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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Effects of the composition of solutions on water and solute absorption from the intact human intestine

Leiper, John Beattie January 1997 (has links)
In a series of systematic studies using a steady-state jejunal perfusion technique the influence of carbohydrate content and type, osmolality and sodium concentration on jejunal absorption was investigated. Carbohydrate content over the range from 225 to 440 mmol glucosyl units.1-1 did not increase intestinal carbohydrate or water absorption. The type of carbohydrate used also appears to have little effect on the rates of water or solute absorption from moderately hypotonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Solutions which were moderately hypotonic with respect to normal human serum promoted faster rates of water absorption than isotonic, which in turn were faster than that from hypertonic solutions. Increased rates of solute absorption were associated with faster rates of water uptake from the hypotonic solutions. Sodium chloride concentration over the range 22 to 44 mmol.1-1 did not affect water or carbohydrate absorption, although sodium chloride uptake tended to be faster from the solutions with the higher electrolyte content. Measurement of net and unidirectional water fluxes suggests that the increase in net water absorption in segmental perfusion studies is due mainly to a decrease in mucosa-to-lumen water flux. The pattern of water uptake, as assessed by deuterium accumulation in the circulation, generally appeared to follow the pattern indicated by the combined effect of the measured rate of gastric emptying and segmented water intestinal absorption. In conclusion, intestinal perfusion studies have identified moderate hypotonicity as the major factor in determining the rate of water absorption and an important influence in regulating solute transport from carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Although there was a tendency for hypertonicity to be associated with faster rates of deuterium accumulation in the circulation, this model of assessing water uptake indicated that the sodium content of the ingested drink was also an important factor.
2

Effects of four liquids on the endurance of college wrestlers following dehydration /

Eaves, Cecil G. January 1968 (has links)
No description available.
3

Diarrhoea management in primary health care facilities in the Cape metropole region: the caregivers' perspective

Sengwana, Manyeke Jeani January 2003 (has links)
Master of Public Health - MPH / This mini-thesis, assessed the use of ORT as a treatment for childhood diarrhoea in primary health care facilities in the Cape Metropole from the caregivers' perspective. Awareness and knowledge of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and the preparation abilities of sugar salt solution (SSS) by caregivers of children younger than 5 years attending the health facilities were assessed. The availability of resources and utensils for the use of ORS packets and SSS and the accessibility to health facilities by caregivers were also determined. Using a cross sectional descriptive study design, a baseline situation review was carried out. Primary health care facilities in three heath districts namely; Khayelitsha, Nyanga and Oostenberg were purposely selected. Ninety-two caregivers in 12 facilities participated in the study. Basic analyses of quantitative data were done using Epi-Info 2002 software. Qualitative data were analysed manually. The study found that according to caregivers, all facilities used ORS packets as their immediate treatment for uncomplicated diarrhoea, and recommended sugar salt Diarrhoea Management in PHC Facilities solution as home treatment. Ninety-one percent of caregivers used ORT at home before they presented to the health facility.Of the caregivers who were advised by the health worker to use SSS at home, 60.7%, 55.8% and 60.2% in Oostenberg, Khayelitsha and Nyanga districts respectively remembered the correct ingredients and quantities to make the solution at home. Of those given ORS packets, 94.5%, 99.0% and 98.5% respectively, remembered the quantity of water to be mixed with each packet. Packets were found to be convenient and were preferred by many caregivers as compared to SSS. The advice or health education messages given to caregivers were often unclear, and there were language barriers in Brighton and Bloekombos clinics in the Oostenberg district. A litre bottle was available in 47% of caregivers' homes, 82 % had a teaspoon and all of them had access to running water. Twelve percent and 11 % admitted to not having sugar and salt respectively when they wanted to make SSS. Eighty-eight percent walked to the health facility and 12% used taxis or buses. The study concludes that ORT is widely used in primary health care facilities for diarrhoeal disease treatment, however caregiver's knowledge and preparation abilities of SSS is still limited. The resources and utensils to prepare ORT at home were fairly available in many homes, which makes SSS preparation at home feasible and acceptable.
4

