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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
441

Etude des effets d'interfaces sur le retournement de l'aimantation dans des structures à anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire / Study of Interface Effects on Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic Structures with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy

Zhao, Xiaoxuan 06 December 2019 (has links)
Les mémoires MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memory) sont l’une des technologies émergentes visant à devenir un dispositif de mémoire «universelle» applicable à une grande variété d’applications. La combinaison du couple de spin-orbite (SOT) résultant de l’effet Hall de spin (SHE) et de l’interaction de Dzyaloshinskii – Moriya (DMI) aux interfaces entre un métal lourd et une couche ferromagnétique s’est révélée être un mécanisme efficace pour induire une propagation de parois magnétiques chirales à des faibles densité de courant. Les dispositifs à parois magnétiques devraient constituer la prochaine génération de supports d’information en raison de leur potentiel pour des densités de stockage très élevées. Cependant, une limitation cruciale est la présence de défauts structuraux qui piègent les parois magnétiques et induisent des courants de seuil élevés ainsi que des effets stochastiques importants. L’origine du piégeage résulte de la présence de défauts structuraux aux interfaces entre la couche magnétique ultra-mince et les autres couches (isolants et/ou métaux lourds) qui induisent une distribution spatiale des propriétés magnétiques comme l’anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire (PMA) ou le DMI. Comprendre l’influence de la structure des interfaces sur la propagation de parois et sur le DMI en particulier est cruciale pour la conception de futurs dispositifs basse consommation. C’est dans ce contexte très novateur que mon doctorat s’est focalisé sur la manipulation de la structure des interfaces dans des couches ultra-minces à anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire. Des structures de CoFeB-MgO ont été utilisées afin de mieux comprendre l'impact de la structure des interfaces sur l’anisotropie, le DMI, la propagation de parois et les phénomènes de SOT. L’approche innovante que nous avons utilisée est basée sur l’irradiation par des ions légers pour contrôler le degré de mélange aux interfaces. Sous l’effet du mélange induit par l’irradiation, nous avons observé dans des structures de W-CoFeB-MgO une forte augmentation de la vitesse de parois dans le régime de creep, compatible avec une réduction de la densité des centres de piégeage. Nous avons aussi démontré que l'anisotropie de l'interface Ki et le DMI mesuré par propagation asymétrique de parois se comportent de la même façon en fonction du mélange aux interfaces. Finalement, nous avons fabriqué des barres de Hall afin de mesurer la commutation de l’aimantation induite par SOT. Le centre des croix de Hall a été irradié afin de diminuer localement l’anisotropie. Nous avons observé une réduction de 60% de la densité de courant critique après l’irradiation correspondant au retournement des croix de Hall irradiés par propagation de parois. Notre étude fournit de nouvelles pistes concernant le développement de mémoires magnétiques à faible consommation, de dispositifs logiques et neuromorphiques. / Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM), as one of the emerging technologies, aims to be a “universal” memory device for a wide variety of applications. The combination of the spin orbit torque (SOT) resulting from the spin Hall effect (SHE) and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) at interfaces between heavy metals and ferromagnetic layers has been demonstrated to be a powerful mean to drive efficiently domain-wall (DW) motion, which are expected to be the promising next generation of information carriers owing to ultra-low driving currents and ultra fast DW motion. However, the crucial limitation of SOT induced domain wall motion results from the presence of pinning defects that can induce large threshold currents and stochastic behaviors. Such pinning defects are strongly related to structural inhomogeneities at the interfaces between the ultra-thin ferromagnetic layer and the other materials (insulator and/or heavy metals) that induce a spatial distribution of magnetic properties such as perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) or DMI. Therefore, understanding the role of the interface structure on DW motion and DMI is crucial for the design of future low power devices.It is under this innovative context that my Ph.D. research has focused on the manipulation of interface structure in ultra-thin magnetic films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. CoFeB-MgO structures have been used in order to understand the impact of interface structure on anisotropy, DMI, domain wall motion and SOT phenomena. The innovative approach we have used in this PhD research is based on light ion irradiation to control the degree of intermixing at interfaces. In W-CoFeB-MgO structures with high DMI, we have observed a large increase of the DW velocity in the creep regime upon He⁺ irradiation, which is attributed to the reduction of pinning centres induced by interface intermixing. Asymmetric in-plane field-driven domain expansion experiments show that the DMI value is slightly reduced upon irradiation, and a direct relationship between DMI and interface anisotropy is demonstrated. Using local irradiated Hall bars in SOT devices, we further demonstrate that the current density for SOT induced magnetization switching through DW motion can be significantly reduced by irradiation. Our finding provides novel insights into the development of low power spintronic-memory, logic as well as neuromorphic devices.
442

