Methods of utilization waste heat are increasingly on the rise and can be applied in many technologies. One of the technologies is the manufacture of cement, which is focused issue of work. Within the solution, and for understanding the problem is outlined cement production process and the analysis of the waste heat from the process, on this basis are selected a suitable method using waste heat with a closer focus on ORC units. After following evaluation and selection of the most suitable unit is made design, calculation and construction of heat exchangers. The result is the evaluation of the entire proposal.

A turbine was investigated by various methods of calculating its efficiency. The project was based on an existing impulse turbine, a one-stage turbine set in an organic Rankine cycle with the working fluid being R245fa. Various methods of loss calculation were explored in the search for a method sufficiently accurate to make valid assumptions regarding the turbine performance, while simple enough to be time efficient for use in industrial research and development.  The calculations were primarily made in an isentropic manner, only taking into account losses due to the residual velocity present in the exit flow. Later, an incidence loss was incorporated in the isentropic calculations, resulting in additional losses at off-design conditions. Leaving the isentropic calculations, the work by Tournier, “Axial flow, multi-stage turbine and compressor models” was used. The work presents a method of calculating turbine losses separated into four components: profile, trailing edge, tip clearance and secondary losses. The losses applicable to the case were implemented into the model. Since the flow conditions of the present turbine are extreme, the results were not expected to coincide with the results of Tournier. In order to remedy this problem, the results were compared to results obtained through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the turbine. The equations purposed by Tournier were correlated in order to better match the present case. Despite that the equations by Tournier were correlated in order to adjust to the current conditions, the results of the losses calculated through the equations did not obtain results comparable to the ones of the available CFD simulations. More research within the subject is necessary, preferably using other software tools.

Voices reveal information about the speaker, such as their age, what they are feeling and how they look. Vocal modulation is sometimes used by role-players, mostly game masters, in a tabletop role-playing context, to portray non-playable characters. This study investigated whether signal processing software could be used to enhance the vocal qualities of the speaker so that they represent different creatures with certain attributes. A listening test was conducted in which 24 participants evaluated different processings for physical attributes related to Dungeons & Dragons depiction of the creatures orc and elf with the purpose of finding design approaches for a vocal modulation software. The results showed that none of the processings were perceived to be very much like the suggested creature, but it was found that some processings were more effective than others to create desirable attributes. It was also shown that the same processings does not work equally well for different voice inputs.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / White Sands Missile Range is supporting Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) target firings from Ft. Wingate, NM. This two Off-Range Corridor allows BMDO to conduct long range testing within the continental U.S. The Transportable Range Augmentation and Control System (TRACS), consisting of a control van and one of two Mobile Telemetry Systems (MTS), provide the necessary on-site telemetry support. The Dual Remote Interferometer System (DRDAS) that tracks the telemetry RF carrier in support of Missile Flight Safety (MFS) is also included in this paper. This paper describes the telemetry support scenario in terms of preliminary simulations followed by real-time support. Real-time support consists of data distribution from the MTS to the Telemetry Distribution Center, TRACS Control van, Missile Flight Safety display van, Project Support vans, on-site data processing, as well as relaying raw data to the main WSMR Telemetry Data Center (TDC) for real-time analysis. As soon as telemetry data arrives at the TDC, it is converted into information. This information is used by MFS during real-time monitoring of vehicle performance. This paper includes the methods used for the conversion of data into information on-site and at TDC. Real-time data processing involves multiple independent systems performing their respective tasks on a particular segment of data.