Factors influencing the maternal use of oral rehydration solution in the home treatment of childhood diarrhea in West Java, Indonesia /

Muir, Shannon, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 145-150.
5

Effekte oraler Rehydratationsmaßnahmen bei gesunden, durchfallkranken und experimentell dehydrierten Kälbern / Effects of Oral Rehydration Therapies in Healthy, Diarrhoeic and Experimentally Dehydrated Calves

Kirchner, Daniela 27 November 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Ziele dieser Arbeit zum Tränkemanagement bei neonataler Kälberdiarrhoe waren, die Auswirkungen von oralen Rehydratationslösungen (ORL) auf die abomasale Milchgerinnung und den Labmagendurchmesser zu prüfen sowie die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlich zubereiteten ORL bei bestehender Dehydratation zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden die folgenden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Die erste Untersuchung an gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern sollte mittels Ultraschall zeigen, ob die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in die Tränke deren abomasales Gerinnungsverhalten beeinträchtigt. Zeitgleich wurde der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser erfasst, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die abomasale Entleerung ziehen zu können. Diese Arbeit untersuchte erstmals die Milchgerinnung im Labmagen von spontan an Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten die Effekte der Fütterung von Milchaustauscher (MAT) sowie von in Wasser und in MAT zubereiteter ORL auf den Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushalt experimentell dehydrierter Kälber ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Bei gesunden (n = 28) sowie durchfallkranken Kälbern (n = 15) wurde das abomasale Gerinnungsverhalten sowie der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser (= Labmagenhöhe) vor und nach Fütterung von Milch bzw. MAT sowie nach Zusatz eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers zur jeweiligen Tränke ultrasonografisch dargestellt. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil wurden sechs Kälber nach einem modifizierten Protokoll von WALKER et al. (1998a) experimentell dehydriert. Im Anschluss wurden diese Tiere entweder mit MAT oder mit einer ORL, welche in Wasser (Wasser-ORL) oder MAT (MAT-ORL) zubereitet wurde, gefüttert. In einem weiteren Versuchsdurchlauf verblieben die mittel- bis hochgradig dehydrierten Probanden nüchtern. Nach einem definierten Schema wurden während der Versuchsphase venöse Blutproben vor und nach Induktion einer Dehydratation sowie vor und nach Fütterung entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes zu den verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkten bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Nach Gabe von Milch konnte mittels Ultraschall immer eine vollständige Zweiphasentrennung in Koagulum und Molke detektiert werden, wohingegen diese nach Fütterung des MAT nur unvollständig voneinander separiert waren. Die kombinierte Fütterung von Milch oder MAT und einer ORL, welche 62 bzw. 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthielt, führte zu keinen Unterschieden auf den ultrasonografischen Bildern des Labmageninhaltes im Vergleich zu denen der jeweiligen nativen Tränke. Des Weiteren war die abomasale Milchgerinnung nicht aufgrund eines Durchfallgeschehens gestört. Die unvollständige Gerinnung des MAT resultierte nicht in dessen schnellerer abomasaler Passage, sondern anhand des statistisch signifikant größeren Labmagendurchmessers ab vier Stunden nach MAT-Fütterung scheint es, dass die Entleerung des MAT aus dem Labmagen im Vergleich zu Milch leicht verzögert war. Innerhalb der beiden Versuchstiergruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf den abomasalen Durchmesser zwischen den Tränken mit und ohne ORL-Zusatz festgestellt werden. Die statistisch signifikanten Differenzen des Labmagendurchmessers zwischen den gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern nach Fütterung der identischen Tränken weisen darauf hin, dass die Entleerung des Labmagens bei an Diarrhoe erkrankten Kälbern verzögert stattfindet. Bei den experimentell dehydrierten