The Visual Apparatus of Avian Dinosaurs and Other Diapsids: Anatomical Correlates of Behavior and Evolution

Cerio, Donald Greene 20 September 2019 (has links)
No description available.
443

Electron Transport in Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Nilwala Gamaralalage Premasiri, Kasun Viraj Madusanka 28 January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
444

The Impact Of Wood Species, Applied Force, And Sander Movement Speed On The Occurrence Of Swirl Scratch From Random Orbit Sanding

Song, Xiaoyu 07 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
445

GNSS Inter-Constellation Time Offset Determination in Low Earth Orbit

Peters, Brian C. 03 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
446

Assisted GNSS Using the Doppler Frequency Track Measurement

Pike, G. Elisabeth 05 June 2023 (has links)
No description available.
447

DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN-SOURCE TOOLBOX FOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE DEBRIS REMEDIATION ARCHITECTURES

Joshua David Fitch (16360641) 15 June 2023 (has links)
<p> Orbital Debris is a growing challenge for the Space Industry. The increasing density of derelict objects in high-value orbital regimes is resulting in more conjunction warnings and break-up events with cascading repercussions on active satellites and spacecraft. The recent rapid growth of the commercial space industry, in particular proliferated satellite constellations, has placed orbital debris remediation at the forefront of Space Industry efforts. The need to remove existing debris, combined with a growing demand for active satellite life extension services, has created an emerging market for space logistics, in particular spacecraft capable of rendezvous and docking, orbital refueling, debris deorbiting, or object relocation. This market has seen numerous companies emerge with multi-purpose on-orbit servicing platforms. This ecosystem poses technological, economical, and policy questions to decision-makers looking to acquire platforms or invest in technologies and requires a System-of-Systems approach to determine mission and system concepts of merit. An open-source modeling, analysis, and simulation software toolbox has been developed which enables rapid early-stage analysis and design of diverse fleets of on-orbit servicing platforms, with a specific emphasis on active debris removal applications. The toolbox provides fetching and processing of real-time orbital catalog data, clustering and scoring of high-value debris targets, flexible and efficient multi-vehicle multi-objective time-varying routing optimization, and fleet-level lifecycle cost estimation. The toolbox is applied to a diverse sample of promising commercial platforms to enable government decision-makers to make sound investment and acquisition decisions to support the development of ADR technologies, missions, and companies. </p>
448

Two-dimensional ferromagnetism, strong Rashba effect and valence changes in lanthanide intermetallics: A photoemission study