La production d'électricité dépend étroitement de la disponibilité d'une source froide. C'est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des centrales de grande puissance dans le monde sont construites près d'une source d'eau. Le problème de la source froide a été soulevé à plusieurs reprises en France, notamment après les canicules de 2003 et de 2006. Le refroidissement à l'air sec est une des options possibles. Cependant, étant donné le besoin de surface d'échange plus important, le changement de la source froide pour l'air ambiant n'est pas, dans la majorité des cas, viable économiquement.Une des solutions à ce problème imaginées à EDF était de changer l'architecture du cycle de production en considérant un cycle de production composé de deux cycles de Rankine en cascade, le premier fonctionnant avec de la vapeur d'eau et le deuxième fonctionnant avec de l'ammoniac dont la vapeur à basse pression est beaucoup plus dense que celle de l'eau. Cette solution permet de faciliter l'utilisation d'un aérocondenseur et de réduire la taille de la salle machine.En raison de la nature toxique et corrosive de l'ammoniac, il est intéressant d'étudier la possibilité de remplacer ce dernier par d'autres fluides plus adaptés, notamment en envisageant de nouveaux fluides pour lesquels peu ou pas de données sont disponibles. Nous comparons les fluides sur le plan énergétique et en terme de taille des composants de l'installation.Cette thèse illustre la démarche des différentes étapes de notre travail : la recherche de nouveaux fluides de travail, l'évaluation de performance du système en régime nominal et non-nominal, le dimensionnement des principaux composants du cycle ainsi que l'évaluation de coût et de gain économique éventuel.

[pt] O presente trabalho aborda a análise da aplicação do expansor axial de estágio único e admissão parcial em ciclo Rankine orgânico para recuperação do calor rejeitado por um motor de combustão interna. O fluido adotado é o R245fa, cujos efeitos de gás real são relevantes nas condições estudadas, sendo representados pela equação Redlich-Kwong-Soave. Um modelo de perdas para o escoamento através das palhetas é proposto, tendo como base a teoria da camada limite, o conceito do fator de difusão, experimentos de grades em túnel de vento obtidos na literatura e as equações de conservação para escoamento compressível. O fator de difusão é o parâmetro responsável por quantificar o gradiente de pressão adverso na superfície do perfil das palhetas. A geometria e dimensões básicas para a máxima eficiência do expansor são determinadas para diversas condições subcríticas e supercríticas do ciclo a partir de um algoritmo de otimização com restrições. O valor ótimo da temperatura do evaporador em condições subcríticas é estabelecido de modo a obter a potência máxima do ciclo de recuperação, conforme as alternativas construtivas consideradas. O projeto do expansor de estágio único mostra ser grandemente influenciado pela compressibilidade do meio e a utilização de bocais com perfil convergente-divergente é promissora para alcançar o maior potencial de desempenho, principalmente nas condições de alta pressão do evaporador. / [en] The present work deals with the analysis of the application of a single stage partial admission axial expander in organic Rankine cycle, in order to recover the heat rejected by an internal combustion engine. The selected fluid is R245fa, whose real gas behavior is relevant under the studied conditions, as modeled by the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state. A loss model for the flow through the axial blades is proposed in this work, based on the boundary layer theory, the concept of diffusion factor, wind tunnel cascade tests available in literature and the conservation equations for compressible flow. The diffusion factor is the parameter responsible to quantify the adverse pressure gradient on the blade profile surfaces. The basic geometry and dimensions needed to achieve maximum expander efficiency are determined under several subcritical and supercritical cycle conditions by means of a restrained design optimization algorithm. The optimum value for the evaporator temperature under subcritical cycle is stablished so as to obtain the maximum power from the recovery cycle, according the constructive alternatives considered. The single stage expander design is shown to be greatly influenced by media compressibility and the use of convergent-divergent profiled nozzles is promising to achieve the highest performance potential, especially at high evaporator pressure conditions.

