Ma Shouzhen (1548-1604), one of the most acclaimed courtesans at the Qinhuai pleasure quarters in the late-Ming period, is well-known for her orchid paintings in Chinese art history. This thesis explores the courtesan-painters success in the courtesan world and in the male-dominated history of Chinese art, with its focus upon the artistic interactions between Ma Shouzhen and her lifelong lover Wang Zhideng (1535-1612), an exponent of the Wu School literati painting. This thesis argues that it was Wang Zhideng in particular who played a crucial role in constructing the courtesans image and position in history. Through Wang Zhidengs interventions, Ma Shouzhen played an intermediary role in the dissemination of art theory advocated by the Wu School artists. The acceptance and popularity of Ma Shouzhens orchid works in the history of Chinese painting mirrors the prominent position of the Wu School in this field. / East Asian Interdisciplinary Studies

Flowering time and flower quality of three nobile dendrobium hybrids in relation to vernalization duration and light intensity during vernalization were studied in the first experiment. Mature Dendrobium Red Emperor 'Prince', Dendrobium Sea Mary 'Snow King', and Dendrobium Love Memory 'Fizz' were cooled at 10 degrees C with 300 to 350 mol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) (12-h photoperiod) or darkness, each with four cooling durations (2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after vernalization. At least 4 weeks of 10 degrees C cooling in light was needed for flower initiation of Red Emperor 'Prince'; whereas Sea Mary 'Snow King' and Love Memory 'Fizz' only needed 2 weeks of 10 degrees C cooling regardless of light. Darkness during vernalization slightly delayed flowering and resulted in fewer but larger flowers. Longer cooling duration delayed flowering, decreased the flower longevity, and produced larger and more flowers. In the second experiment, Love Memory 'Fizz' were cooled at 15 degrees C for 4 weeks with PPF of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mol·m–2·s–1 (12-h photoperiod). Compared to 200 mol·m–2·s–1, low PPF of 50 or 100 mol·m–2·s–1 did not affect flowering time or flower quality; however, darkness delayed flowering and reduced flower quality. The third experiment was aimed at developing a strategy to defer flowering of nobile dendrobium orchids by holding them under low temperature. Mature Den. Red Emperor 'Prince' and Den. Sea Mary 'Snow King' were held at 10 degrees C for various durations (0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks) after vernalization (4 weeks at 10 degrees C). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after holding. Time to flowering, flower differentiation and flower quality were determined. Increase of low temperature holding duration from 0 to 16 weeks extended time to flowering up to 3 months and did not affect parameters of flower except producing larger flowers and reducing flower number per flowering node for Den. Red Emperor 'Prince'. Notably, the flower longevity was not adversely affected. Defoliation was aggravated in Den. Red Emperor 'Prince' by longer duration of cooling and was considered a detrimental effect of low temperature holding.

Using four AFLP markers and seven polymorphic microsatellite loci, we examined the genetic structure of the rare and endangered Spiranthes parksii Correll (Orchidaceae). Spiranthes parksii is not distinguishable from sympatric S. cernua (L.) Rich based on these data, though low levels of polymorphisms exist within both. These low levels of genetic diversity are likely a result of high levels of agamospermic reproduction through adventitious embryony. These results suggest that both S. parksii, as well as the sympatric, open flower form of S. cernua, are products of the more widely distributed S. cernua complex. Further, another local form of S. cernua, distinguished by its tendency to produce closed flowers is genetically distinct from both S. parksii, as well as the openflower form of S. cernua, as shown by AFLPs and microsatellite loci. This is the first known set of microsatellite primers developed specifically for use in Spiranthes. The application of these markers may be used to address other unresolved relationships among species of Spiranthes, many of which are also endangered or have populations in decline.