Schulz, Susanne 13 June 2023 (has links)
The search for novel technologies like spin-based electronics and suitable materials for respective devices requires a profound understanding of fundamental interactions regarding electron spin and related properties. In the same context, with ongoing device miniaturisation, surface-related phenomena become increasingly important. Here, we study the electronic and magnetic properties of quasi-2D electron states at a metallic surface under the influence of the Rashba effect and exchange coupling to localised 4f moments that order magnetically at low temperatures. Particularly, in the considered systems, both interactions are of similar strengths, a case which is rather unexplored in the literature. Our model system is the (001) surface of intermetallic LnIr2Si2 compounds with ThCr2Si2 structure, where Ln = lanthanide. With this work, we continue our long-term systematic study of the LnT2Si2 compounds with T = Rh, where the Rashba-like spin-orbit coupling is about a hundred times weaker than the exchange interaction. Using ARPES and DFT we explore with GdIr2Si2 and EuIr2Si2 two representatives of the LnIr2Si2 family, which are both characterised by the insensitivity of the 4f shell to the crystal electric field. On the other hand, they have fundamentally different bulk properties. GdIr2Si2 is a robust bulk antiferromagnet with a high ordering temperature of 87 K, whereas EuIr2Si2 is a mixed-valent material with a non-magnetic ground state in the bulk. The mean Eu valency is strongly temperature dependent, changing continuously from a nearly divalent magnetic configuration at room temperature to a nearly trivalent non-magnetic Eu state below 50K. Studying the surface states in both compounds we find that the magnitude of the Rashba-like spin-orbit interaction increases tremendously in comparison to the isoelectronic Rh compounds. This is reflected in a huge splitting of the surface state bands and emphasizes the importance of atomic spin-orbit coupling in high Z elements for the strength of the Rashba effect. Employing DFT, which reproduces the measured band structure very accurately, we find the same exotic triple winding of the electron spin along the isoenergy contours of the surface state bands as reported in terms of a cubic Rashba effect for the Rh compounds. This proves the generic nature of the surface states and their universal properties in the considered LnT2Si2 compounds. With the ordering of the 4f moments at low temperatures, spin structure and surface band dispersion undergo significant changes induced by the exchange interaction. Pronounced asymmetries emerge in the band dispersion, which allow for the determination of the magnetisation axis. We demonstrate that this is even possible if spectral structures originating from different magnetic domains overlap in the spectra. Remarkably, we find respective asymmetries in EuIr2Si2, too, despite the almost trivalent, and thus non-magnetic Eu state at low temperatures. With complementary experimental techniques like x-ray absorption, x-ray linear and circular dichroism as well as by taking photoelectron diffraction into account, we demonstrate that in the surface Si–Ir–Si–Eu four-layer block Eu is nearly divalent and magnetically active. The associated Eu moments order ferromagnetically below 49K. In the case of Eu termination, we find that the 4f moments of the divalent Eu ions at the surface order ferromagnetically below 10K, too, and unveil thus another occurrence of 2D surface-related magnetism in the same non-magnetic bulk compound. Simultaneously, the mixed-valent properties of EuIr2Si2 and the strong temperature dependence of the mean Eu valency are clearly reflected in the electronic structure of the bulk in a smooth expansion of the Doughnut Fermi surface sheet with increasing temperature, which is interpreted as a band-filling effect. Our results show the high tunability of the electron spin by combining spin-orbit coupling and structural inversion asymmetry with the exchange interaction, which is at the heart of spintronics applications. The disclosure of controllable 2D magnetism at the surface of a non-magnetic bulk compound, which is enabled by an instability in the 4f shell, nominates valence fluctuating 4f compounds, especially with Eu and Sm, to be promising candidates for fundamental studies and applications. Our study moreover demonstrates the richness and versatility of 4f physics that may differ significantly at the surface and in the bulk.:1. Introduction 2. Preliminary Studies 2.1. Short introduction to lanthanides and 4f physics 2.2. LnT2Si2 compounds 3. Foundations 3.1. Band structure 3.2. Bulk states, surface states and surface resonances 3.3. The principles of photoelectron spectroscopy 3.4. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 3.5. Photoabsorption and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy 3.6. X-ray absorption spectroscopy 3.6.1. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism 3.6.2. X-ray magnetic linear dichroism 3.7. Photoelectron diffraction 3.8. Synchrotron and synchrotron radiation 3.9. Density functional theory 4. Methods 4.1. Experimental details 4.2. DFT calculations 5. GdIr2Si2 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Results and discussion 5.2.1. Paramagnetic phase 5.2.2. Magnetically ordered phase 5.3. Summary 6. EuIr2Si2 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Results and discussion 6.2.1. Photoemission from the Eu 4f shell 6.2.2. ARPES on the Si-terminated surface 6.2.3. X-ray magnetic linear and circular dichroism 6.2.4. Eu termination 6.2.5. Determination of the mean Eu valency in the subsurface layers 6.2.6. Bulk properties 6.3. Summary 7. Conclusion / Die Suche nach neuartigen Technologien wie spinbasierte Elektronik sowie nach geeigneten Materialien für entsprechende Bauteile erfordert ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis der Wechselwirkungen des Elektronenspins und damit verbundener Materialeigenschaften. Mit der zunehmenden Miniaturisierung von Bauteilen gewinnen in diesem Zusammenhang