Probanden erhöhte sich das Plasmavolumen statistisch signifikant nach Aufnahme einer Tränkemahlzeit, wohingegen dieses ohne Behandlung konstant blieb. Die Rate der Plasmavolumenexpansion war nach Fütterung von MAT im Vergleich zu Wasser-ORL oder MAT-ORL vermindert. Die Zunahme des Plasmavolumens war bei den dehydrierten Kälbern nach Aufnahme von Wasser-ORL stärker ausgeprägt als nach Fütterung von MAT-ORL. Außerdem war nach Gabe der hypertonen MAT ORL die Plasmaosmolalität statistisch signifikant erhöht. Der Säuren-Basen-Status der Tiere verbesserte sich infolge der Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Dieser Effekt war allerdings weniger offensichtlich, da das Versuchsprotokoll eine hochgradige Dehydratation aber nur eine gering- bis maximal mittelgradige metabolische Azidose induzieren konnte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unvollständige Gerinnung eines MAT im Labmagen scheint zu keiner schnelleren Entleerung zu führen. Die abomasale Milchgerinnung ist nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Milchfütterung mit einer 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthaltenden ORL kombiniert wird. Darüber hinaus resultiert aus einer Durchfallerkrankung keine Störung der Milchgerinnung im Labmagen. Die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in Milch oder MAT hat keine schnellere abomasale Passage der Ingesta zur Folge. Im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kälbern findet die Entleerung des Labmagens bei durchfallkranken Tieren verzögert statt. Es sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, welche die Ursachen für die verlangsamte abomasale Passage bei an Durchfall leidenden Kälbern bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die gemeinsame Verabreichung von Milch bzw. MAT mit einem bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulver weder die Milchgerinnung noch die abomasale Entleerung der Tränke bei durchfallkranken Kälbern beeinflusst. Folglich ist die Einmischung einer ORL in eine caseinhaltige Tränke möglich. Jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse der zweiten Untersuchung, dass die Fütterung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL weniger effektiv bei der Erhöhung des Plasmavolumens dehydrierter Kälber ist als das in Wasser zubereitete Äquivalent (Wasser-ORL). Genau genommen erhöht die Verabreichung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL die Plasmaosmolalität bei dehydrierten Tieren, was möglicherweise bei durchfallkranken Kälbern zu einer akuten Kochsalzvergiftung führen könnte. In einer Folgeuntersuchung zu dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gabe von hypertoner Milch-ORL in Kombination mit freiem Zugang zu Wasser eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme durchfallkranker Kälber darstellt, da die hohen Elektrolytgaben die Wasseraufnahme der Kälber stimulieren und keine Gefahr einer Hypernatriämie besteht (WENGE et al. 2014). Anhand der beiden Arbeiten kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass durchfallkranke Kälber, denen kein freier Zugang zu Wasser gewährt wird, wasserbasierte, isotone ORL erhalten sollten. / Aims of the present studies on oral rehydration management of calf diarrhoea were to reveal the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) on abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter, as well as to compare the effectiveness of differently prepared ORS in calves with experimentally induced dehydration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: The first investigation in healthy and diarrhoeic calves should demonstrate via ultrasound whether the incorporation of bicarbonate-containing electrolyte powder into ‘milk meals’ impairs the abomasal coagulation of milk protein. At the same time, the ventrodorsal diameter of the abomasum was measured to outline abomasal emptying. This study is the first in which milk clotting in the abomasum of spontaneously diarrhoeic calves was investigated. The second investigation examined the effects of feeding milk replacer (MR), as well as ORS prepared in water or in MR on the fluid and acid-base balance of experimentally dehydrated calves. Materials and methods: Abomasal curd formation, as well as ventrodorsal