients, and the formation of knowledge and clinical practice. The physicians limitations to incorporate new knowledge, based on their own experience, and the way biomedical rationality guides clinic, are epistemological and practical obstacles to enlarge medical narrative and interpretative competences. Such conditions hinder the development of a type of medical thought to reflect, develop and integrate practical knowledge and nonbiomedical knowledge as legitimate, able to be systematized, evaluated and reproduced within the clinic.

La thèse s’appuie sur un recueil de 48 productions narratives, orales puis écrites, recueillies auprès d’élèves scolarisés en classe de CM2, dans deux écoles de Metz et de Libreville. La consigne – identique dans les deux situations – a consisté à demander aux élèves qu’ils racontent une histoire qui leur était arrivée et qui les avait frappés. Nous cherchions, à partir de ce recueil empirique, à évaluer « qualitativement » la compétence narrative des élèves telle que plusieurs comparaisons nous aidaient à le faire (les deux productions d’un même élève, les productions écrites de la classe française, etc.). Après une première partie qui procède à différents cadrages – théoriques et méthodologiques – les analyses des productions recueillies sont envisagées du point de vue de la temporalité interne des procès (l’avancée, la simultanéité et la régression des faits rapportés) ainsi que le suggèrent les analyse de Bres (2001). Quant à l’évaluation de la cohésion des discours produits, nous nous sommes inspirée des études sur la cohérence et la cohésion (Adam, 2011 ; Charolles 1988) pour envisager les productions d’un point de vue d’abord global – le niveau supérieur de la narrativité – sur ce qu’elles semblent indiquer comme intention signifiante. Nous avons ensuite envisagé le niveau intermédiaire des plans de texte et de leur cohésion, c’est-à-dire de l’enchaînement des énoncés et des phénomènes de liaison (ou de rupture) qui, non strictement syntaxiques, qui fondent cette cohésion. Il s’est agi, tout au long de ce travail d’éviter une conception trop étroitement normative et micro-structurelle des erreurs rencontrées. À l’issue d’une deuxième partie consacrée aux analyses des productions recueillies, la dernière partie s’efforce de reconfigurer les activités langagières dans le cadre de la didactique du français et de sérier les domaines de compétence dans lesquels s’exerce la pratique narrative d’élèves âgés d’une dizaine d’années, comme le sont ceux que nous avons soumis à notre investigation / The thesis is based on a collection of 48 narrative productions, oral and written, collected from pupils enrolled in the CM2 class at two schools in Metz and Libreville. The instruction - identical in both situations - consisted in asking the students to tell a story that had happened to them and that had struck them. From this empirical collection, we sought to evaluate the narrative competence of the pupils as "qualitatively" as several comparisons helped us to do (the two productions of the same pupil, the written productions of the French class, etc.) After a first part which proceeds to different frames - theoretical andMethodologies - the analyzes of the collected productions are considered from the point of view of the internal temporality of the processes (the progress, the simultaneity and the regression of the reported facts) as suggested by the analyzes of Bres (2001). As for the evaluation of the cohesion of the discourse produced, we based our studies on coherence and cohesion (Adam, 2011, Charolles 1988) to consider production from a global point of view - Of narrativity - on what they seem to indicate as meaningful intention. We then considered the intermediate level of the textplanes and their cohesion, that is to say, the chaining of utterances and the phenomena of bonding (or rupture) which, not strictly syntactic, underlie this cohesion. Throughout this work, we have avoided an overly normative and micro-structural conception of the errors encountered. After a second part devoted to the analyzes of the collected productions, the last part attempts to reconfigure the linguistic activities within the framework of the didactics of French and to set out the areas of competence in which the narrative practice is practiced Of students aged about ten years, as are those we have submitted to our investigation