auch Oberflächenphänomene zunehmend an Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die elektronischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften quasizweidimensionaler elektronischer Zustände an metallischen Oberflächen unter dem Einfluss des Rashba-Effekts und der Austauschwechselwirkung mit lokalisierten 4f Momenten, die bei tiefen Temperaturen magnetisch ordnen. Dabei liegt die Besonderheit der untersuchten Systeme darin, dass beide Wechselwirkungen von vergleichbarer Stärke sind. Dieser Fall ist in der Fachliteratur bislang unterrepräsentiert. Unser Modellsystem ist die (001)-Oberfläche intermetallischer LnIr2Si2 Verbindungen mit ThCr2Si2 Struktur, wobei Ln ein Lanthanoidenelement darstellt. Dabei führen wir die langjährige und systematische Untersuchung von LnT2Si2 Verbindungen mit T = Rh fort, in denen die Rashba-artige Spin-Bahn-Kopplung ungefähr 100-mal schwächer als die Austauschwechselwirkung ist. Mit Hilfe von winkelaufgelöster Photoelektronenspektroskopie (ARPES) und Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) erkunden wir mit GdIr2Si2 und EuIr2Si2 zwei Vertreter der LnT2Si2 Familie, die beide durch die Insensibilität der 4f Schale gegenüber dem Kristallfeld ausgezeichnet sind. Zugleich haben sie grundsätzlich verschiedene Volumeneigenschaften. GdIr2Si2 ist ein robuster Volumenantiferromagnet mit einer hohen Ordnungstemperatur von 87K, wohingegen EuIr2Si2 eine gemischtvalente Verbindung mit einem nicht-magnetischen Volumengrundzustand ist. Die mittlere Eu Valenz ist stark temperaturabhängig, sie ändert sich kontinuierlich von einer nahezu zweiwertigen Konfiguration bei Raumtemperatur zu einem beinahe dreiwertigen, nicht-magnetischen Eu Zustand unterhalb von _ 50K. Die Untersuchung der Oberflächenzustände in beiden Verbindungen zeigt, dass die Stärke der Rashba-artigen Spin-Bahn-Kopplung gegenüber den isoelektronischen Rh Verbindungen erheblich zunimmt. Dies spiegelt sich in einer riesigen Aufspaltung der Oberflächenbänder wider und unterstreicht die Bedeutung der atomaren Spin-Bahn-Kopplung in Elementen mit großer Kernzahl Z für die Stärke des Rashba-Effekts. Unsere DFT Rechnungen reproduzieren die gemessene Bandstruktur mit hoher Genauigkeit und offenbaren dieselbe Dreifachwindung des Spins entlang der Konturen konstanter Energie, die schon als kubischer Rashba-Effekt in den Rh Verbindungen beobachtet wurde. Hierin zeigt sich das allgemeingültige Wesen der Oberflächenzustände und deren universelle Eigenschaften in den betrachteten LnT2Si2 Verbindungen. Das Ordnen der 4f Momente bei niedrigen Temperaturen führt zu starken Veränderungen in der Spinstruktur und der Dispersion der Oberflächenbänder durch die einsetzende Austauschwechselwirkung. In der Bandstruktur bilden sich starke Asymmetrien, aus denen die Magnetisierungsachse bestimmt werden kann. Wir zeigen, dass dies sogar dann noch möglich ist, wenn sich spektrale Strukturen überlagern, die von unterschiedlichen magnetischen Domänen stammen. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, dass entsprechende Asymmetrien auch in EuIr2Si2 auftreten, trotz des nahezu dreiwertigen und damit nicht-magnetischen Eu bei tiefen Temperaturen. Mit komplementären experimentellen Methoden wie Röntgenabsorption, linearem und zirkularem Röntgendichroismus als auch durch die Berücksichtigung von Beugungseffekten in der Photoelektronenspektroskopie zeigen wir, dass Eu im Si–Ir–Si–Eu Oberflächenblock beinahe zweiwertig und magnetisch aktiv ist. Die zugehörigen Eu Momente ordnen unterhalb von 49K ferromagnetisch. Im Fall der Eu-Terminierung stellen wir fest, dass auch die 4f Momente der zweiwertigen Eu-Ionen an der Oberfläche unterhalb von 10K ferromagnetisch geordnet sind, und enthüllen damit ein weiteres Vorkommen zweidimensionalen, oberflächenbezogenen Magnetismus in derselben, nichtmagnetischen Volumenverbindung. Gleichzeitig spiegeln sich die gemischtvalenten Eigenschaften von EuIr2Si2 deutlich in der elektronischen Volumenbandstruktur in einer kontinuierlichen Ausdehnung der Doughnut-Fermifläche mit steigender Temperatur wider. Dies interpretieren wir als Bandfüllungseffekt. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen die hohe Einstellbarkeit des Elektronenspins durch die Kombination von Spin-Bahn-Kopplung und struktureller Inversionsasymmetrie mit der Austauschwechselwirkung, was die Grundlage für Anwendungen in der spinbasierten Elektronik bildet. Die Enthüllung von kontrollierbarem, zweidimensionalem Magnetismus an der Oberfläche einer Verbindung mit instabiler 4f Schale, die im Volumen nicht-magnetisch ist, nominiert gemischtvalente 4f Verbindungen, insbesondere mit Eu und Sm, als vielversprechende Kandidaten für Grundlagenforschung und Anwendungen. Unsere Studie zeigt zudem den Reichtum und die Vielseitigkeit von 4f Systemen, deren Eigenschaften sich an der Oberfläche deutlich vom Volumen unterscheiden können.:1. Introduction 2. Preliminary Studies 2.1. Short introduction to lanthanides and 4f physics 2.2. LnT2Si2 compounds 3. Foundations 3.1. Band structure 3.2. Bulk states, surface states and surface resonances 3.3. The principles of photoelectron spectroscopy 3.4. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 3.5. Photoabsorption and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy 3.6. X-ray absorption spectroscopy 3.6.1. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism 3.6.2. X-ray magnetic linear dichroism 3.7. Photoelectron diffraction 3.8. Synchrotron and synchrotron radiation 3.9. Density functional theory 4. Methods 4.1. Experimental details 4.2. DFT calculations 5. GdIr2Si2 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Results and discussion 5.2.1. Paramagnetic phase 5.2.2. Magnetically ordered phase 5.3. Summary 6. EuIr2Si2 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Results and discussion 6.2.1. Photoemission from the Eu 4f shell 6.2.2. ARPES on the Si-terminated surface 6.2.3. X-ray magnetic linear and circular dichroism 6.2.4. Eu termination 6.2.5. Determination of the mean Eu valency in the subsurface layers 6.2.6. Bulk properties 6.3. Summary 7. Conclusion
449