Uncertainty analysis is crucial to any thorough analysis of an engineering system. Traditional uncertainty analysis can be a tedious task involving numerous steps that can be error prone if conducted by hand. If conducted with the aid of a computer, these tasks can be computationally expensive. In either case, the process is quite rigid. If a parameter of the system is modified or the system configuration is changed, the entire uncertainty analysis process must be conducted again giving more opportunities for calculation errors or computation time. Modular uncertainty analysis provides a method to overcome all these obstacles of traditional uncertainty analysis. The modular technique is well suited for computation by a computer which makes the process somewhat automatic after the initial setup and computation errors are reduced. The modular technique implements matrix operations to conduct the analysis. This in turns makes the process more efficient than traditional methods because computers are well suited for matrix operations. Since the modular technique implements matrix operations, the method is adaptable to system parameter or configuration modifications. The modular technique also lends itself to quickly calculating other uncertainty analysis parameters such as the uncertainty magnification factor, and the uncertainty percent contribution. This dissertation will focuson the modular technique, the extension of the technique in the form the uncertainty magnification factor and uncertainty percent contribution, and the application of the modular technique to different type of energy systems. The modular technique is applied to an internal combustion engine with a bottoming organic Rankine cycle system, a combined heat and power system, and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. The results show that the modular technique is well suited to evaluate complex engineering systems. The modular technique is also shown to perform well when system parameters or configurations are modified.

La consommation énergétique dans l’industrie augmente de nos jours, avec l’amplification des activités industrielles dans le monde. En parallèle, la pénurie des énergies primaires et le réchauffement climatique obligent des exploitations sans cesse des énergies et des techniques alternatives, afin de développer durablement, et de satisfaire l’augmentation de la consommation. Ainsi, l’amélioration de l’utilisation énergétique dans l’industrie devient aussi un sujet important à développer et à étudier. Dans certains sites industriels, les rejets thermiques sont énormément dégagés dans l’environnement sans aucun traitement énergétique. Ses températures sont parfois, beaucoup plus élevées que l’ambiant. La valorisation de ces chaleurs est conseillée, par des systèmes de valorisation, pour la production de chaud, de froid et d’électricité. Ce traitement peut réduire significativement le gaspillage et améliorer l’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie. C’est pour cette raison, plusieurs projets sont lancés. Le projet VALENTHIN (VALorisation ENergétique des rejets THermiques INdustriels) est pour but d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique industrielle en valorisant les rejets thermiques ou en développant les processus industriels. Cette thèse concentre sur les études des systèmes de valorisation, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les différentes méthodes de simulation. Dans cette thèse, les bibliographies sont synthétisées, sur les différentes modélisations des systèmes de valorisation, surtout le système à absorption et le cycle de Rankine organique mentionnés dans ce projet. Par conséquent, une stratégie de modélisation est proposée et est montrée, pour les simulations des systèmes en régime permanent et en régime dynamique. Le choix des types de modélisation doit prendre en compte leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, et aussi les besoins des utilisateurs, pour but de modéliser et développer des systèmes plus aisément et plus efficacement. / Energy consumption in industry is increasing today, with the amplification of industrial activities in the world. At the same time, the scarcity of primary energy and global warming are insist the use of alternative technologies and energies, in order to sustainably develop, and to satisfy the increase in consumption. Thus, improving energy use in industry is also becoming an important topic to be developed and studied. In some industrial sites, the waste heats are enormously released into the environment without any energy treatment. Its temperatures are sometimes, much higher than the ambient. The valorization of these heats is advised, by using the valorization systems, for the production of hot, cold and electricity. This treatment can significantly reduce the energy waste and improve energy efficiency in the industry. For this reason, several projects are being launched. The aim of the VALENTHIN project is to improve industrial energy efficiency by valorizing waste heat or by developing industrial processes. This thesis concentrates on the studies of valorization systems, particularly with regard to the different modeling methods. In this report, the bibliographies are synthesized, on the different models used for the valorization systems, especially the absorption system and the organic Rankine cycle mentioned in this project. Consequently, a modeling strategy is proposed and is shown for steady state simulations and dynamic regime systems. The choice of types of modeling must take into account their advantages and disadvantages and also the needs of the users, with the aim of modeling and developing systems more easily and efficiently.