diameter (= abomasal height), were ultrasonographically imaged in healthy (n = 28) and diarrhoeic calves (n = 15) before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS containing bicarbonate prepared in milk or MR, respectively. In the second investigation six calves were experimentally dehydrated according to a modified protocol of WALKER et al. (1998a). Subsequently, these calves were fed with either milk replacer (MR) or an ORS prepared in either water (water-ORS) or MR (MR-ORS). In one experiment, the dehydrated calves remained fasting. During the experimental period, venous blood samples were taken according to a defined schedule before and after induction of dehydration, as well as before and after feeding. Parameters of fluid and acid-base balance were determined at various timepoints. Results: After milk-feeding, a complete separation of curd and whey was always detected via ultrasound; whereas after MR-feeding, separation was incomplete. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS containing 62 - 93 mmol/L bicarbonate did not cause any differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content compared to those of milk or MR. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhoea. Inadequate milk clotting of MR did not result in its faster abomasal passage but according to the significantly larger abomasal diameter starting from 4 h after MR-feeding gastric emptying of MR was slightly decreased when compared to milk. Within the two groups of experimental animals no statistically significant differences could be determined with respect to the abomasal diameter between the diets with and without addition of ORS. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter between healthy and diarrhoeic calves after feeding the same diet indicate that abomasal emptying is delayed in calves suffering from diarrhoea. Plasma volume increased significantly following the intake of a ‘fluid meal’ in experimentally dehydrated calves, whereas it remained constant in the absence of treatment. The rate of plasma volume expansion was reduced by feeding MR relative to water-ORS or MR-ORS. In dehydrated calves, the expansion of plasma volume was more pronounced following the intake of water-ORS compared to the feeding MR-ORS. Moreover, plasma osmolality increased significantly following the ingestion of hypertonic MR-ORS. The acid-base status of animals was corrected as a result of fluid absorption, but this effect was less obvious as the experimental protocol resulted in severe dehydration and only mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Inadequate curd formation of an MR in the abomasum does not result in faster abomasal passage. Milk clotting in the abomasum is not affected when combining milk feeding with ORS containing 93 mmol/L of bicarbonate. Furthermore, abomasal curd formation is not disturbed due to diarrhoea. The addition of an bicarbonate-containing ORS in milk or MR does not result in faster abomasal passage of ingesta. In contrast to healthy calves, abomasal emptying is prolonged in diarrhoeic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhoea. According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that combined feeding of milk/MR with an bicarbonate-containing ORS does not affect either milk clotting or abomasal emptying of the diet in diarrhoeic calves. Consequently, the addition of ORS to milk meal is possible. However, the results of the second investigation indicate that the feeding of hypertonic MR-ORS is less effective in increasing plasma volume of dehydrated calves than the water-based equivalent (water-ORS). In fact, administration of hypertonic MR-ORS increases plasma osmolality in dehydrated calves, potentially causing acute hypernatraemia in diarrhoeic calves. In a follow-up study to the present investigation, it could be demonstrated that feeding hypertonic milk-ORS combined with ad libitum access to water is an effective method of treating diarrhoeic calves because the high electrolyte content stimulates water intake of calves and there is no risk of hypernatraemia (WENGE et al. 2014). Based on these two studies, it can be concluded that diarrhoeic calves without free access to water should receive isotonic water-based ORS.
6

Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Maternal Use of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) and Dispensary Treatment for Diarrhea among Children Under Five Years Old: Pakistan DHS (2012-13)

Aziz, Summera 11 August 2015 (has links)
Abstract Objectives: Diarrheal disease is a global health challenge that assumes gigantic importance with regard to child health in developing countries like Pakistan. Prompt medical attention and proper use of Oral Re-hydration Therapy (ORT) by mothers helps prevent dehydration and secondary complications among affected children. However, ORT use among mothers in Pakistan is low. This study seeks to examine how various socio-demographic factors impact the use of ORT and dispensary treatment among mothers of children affected with diarrhea. Methods:Data from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (2012-2013) was used for the study. The study sample consisted of women aged 15-49 years old resident in Punjab region (N= 505) with children under five years old who had diarrhea within two weeks of the survey. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to determine relationships between maternal socio-demographic characteristics and use of ORT and dispensary care. P-values Results: After controlling for place of residence, educational level and frequency of watching television, caregivers whose children had fever with diarrheal episodes had nearly two-fold increased odds of using ORT treatment [OR= 1.9, (95% CI: 1.28-2.82)], compared to those whose children did not have fever. Similarly poor and middle class socioeconomic status (SES) participants had 3 times increased odds [OR= 2.76, [95% CI: 1.1 -6.89)] of using dispensary treatment when compared to upper class mothers. Place of residence was not a significant predictor of ORT or dispensary use. Discussion: These findings are consistent with other studies that show that mothers’ socioeconomic status are a good indicator of their knowledge about ORT use, and health care seeking behavior. On the other hand, maternal place of residence was not a significant predictor of ORT use, or consultation at a dispensary, even though other studies have found significant associations. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at improving low-income mothers’ knowledge about diarrhea management can include lay medical personnel, such as dispensers, who are often the easily accessible medical resource to this population. Therefore, dispensers should be provided with further training to increase their knowledge and skills in treating children with diarrhea. Future studies that are more rigorous should be conducted to examine this public health issue.
7

Effect of palatability on rehydration in Chinese children exercising in the heat. / 飲品味道對炎熱中運動的華籍男女小童之體液平衡及體温調節之影響 / Effect of palatability on rehydration in Chinese children exercising in the heat. / Yin pin wei dao dui yan re zhong yun dong de hua ji nan nü xiao tong zhi ti ye ping heng ji ti wen diao jie zhi ying xiang

January 2003 (has links)
Tang Chi-wing, Wendy = 飲品味道對炎熱中運動的華籍男女小童之體液平衡及體温調節之影響 / 鄧稚穎. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-86). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Tang Chi-wing, Wendy = Yin pin wei dao dui yan re zhong yun dong de hua ji nan nü xiao tong zhi ti ye ping heng ji ti wen diao jie zhi ying xiang / Deng Zhiying. / Dedication --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figure --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Hypotheses --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Definition of Terms --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Assumptions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6 --- Delimitations --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7 --- Limitations --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8 --- Significance of Study --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Water Balance during Exercise --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effect of Dehydration on Human Body during Exercise --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Physiological Responses of Dehydration for Children when Exercising in the Heat --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of Fluid Ingestion during Exercise --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Drivers of Fluid Replacement --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Participants --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Preliminary Measurement --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Design and Procedures --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Collection and Analysis of Blood Samples --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Exercise Intensity --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Body Fluid Balance --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Thermoregulatory Responses --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- Taste Perception Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of the Results --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION --- p.67 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.73 / REFERENCES --- p.74 / APPENDIXES --- p.87
8