A incorporação do sujeito que adoece e suas expectativas de cuidado é um apelo que acompanha as propostas de mudança da prática clínica no campo da APS. Esta perspectiva implica em um novo modo de ver o processo de adoecimento que procura romper com o reducionismo biomédico onde a clínica e sua ação são, praticamente, independentes do discurso do paciente. Este trabalho usou a narrativa, aplicada como uma ferramenta conceitual e prática na clínica na APS, para investigar as possibilidades de ampliar o universo discursivo e interpretativo, isto é, a competência narrativa do médico, para além de um modelo biomédico restritivo. Foi realizada uma busca, não sistemática, na literatura médica e de ciências sociais procurando identificar os aspectos conceituais, significados e perspectivas que podem ser assumidos para substantivar a narrativa como um conceito/idéia e suas possíveis interfaces e aplicações na clínica. Esta apropriação da narrativa instrumentalizou a observação participante nos módulos do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói, assim como a realização e análise dos resultados de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com seus médicos. Observou-se que a formação da identidade e da legitimidade profissionais do médico de família é dirigida, principalmente, pelo arranjo organizacional promovido pelo modelo de atenção e não pelo desenvolvimento de um saber que o diferencie e qualifique. Identificou-se que as capacidades dialógicas desenvolvidas nas experiências com a clínica na APS eram compreendidas e assumidas pelos médicos como habilidades pessoais e/ou como aspectos morais. Percebeu-se que este modo de pensar dá margem a uma tensão, externada por um discurso ambíguo e fragmentado, entre a proximidade, o vínculo e o diálogo com o paciente e a estruturação do saber e da prática clínica. A limitação dos médicos em incorporar novos saberes a partir de suas vivências, associada à forma como a racionalidade biomédica dirige a clínica, se constituem como obstáculos epistemológicos e práticos para a ampliação da competência narrativa e interpretativa médica. Estas são condições que dificultam o desenvolvimento de um estilo de pensamento médico que reflita, desenvolva e integre o saber prático e os saberes não biomédicos como algo legítimo, sistematizável, avaliável e reprodutível no âmbito da clínica. / The incorporation of the fellow who falls ill and his expectations of care is an appeal of the proposals to change primary care clinical practices. This perspective implies a new viewpoint of the sickening process which tries to break with the biomedical reductionism in which the clinic and its action are almost apart of the patients discourse. This work employed the narrative as a conceptual and practical tool in primary care clinic to investigate the possibilities of enlarging the universe of discourse and interpretation, that is, the physicians narrative competence beyond a restrictive biomedical model. A non- systematic search was carried out, in medical and social sciences literature, trying to identify the conceptual aspects, meanings and perspectives that can be assumed to turn the narrative into a concept/idea, and its possible interfaces and applications to clinic. This appropriation of narrative instrumentalized the participant observation in the Family Health Program, in Niterói, as well as the analysis of results of semi-structured interviews with physicians. We noticed that the formation of the family doctors professional identity and legitimacy is mostly guided by the organization promoted by the healthcare model, and not by the development of knowledge able to distinguish and qualify it. We found that the dialogic abilities developed in experiences in primary care clinic were apprehended and assumed by physicians as personal abilities and/or moral aspects. This thought created tension, translated in an ambiguous and fragmented discourse among proximity, liaison and dialogue with patients, and the formation of knowledge and clinical practice. The physicians limitations to incorporate new knowledge, based on their own experience, and the way biomedical rationality guides clinic, are epistemological and practical obstacles to enlarge medical narrative and interpretative competences. Such conditions hinder the development of a type of medical thought to reflect, develop and integrate practical knowledge and nonbiomedical knowledge as legitimate, able to be systematized, evaluated and reproduced within the clinic.