Simulation and Study of Gravity Assist Maneuvers / Simulering och studie av gravitationsassisterade manövrar

Santos, Ignacio January 2020 (has links)
This thesis takes a closer look at the complex maneuver known as gravity assist, a popular method of interplanetary travel. The maneuver is used to gain or lose momentum by flying by planets, which induces a speed and direction change. A simulation model is created using the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT), which is intended to be easily reproduced and altered to match any desired gravity assist maneuver. The validity of its results is analyzed, comparing them to available data from real missions. Some parameters, including speed and trajectory, are found to be extremely reliable. The model is then used as a tool to investigate the way that different parameters impact this complex environment, and the advantages of performing thrusting burns at different points during the maneuver are explored. According to theory, thrusting at the point of closest approach to the planet is thought to be the most efficient method for changing speed and direction of flight. However, the results from this study show that thrusting before this point can have some major advantages, depending on the desired outcome. The reason behind this is concluded to be the high sensitivity of the gravity assist maneuver to the altitude and location of the point of closest approach. / Detta examensarbete tittar närmare på den komplexa manöver inom banmekanik som kallas gravitationsassisterad manöver, vilken är vanligt förekommande vid interplanetära rymduppdrag. Manövern används för att öka eller minska farkostens rörelsemängd genom att flyga förbi nära planeter, vilket ger upphov till en förändring i fart och riktning. En simuleringsmodell är skapad i NASAs mjukvara GMAT med syftena att den ska vara reproducerbar samt möjlig att ändra för olika gravitationsassisterade manövrar. Resultaten från simuleringarna är validerade mot tillgängliga data från riktigt rymduppdrag. Vissa parametrar, som fart och position, har en väldigt bra överenstämmelse. Modellen används sedan för att noggrannare undersöka hur olika parametrar påverkar det komplexa beteendet vid en graviationsassisterad manöver, genom att specifikt titta på effekterna av en pålagd dragkraft från motorn under den gravitationsassisterade manövern. Teoretiskt fås mest effekt på fart och riktning om dragkraften från motorn läggs på vid punkten närmast planeten. Resultaten från denna studie visar att beroende på vilken parameter man vill ändra så kan man erhålla mer effekt genom att lägga på dragkraften innan den närmsta punkten. Förklaringen till detta är att den gravitationsassisterade manövern är väldigt icke-linjär, så en tidigare pålagd dragkraft kan kraftigt förändra farkostens bana nära planeten, så att farkosten t.ex. kommer närmare och då påverkas mer.
450