Community awareness of GOBI-FFF and its implementation in two urban communities

Dada, Ebrahim. January 1985 (has links)
The health picture in the developing world is still very bleak. The varlOUS Black populations of South Africa (be they Africans, Indians or Coloureds) are part of this developing world. In a total world population of 4,607 million (of which 75 % are in the developing world); there are 10.3 million annual infant deaths (0-11 months) (of which 97 % are ln the developing countries); and 4.3 million annual child deaths (1-4 years) (of which 98 % are in the developing countries).*l The infant mortality rate (IMR) (infant deaths per 1,000 live births) in 1980 for the developing countries as a whole, and for Southern Africa specifically is 100; as compared to the IMR of 20 for developed countries. South Africa has an IMR of 90 (1982). However, a few relatively simple and inexpensive methods could enable parents themselves to bring about a revolution ln child survival and development. The idea that could make this revolution possible is primary health care. The vehicles that could make this revolution achievable are the spread of education, communications and social organization. The techniques which could make this revolution affordable even with very limited resources, are growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding and immunization (GOBI). These four principle life line techniques are low-cost, available now, achieve rapid results and a l most universally relevant. They involve people in taking more responsibility for their own health, and thus promote primary health care. In combination they offer an even greater degree of protection against the synergistic alliance of malnutrition and infection which is the central problem of child health and child development today. *3 In addition, three other changes-female education, family spacing and food supplementation (FFF) are also among the most powerful levers for raising the level of child survival and child health. Although more costly and more difficult to achieve, these changes in the lives of women are of such potential significance that they must also now be count ed among the breakthrough in knowledge which could change the ratio between the health and wealth of nations. *3 However, against this information is the stark reality that only up to 15 % of the world's families are using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), the revolutionary low-cost technique for preventing and treating diarrhoeal dehydration, the biggest single killer of children in the world. *4 This then rai ses the vital question that although the potential for child survival and a healthy and normal child development is there, to what extent is the average mother aware of and implementing these cost-effective methods of GOBI-FFF in her own situation? These questions are thus addressed in this study in an African and an Indian urban communities ln Natal/Kwa Zulu. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.
9

Effekte oraler Rehydratationsmaßnahmen bei gesunden, durchfallkranken und experimentell dehydrierten Kälbern