Abstract Festivals in local tourist activities are short-term and intensive, high frequency change, those characteristics also make the sponsors and tourists communicated more urgent. Taiwanese leisure time significantly increase since the two-day weekend policy, the tourism demand had up to 80%. Therefore, the trend of Taiwan's tourism and leisure industry has getting into a new style of integrated local economic need and resource to satisfied people requirements. A new trend is integrated local resource, increased the visibility and attraction of city. Taiwan International Orchid Show is the successful campaign which has bring a lot of benefits to the local government (Tainan County),it is a great successful marketing case study of local tourist festival. The two main topics of this study are howto use proper communication channel and placement marketing in this festival. The study based on Taiwan International Orchid Show as a case study, took Participant Observation for three years, Semi-structured Interviews with programmer of this projects and assisted with Secondary Data Analysis. Aiming to make suggestionsabout Integrated Marketing Communication and placementmarketing in local tourist festivals. The study found the team of Taiwan International Orchid Show used marketing methods include: (a) effectively usingintegration of communication methods to make the greatest achievement. (b) Creating the brand loyalty and high standing ofthis festival. (c) Integrating both national and local communication channels. (d) The strategy of marketing plan has been practiced completely to reach highly exposure. (e) PR strategy practicing is properly and suitable controlled by high-level team leader. In the content of marketing communication includes (a) the relevance of personal, (b) thetransference of role, (c) the information transmission (d) the implementation of immersive. In marketing strategy and tools include: (a) a correct market positioning, and well and properly used the communication tools and messages delivery (b) Expanding industry alliance, and creating a new marketing model,(c) integration promote with operating. The suggestion for local tourist festival¡¦s marketing strategy towards to: (a) Effectively using operations team which come from media to achieve marketing goal and make a higher mediaexposure, (b) media placement is a good tool for festivalcampaign, but should consider the public benefits. (c) Properlyusing un-limited creation to make campaign success.(d) Festival marketing plan should be developed a long term strategy. Key word: 2005 Taiwan International Orchid Show¡BTourist Festival activities¡BIntegrated Marketing Communication¡BPlacement Marketing

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Documenting biodiversity, at and below the species level, is a persistently challenging task for biologists. Poor understanding of biodiversity may lead to incorrect interpretations of observed variation. The underlying basis of variation can be understood by quantifying multiple sources of information. Nine morphometric characters and plastid DNA sequences (2511 bps) were quantified in a highly variable orchid species, Platanthera dilatata, to evaluate taxonomy of the three named varieties and to understand patterns of evolution. Three morphological groups, identified in a cluster analysis, were distinct in multiple floral traits. Additionally, the three clusters were consistently genetically divergent as indicated by infrequent haplotype sharing, significantly different haplotype frequencies, and significant values of the genealogical sorting index. This level of genetic divergence suggests three species rather than varieties in this complex. The divergent floral morphologies suggest that pollinator-mediated selection may be a driving factor for speciation in this complex.

Orchid growing is a hobby that includes not only acquiring and caring for orchids, but also learning about the diverse care requirements of various orchids, attending meetings of orchid groups, having one’s orchids evaluated by American Orchid Society judges or being a judge, or even creating hybrids. In this way, orchid hobbyists compose a distinctive subculture (Hansen 2000). Yet the activity of orchid growing also forms a nexus between the non-human and the human, two categories that are often constructed as an opposing binary. This thesis focuses on how orchid growing represents both the embedded, institutionalized characteristic of the binary between the non-human and the human and how this binary is actively deconstructed; that is, orchid growers often reinforce this binary through positioning their orchids as a part of “nature” and also blur it by participating in the activity of orchid growing. Through observations of monthly meetings of two local orchid groups and affiliated events and walking tours of individual participants’ orchid growing spaces and semi-structured interviews with them, I show how orchid growing represents such a “hybrid” form of nature (Whatmore 2002). Specifically, the ways in which orchid growers appreciate the novelty of their orchids, care for them, and establish authenticity in orchid growing demonstrates the nuanced ways orchid growing forms a relationship with “nature.”