Superfluids of Fermions in Spin-Orbit Coupled Systems and Photons inside a Cavity

Yu, Yi-Xiang 11 December 2015 (has links)
This dissertation introduces some new properties of both superfluid phases of fermions with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and superradiant phases of photons in an optical cavity. The effects of SOC on the phase transition between normal and superfluid phase are revealed; an unconventional crossover driven by SOC from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state to the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state is verified in three different systems; and two kinds of excitations, a Goldstone mode and a Higgs mode, are demonstrated to occur in a quantum optical system. We investigate the BCS superfluid state of two-component atomic Fermi gases in the presence of three kinds of SOCs. We find that SOC drives a class of BCS to BEC crossover that is different from the conventional one without SOC. Here, we extend the concepts of the coherence length and Cooper-pair size in the absence of SOC to Fermi systems with SOC. We study the dependence of chemical potential, coherence length, and Cooper-pair size on the SOC strength and the scattering length in three dimensions (3D) (or the twobody binding energy in two dimensions (2D)) for three attractively interacting Fermi gases with 3D Rashba, 3D Weyl, and 2D Rashba SOC respectively. By adding a population imbalance to a Fermi gas with Rashba-type SOC, we also map out the finite-temperature phase diagram. Due to a competition between SOC and population imbalance, the finite-temperature phase diagram reveals a large variety of new features, including the expanding of the superfluid state regime and the shrinking of both the phase separation and the normal regimes. We find that the tricritical point moves toward a regime of low temperature, high magnetic field, and high polarization as the SOC strength increases. Besides Fermi fluids, this dissertation also gives a new angle of view on the superradiant phase in the Dicke model. Here, we demonstrate that Goldstone and Higgs modes can be observed in an optical system with only a few atoms inside a cavity. The model we study is the U(1)/Z2 Dicke model with N qubits (two-level atoms) coupled to a single photon mode.

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