Les langues offrent une multitude d’éléments linguistiques pour organiser et délivrer les informations (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch & Rosado, 2002). Il y a plusieurs manières d’exprimer en mot la représentation mentale des événements. Le locuteur, en fonction des outils linguistiques dont il dispose, choisit les formes qui lui apportent le plus de valeur communicative pour transmettre son message.Notre étude est centrée sur deux connecteurs de l’amharique, -mm et dämmo, qui sont abondants dans la langue, et dans la narration en particulier. Nous avons pour objectif d’examiner, dans une perspective développementale, comment les locuteurs les utilisent, et les fonctions que ces particules ont dans leurs narrations. Nous cherchons à distinguer les fonctions communicatives ou pragmatiques qui sont signalées dans l’énoncé au moyen de ces marques. Pour ce faire, nous avons constitué un corpus de soixante productions narratives d’enfants de groupes d’âges différents (5-6, 7-8 et 10-12 ans) et d’adultes locuteurs d’amharique. Nous avons utilisé le support imagé sans texte « Frog, where are you? » (Mayer, 1969) pour recueillir nos données. Ce matériel expérimental a déjà servi à de nombreuses études développementales dans plusieurs langues (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail & Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman & Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete & Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 entre autres).Les résultats montrent que le clitique -mm et la locution dämmo, bien qu’ils soient tous les deux employés par tous les locuteurs, n’ont pas toujours la même portée selon le locuteur et varient en fonction de l’âge. dämmo, marque principalement le thème contrasté pour montrer la concomitance des événements. Il s’avère être plus maniable pour les enfants par rapport à –mm qui est beaucoup plus complexe, non seulement de par sa structure synthétique mais surtout parce qu’il est multiusage. –mm ancre l’information dans le contexte, il met en exergue le constituant sur lequel il opère. / Languages provide speakers with a wide range of linguistic units to organize and deliver information (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch & Rosado, 2002). There are several ways to verbally express the mental representations of events. The speaker, according to the linguistic tools he has acquired, selects the one that brings out the most communicative effect to convey his message.Our study focuses on two markers in Amharic, -mm and dämmo, which abound in the language and in narratives in particular. Our aim is to examine, from a developmental perspective, how the speakers use them, and the functions these elements have in their narratives. We seek to distinguish the communicative and pragmatic functions indicated by means of these markers. To do so, we created a corpus of sixty narrative productions of children from 5-6, 7-8 to 10-12 years old and adult Amharic speakers. The material we used to collect our data is a series of pictures without text “Frog, Where are you?” (Mayer, 1969). This experimental material has already been used in many developmental studies and in several languages (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail & Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman & Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete & Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 and many more).The results show that -mm and dämmo, although all the speakers use them both, do not always have the same scope according to the speaker and vary according to the age. dämmo is mainly used to mark a contrastive topic to signal the concomitance of the events. It seems to be easy to use for children compared to -mm which is much more complex, not only because of its synthetic structure but primarily because it is a multi-purpose morpheme. -mm anchors the information into the context, it highlights the constituent on which it operates.

This essay examines to which degree students in history in a swedish upper secondary schoolmanage to apropriate cogntive tools and frameworks in order to create narratives. The casestudy concentrates on a specific cognitive tool, namley narrative structure and to whichextent it helps students to make order of and organise historical subject matter intomeaningful narratives through teaching that is specifically designed to accomplish this kindof historical reasoning through cognitive tools and frameworks.Furthermore this study also examines epistemological beliefs and to which extent thesebeliefs either help or mislead the students on their way towards a qualified historicalconsciousness.This study also focus on the concept of narrative competence and to which extent studentsin history develop this competence through different frameworks and narrative structure.This study shows how students use cognitive tools and frameworks to create narratives. Butthe students often tend to mix different types of narration in their texts. The definetely tryto create histories with help of narrative structure but they do not manage to go all the waywith the result of their texts being hybrids of different structures of textWhen it comes to the epitemological beliefs many of the students tend to hold relativisticviews of history which doesn ́t necessarily mean they believe anything goes but more in thecontext of perspectives as important to change the direction of the narrative depending onwho is telling the story and what dimension of history that is displayed. Not many studentshave yet reached a evidence-based criterialist position.