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet collaboratif MICROSOL, mené par Schneider Electric, et qui oeuvre pour le développement de micros centrales solaires thermodynamiques destinées à la production d'électricité en sites isolés (non connectés au réseau électrique) en exploitant l'énergie thermique du soleil. Le but de cette thèse étant le développement de lois de commande innovantes et efficaces pour la gestion de l'énergie de deux types de micros centrales solaires thermodynamiques : à base de moteur à cycle de Stirling et à base de machines à Cycle de Rankine Organique (ORC). Dans une première partie, nous considérons une centrale solaire thermodynamique à base de machine à cycle de Stirling hybridée à un supercondensateur comme moyen de stockage d'énergie tampon. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons une première loi de commande validée expérimentalement, associée au système de conversion d'énergie du moteur Stirling, qui dote le système de performances quasi optimales en termes de temps de réponse ce qui permet de réduire la taille du supercondensateur utilisé. Une deuxième loi de commande qui gère explicitement les contraintes du système tout en dotant ce dernier de performances optimales en terme de temps de réponse, est également proposée. Cette dernière loi de commande est en réalité plus qu'un simple contrôleur, elle constitue une méthodologie de contrôle applicable pour une famille de systèmes de conversion de l'énergie.Dans une deuxième partie, nous considérons une centrale solaire thermodynamique à base de machine à cycle de Rankine Organique (ORC) hybridée à un banc de batteries comme moyen de stockage d'énergie tampon. Etant donné que ce système fonctionne à vitesse de rotation fixe pour la génératrice asynchrone qui est connectée à un système de conversion d'énergie commercial, nous proposons une loi de commande prédictive qui agit sur la partie thermodynamique de ce système afin de le faire passer d'un point de fonctionnement à un autre, lors des appels de puissance des charges électriques, le plus rapidement possible (pour réduire le dimensionnement des batteries) tout en respectant les contraintes physiques du système. La loi de commande prédictive développée se base sur un modèle dynamique de la machine ORC identifié expérimentalement grâce à un algorithme d'identification nonlinéaire adéquat. / This Ph.D thesis was prepared in the scope of the MICROSOL project, ledby Schneider Electric, that aims at developing Off-grid solar thermodynamic micro powerplants exploiting the solar thermal energy. The aim of this thesis being the development of innovative and efficient control strategies for the energy management of two kinds of solar thermodynamic micro power plants: based on Stirling engine and based and Organic RankineCycle (ORC) machines.In a first part, we consider the Stirling based solar thermodynamic micro power planthybridized with a supercapacitor as an energy buffer. Within this framework, we propose afirst experimentally validated control strategy, associated to the energy conversion system ofthe Stirling engine, that endows the system with quasi optimal performances in term of settlingtime enabling the size reduction of the supercapacitor. A second control strategy that handlesexplicitly the system constraints while providing the system with optimal performances interm of settling time , is also proposed. This control strategy is in fact more than a simplecontroller, it is a control framework that holds for a family of energy conversion systems.In a second part, we consider the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) based thermodynamicmicro power plant hybridized with a battery bank as an energy buffer. Since this system worksat constant speed for the asynchronous generator electrically connected to a commercial energyconversion system, we propose a model predictive controller that acts on the thermodynamicpart of this system to move from an operating point to another, during the load power demandtransients, as fast as possible (to reduce the size of the battery banks) while respecting thephysical system constraints. The developed predictive controller is based upon a dynamicmodel, for the ORC power plant, identified experimentally thanks to an adequate nonlinearidentification algorithm.