Terrestrial orchids make up one of the most threatened groups of plants in Australia and the genus Arachnorchis is listed as the fourth most threatened. The process of propagation and re-introduction of terrestrial orchid plants to the wild has proven difficult, and so far, nearly impossible for some species. This may be partly because terrestrial orchids form complex relationships with mycorrhizal fungi and in genera like Arachnorchis the dependency on the fungus appears acute. Arachnorchis has long been considered by amateur growers of terrestrial orchids as one of the most difficult groups to propagate and maintain in cultivation. This lack of knowledge on how to grow Arachnorchis species hinders attempts made by conservation authorities to supplement threatened wild populations in order to achieve a more sustainable future for those species. Natural pollination was absent, but artificial pollination achieved 100% capsule production. Individuals were self-fertile, although seed viability was greater for cross-pollinated samples. This study attempted to track the fate of as many Arachnorchis species as possible from germination through to deflasking and re-emergence, and so destructive and potentially destructive measurements at earlier stages were avoided. This thesis examines germination and subsequent growth of up to eight species of Arachnorchis, but concentrated on A. phaeoclavia, A. tentaculata, A. fulva, A. robinsonii and A. venusta. Two of these are common species: A. pha eoclavia and A. tentaculata, and three carried a threatened classification of &quotrare" or " endangered": A. fulva, A. robinsonii and A. venusta. This study monitored the fate of individuals of the endangered A. fulva in the field and showed that large reproductive plants re-emerged and flowered each year, whereas smaller individuals might be absent in one or more years and were less likely to flower. Germination of all species concentrated on using symbiotic culture (using mycorrhizal fungi), since germination is known to be more rapid, resulting in healthier, more robust seedlings than when plants are grown asymbiotically. Tests using A. fulva and A. venusta, two threatened species, showed similar viability to A. tentaculata and A. phaeoclavia, more common species. Germination was maximised by examining the viability of seeds before and after treatment with surface-sterilising solutions required for aseptic culture. The highest levels of germination, with limited contamination, were achieved using 0.5% available chlorine for 3 minutes. The most effective fungal isolates (&gt65% germination) were obtained from common species like A. phaeoclavia and A. tentaculata, but there was no correlation between germination and time of year or life stage of the orchid. Collar collection was shown to be non-fatal to robust orchid plants, with large reproductive individuals (at the time of collar collection) re-emerging in the next year and producing a flower bud. Collar collection from small, weedy individuals could be fatal to the plant and isolation of an effective fungus was unlikely. Cross-inoculating seeds with fungi isolated from a different orchid species was not recommended, since the symbiosis failed in all experiments, as late as Stage 4 protocorm development. A range of substrates was used to produce strong seedlings capable of surviving the transfer to nursery conditions with minimal loss. More than 81% of seedlings survived deflasking from non-agar substrates, while the best result from agar was 55%. Some substrates reduced the time involved from seed to plants in the field to as little as 4 months, but aftercare became critical. Sucrose promoted tuberisation, but led to tuber deaths during dormancy. Potting mixes were tested in the nursery and a free-draining loam mix based on a mix used by the Australasian Native Orchid Society was the best medium for deflasking of seedlings. Watering during dormancy should be avoided. The choice of propagule for re-introduction was examined and the best survival to re-emergence was obtained by planting out actively growing seedlings in autumn. Identification of cultures using classical morphology grouped cultures as belonging to the form-genera Epulorhiza and Moniliopsis and suggested that most cultures contained more than one fungus. Identification of the most useful fungal cultures was attempted using molecular techniques such as sequencing the ITS region and mitochondrial DNA. One effective culture, CALAPHAER18 SHTX (cultured from a single monilioid cell) was identified as Serendipita vermifera (Oberwinkler) Roberts. All other cultures tested were mixtures of fungi. The use of specific primers designed to amplify a sequence present in the identified isolate (CALAPHAER18 SHTX) showed that nine mixed cultures also contained a fungus most closely related to Serendipita vermifera. Specific primers also showed that Rhizoctonia solani was not present in any of the 10 isolates from Arachnorchis plants. The molecular work showed that, although the sequenced endophytes from Arachnorchis were all most closely related to Serendipita vermifera, three dist inct groups of fungi were present and these associated with separate species of Arachnorchis. Future work with Arachnorchis species will require the isolation of single fungus cultures and further examination of the development of the orchid plant. In particular, the process of tuberisation and growth in vitro on various non-agar substrates should be investigated further.