Kirchner, Daniela 27 October 2015 (has links)
Ziele dieser Arbeit zum Tränkemanagement bei neonataler Kälberdiarrhoe waren, die Auswirkungen von oralen Rehydratationslösungen (ORL) auf die abomasale Milchgerinnung und den Labmagendurchmesser zu prüfen sowie die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlich zubereiteten ORL bei bestehender Dehydratation zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden die folgenden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Die erste Untersuchung an gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern sollte mittels Ultraschall zeigen, ob die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in die Tränke deren abomasales Gerinnungsverhalten beeinträchtigt. Zeitgleich wurde der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser erfasst, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die abomasale Entleerung ziehen zu können. Diese Arbeit untersuchte erstmals die Milchgerinnung im Labmagen von spontan an Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten die Effekte der Fütterung von Milchaustauscher (MAT) sowie von in Wasser und in MAT zubereiteter ORL auf den Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushalt experimentell dehydrierter Kälber ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Bei gesunden (n = 28) sowie durchfallkranken Kälbern (n = 15) wurde das abomasale Gerinnungsverhalten sowie der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser (= Labmagenhöhe) vor und nach Fütterung von Milch bzw. MAT sowie nach Zusatz eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers zur jeweiligen Tränke ultrasonografisch dargestellt. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil wurden sechs Kälber nach einem modifizierten Protokoll von WALKER et al. (1998a) experimentell dehydriert. Im Anschluss wurden diese Tiere entweder mit MAT oder mit einer ORL, welche in Wasser (Wasser-ORL) oder MAT (MAT-ORL) zubereitet wurde, gefüttert. In einem weiteren Versuchsdurchlauf verblieben die mittel- bis hochgradig dehydrierten Probanden nüchtern. Nach einem definierten Schema wurden während der Versuchsphase venöse Blutproben vor und nach Induktion einer Dehydratation sowie vor und nach Fütterung entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes zu den verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkten bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Nach Gabe von Milch konnte mittels Ultraschall immer eine vollständige Zweiphasentrennung in Koagulum und Molke detektiert werden, wohingegen diese nach Fütterung des MAT nur unvollständig voneinander separiert waren. Die kombinierte Fütterung von Milch oder MAT und einer ORL, welche 62 bzw. 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthielt, führte zu keinen Unterschieden auf den ultrasonografischen Bildern des Labmageninhaltes im Vergleich zu denen der jeweiligen nativen Tränke. Des Weiteren war die abomasale Milchgerinnung nicht aufgrund eines Durchfallgeschehens gestört. Die unvollständige Gerinnung des MAT resultierte nicht in dessen schnellerer abomasaler Passage, sondern anhand des statistisch signifikant größeren Labmagendurchmessers ab vier Stunden nach MAT-Fütterung scheint es, dass die Entleerung des MAT aus dem Labmagen im Vergleich zu Milch leicht verzögert war. Innerhalb der beiden Versuchstiergruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf den abomasalen Durchmesser zwischen den Tränken mit und ohne ORL-Zusatz festgestellt werden. Die statistisch signifikanten Differenzen des Labmagendurchmessers zwischen den gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern nach Fütterung der identischen Tränken weisen darauf hin, dass die Entleerung des Labmagens bei an Diarrhoe erkrankten Kälbern verzögert stattfindet. Bei den experimentell dehydrierten Probanden erhöhte sich das Plasmavolumen statistisch signifikant nach Aufnahme einer Tränkemahlzeit, wohingegen dieses ohne Behandlung konstant blieb. Die Rate der Plasmavolumenexpansion war nach Fütterung von MAT im Vergleich zu Wasser-ORL oder MAT-ORL vermindert. Die Zunahme des Plasmavolumens war bei den dehydrierten Kälbern nach Aufnahme von Wasser-ORL stärker ausgeprägt als nach Fütterung von MAT-ORL. Außerdem war nach Gabe der hypertonen MAT ORL die Plasmaosmolalität statistisch signifikant erhöht. Der Säuren-Basen-Status der Tiere verbesserte sich infolge der Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Dieser Effekt war allerdings weniger offensichtlich, da das Versuchsprotokoll eine hochgradige Dehydratation aber nur eine gering- bis maximal mittelgradige metabolische Azidose induzieren konnte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unvollständige Gerinnung eines MAT im Labmagen scheint zu keiner schnelleren Entleerung zu führen. Die abomasale Milchgerinnung ist nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Milchfütterung mit einer 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthaltenden ORL kombiniert wird. Darüber hinaus resultiert aus einer Durchfallerkrankung keine Störung der Milchgerinnung im Labmagen. Die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in Milch oder MAT hat keine schnellere abomasale Passage der Ingesta zur Folge. Im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kälbern findet die Entleerung des Labmagens bei durchfallkranken Tieren verzögert statt. Es sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, welche die Ursachen für die verlangsamte abomasale Passage bei an Durchfall leidenden Kälbern bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die gemeinsame Verabreichung von Milch bzw. MAT mit einem bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulver weder die Milchgerinnung noch die abomasale Entleerung der Tränke bei durchfallkranken Kälbern beeinflusst. Folglich ist die Einmischung einer ORL in eine caseinhaltige Tränke möglich. Jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse der zweiten Untersuchung, dass die Fütterung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL weniger effektiv bei der Erhöhung des Plasmavolumens dehydrierter Kälber ist als das in Wasser zubereitete Äquivalent (Wasser-ORL). Genau genommen erhöht die