Solar energy is a virtually inexhaustible energy resource, and thus, has great potential in helping meet many of our future energy requirements. Current technology used for solar energy conversion, however, is not cost effective. In addition, solar thermal power systems are also generally less efficient as compared to fossil fuel based thermal power plants. There is a large variety of systems for solar thermal power generation, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. A distinct advantage of solar thermal power generation systems is that they can be easily integrated with a storage system and/or with an auxiliary heating system (as in hybrid power systems) to provide stable and reliable power. Also, as the power block of a solar thermal plant resembles that of a conventional thermal power plant, most of the equipment and technology used is already well defined, and hence does not require major break through research for effective utilisation. Manufacturing of components, too, can be easily indigenized. A solar collector field is generally used for solar thermal energy conversion. The field converts high grade radiation energy to low grade heat energy, which will inevitably involve energy losses as per the laws of thermodynamics. The 2nd law of thermodynamics requires that a certain amount of heat energy cannot be utilised and has to be rejected as waste heat. This limits the efficiency of solar thermal energy technology. However, in many situations, the waste heat can be effectively utilized to perform refrigeration and desalination using absorption or solid sorption systems, with technologies popularly known as “polygeneration”. There is extensive research done in the area of solar collectors, including but not limiting to thermal analysis, testing of solar collectors, and economic analysis of solar collectors. Exergy and optimization analyses have also been done for certain solar collector configurations. Research on solar thermal power plants includes energy analysis at system level with certain configurations. Research containing analysis with insolation varying throughout the day is limited. Hence, there is scope for analysis incorporating diurnal variation of insolation for a solar thermal power system. This thesis centres on the thermodynamic analysis at system level of a solar thermal power system using a concentrating solar collector field and a simple Rankine cycle power generation (with steam as the working fluid) for Indian conditions. The aim is to develop a tool for thermodynamic analysis of solar thermal power systems, with a generalised approach that can also be used with different solar collector types, different heat transfer fluids in the primary loop, and also different working fluids in the secondary loop. This analysis emphasises the solar collector field and a basic sensible heat storage system, and investigates the various energy and exergy losses present. Comparisons have been made with and without a storage unit and resulting performance issues of solar thermal power plants have been studied. Differences between the system under consideration and commercially used thermal power plants have also been discussed, which brought out certain limitations of the technology currently in use. A solution from an optimization analysis has been utilized and modified for maximization of exergy generated at collector field. The analysis has been done with models incorporating equations using the laws of thermodynamics. MATLAB has been used to program and simulate the models. Solar radiation data used is from NREL’s Indian Solar Resource Data, which is obtained using their SUNY model by interpreting satellite imagery. The performance of the system has been analysed for Bangalore for four different days with different daylight durations, each day having certain differences in the incident solar radiation or insolation received. A particular solution of an optimization analysis has been modified using the simulation model developed and analysed with the objective of maximization of exergy generated at collector field. It has been found that the performance of the solar thermal power system was largely dependent on the variation of incident solar radiation. The storage system provided a stableperformance for short duration interruptions of solar radiation occurred on Autumn Equinox (23-09-2002).The duration of the interruption was within the limits of storage unit capacity. The major disruption in insolation transpired on Summer Solstice (21-06-2002) caused a significantly large drop in the solar thermal system performance; practically the system ceased to function due to lack of energy resource. Hence, the use of an auxiliary heating system hasbeen considered desirable. The absence of a storage unit has been shown to cause a significant loss in gross performance of the power system. The Rankine cycle turbine had many issues coping with a highly fluctuating energy input, and thus caused efficiency losses and even ceased power generation. A storage unit has been found to be ideal for steady power generation purposes. Some commercial configurations may lack a storage system, but they have been compensated by the auxiliary heating system to ensure stable power generation. The optimization of the solar collector determines that optimal collector temperatures vary in accordance to the incident solar radiation. Hence, the collector fluid outlet temperature must not be fixed so as to handle varying insolation for optimal exergy extraction. The optimal temperatures determined for Bangalore are around 576 K which is close to the values obtained by the simulation of the solar thermal power system. The tools for analysis and simulation of solar thermal power plants developed in this thesis is fairly generalised, as it can be adapted for various types of solar collectors and for different working fluids (other than steam), such as for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The model can also be easily extended to other types of power cycles such as Brayton and Stirling cycles.