Verabreichung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL die Plasmaosmolalität bei dehydrierten Tieren, was möglicherweise bei durchfallkranken Kälbern zu einer akuten Kochsalzvergiftung führen könnte. In einer Folgeuntersuchung zu dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gabe von hypertoner Milch-ORL in Kombination mit freiem Zugang zu Wasser eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme durchfallkranker Kälber darstellt, da die hohen Elektrolytgaben die Wasseraufnahme der Kälber stimulieren und keine Gefahr einer Hypernatriämie besteht (WENGE et al. 2014). Anhand der beiden Arbeiten kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass durchfallkranke Kälber, denen kein freier Zugang zu Wasser gewährt wird, wasserbasierte, isotone ORL erhalten sollten. / Aims of the present studies on oral rehydration management of calf diarrhoea were to reveal the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) on abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter, as well as to compare the effectiveness of differently prepared ORS in calves with experimentally induced dehydration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: The first investigation in healthy and diarrhoeic calves should demonstrate via ultrasound whether the incorporation of bicarbonate-containing electrolyte powder into ‘milk meals’ impairs the abomasal coagulation of milk protein. At the same time, the ventrodorsal diameter of the abomasum was measured to outline abomasal emptying. This study is the first in which milk clotting in the abomasum of spontaneously diarrhoeic calves was investigated. The second investigation examined the effects of feeding milk replacer (MR), as well as ORS prepared in water or in MR on the fluid and acid-base balance of experimentally dehydrated calves. Materials and methods: Abomasal curd formation, as well as ventrodorsal diameter (= abomasal height), were ultrasonographically imaged in healthy (n = 28) and diarrhoeic calves (n = 15) before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS containing bicarbonate prepared in milk or MR, respectively. In the second investigation six calves were experimentally dehydrated according to a modified protocol of WALKER et al. (1998a). Subsequently, these calves were fed with either milk replacer (MR) or an ORS prepared in either water (water-ORS) or MR (MR-ORS). In one experiment, the dehydrated calves remained fasting. During the experimental period, venous blood samples were taken according to a defined schedule before and after induction of dehydration, as well as before and after feeding. Parameters of fluid and acid-base balance were determined at various timepoints. Results: After milk-feeding, a complete separation of curd and whey was always detected via ultrasound; whereas after MR-feeding, separation was incomplete. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS containing 62 - 93 mmol/L bicarbonate did not cause any differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content compared to those of milk or MR. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhoea. Inadequate milk clotting of MR did not result in its faster abomasal passage but according to the significantly larger abomasal diameter starting from 4 h after MR-feeding gastric emptying of MR was slightly decreased when compared to milk. Within the two groups of experimental animals no statistically significant differences could be determined with respect to the abomasal diameter between the diets with and without addition of ORS. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter between healthy and diarrhoeic calves after feeding the same diet indicate that abomasal emptying is delayed in calves suffering from diarrhoea. Plasma volume increased significantly following the intake of a ‘fluid meal’ in experimentally dehydrated calves, whereas it remained constant in the absence of treatment. The rate of plasma volume expansion was reduced by feeding MR relative to water-ORS or MR-ORS. In dehydrated calves, the expansion of plasma volume was more pronounced following the intake of water-ORS compared to the feeding MR-ORS. Moreover, plasma osmolality increased significantly following the ingestion of hypertonic MR-ORS. The acid-base status of animals was corrected as a result of fluid absorption, but this effect was less obvious as the experimental protocol resulted in severe dehydration and only mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Inadequate curd formation of an MR in the abomasum does not result in faster abomasal passage. Milk clotting in the abomasum is not affected when combining milk feeding with ORS containing 93 mmol/L of bicarbonate. Furthermore, abomasal curd formation is not disturbed due to diarrhoea. The addition of an bicarbonate-containing ORS in milk or MR does not result in faster abomasal passage of ingesta. In contrast to healthy calves, abomasal emptying is prolonged in diarrhoeic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhoea. According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that combined feeding of milk/MR with an bicarbonate-containing ORS does not affect either milk clotting or abomasal emptying of the diet in diarrhoeic calves. Consequently, the addition of ORS to milk meal is possible. However, the results of the second investigation indicate that the feeding of hypertonic MR-ORS is less effective in increasing plasma volume of dehydrated calves than the water-based equivalent (water-ORS). In fact, administration of hypertonic MR-ORS increases plasma osmolality in dehydrated calves, potentially causing acute hypernatraemia in diarrhoeic calves. In a follow-up study to the present investigation, it could be demonstrated that feeding hypertonic milk-ORS combined with ad libitum access to water is an effective method of treating diarrhoeic calves because the high electrolyte content stimulates water intake of calves and there is no risk of hypernatraemia (WENGE et al. 2014). Based on these two studies, it can be concluded that diarrhoeic calves without free access to water should receive isotonic water-based ORS.

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