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810969_20160701.pdf: 125803 bytes, checksum: 29118ae06f1584c1db70a518b5884ddf (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-07-01T13:02:21Z: 000810969_20160701.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-01T13:03:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000810969.pdf: 637992 bytes, checksum: bb27badfbcf2ef58be3e078dd629aaa0 (MD5) / O cultivo comercial de orquídeas é significativo no mundo. Alguns gêneros e espécies nativas do Brasil, como Cattleya, são apreciados e têm elevado valor econômico devido à capacidade de recombinação genética, beleza, forma, tamanho e durabilidade de suas flores. Contudo, muitas dessas espécies e gêneros encontram-se em risco de extinção, o que as torna objeto para diversos estudos. Técnicas biotecnológicas de cultivo in vitro (germinação assimbiótica de sementes e micropropagação) são valiosos instrumentos na obtenção de mudas. Devido à polinização na natureza ser limitada e com baixa probabilidade de germinação, o cultivo in vitro utiliza formulações de meios de cultivo adequados à germinação de sementes e ao crescimento de diferentes espécies, resultando em maiores percentuais de germinação, em comparação com condições naturais. Neste trabalho foi comparada a atuação de diferentes meios de cultivo na germinação e desenvolvimento de Cattleya guttata, C. leopoldii e C. tigrina. Contudo, os resultados obtidos são preliminares e a procura por um meio de cultivo específico para cada espécie, visando crescimento rápido e em quantidade, necessita de continuidade para somente então afirmar com propriedade qual dos protocolos ensaiados é mais adequado a cada espécie. Existem conflitos taxonômicos envolvendo C. guttata, C. tigrina e C. leopoldii. Muitos taxonomistas consideram C. tigrina e também C. 7 leopoldii como sinônimos de C. guttata. O conhecimento relativo à citogenética da família Orchidaceae tem contribuído expressivamente para o entendimento das relações filogenéticas em todos os níveis taxonômicos em diferentes gêneros. Entre as Catleias, estudos cariológicos identificaram indivíduos com 40 até 100 cromossomos, sendo que n = 20 é o número básico mais frequente. Para diagnosticar o número cromossômico das espécies... / The commercial orchids cultive is significant in the world. Some genera and species native to Brazil, as the Cattleya, are appreciated and have high economic value because of the genetic recombination ability, beauty, shape, size and durability of its flowers. However, many of these species and genera are at risk of extinction, making them subject to several studies. Biotechnological techniques of in vitro (asymbiotic seed germination and micropropagation) are valuable tools for seedlings obtainment. Due to pollination in nature be limited and with low germination probability, in vitro cultivation uses suitable formulations of media culture for germination and growth of different species, resulting in higher germination rates compared to natural conditions. In this work we compared the performance of different culture media on germination and development of Cattleya guttata, C. leopoldii and C. tigrina. However the results are preliminary and the search for a specific medium culture for each species, aiming rapid growth in quantity, need continuity to say properly which of the tested protocols is the most suitable to each species. There are taxonomic conflicts involving C. guttata, C. tigrina and C. leopoldii. Many taxonomists consider C. tigrina and also C. leopoldii as synonyms of C. guttata. The knowledge concerning the cytogenetics of the Orchidaceae family has contributed significantly to the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships at all taxonomic levels in different 9 genus. Among Cattleya, karyological studies have identified subjects with 40 to 100 chromosomes, where n = 20 is the most frequent basic number. To diagnose the chromosome number of C. guttata, C. leopoldii and C. tigrina was employed Feulgen method in 8-hydroxyquinoline pre-treated roots. However, cytogenetic studies obtained were not proper enough to say that the three studied species are similar or different from...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5434.pdf: 780828 bytes, checksum: 48a9fc16b08390721a72c2c717a9c379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / Orchidaceae is one of the largest and diverse families of angiosperms, that is in almost every type of habitat, except tundras and deserts. They are considered of great ornamental importance, the genus Phalaenopsis has received a great prominence having increaed and its production enlarged in the Gross and inner market This way, the Brazilian floriculture market has a great demand in seedling production, requiring more studies and researches involving biotechnologycal techniques from the development of vases and containers on a prepared substrate, propagation techniques and acclimatization. And with in vitro culture, it is possible that the desirable plant coul be multiplied through several sucbultures, which enables an earlier and new cultivation available more quickly for commercial use. The luminosity is another factor that is gaining prominence in the productivity of orchids, the fact that the quality of light affects directly the growth and development of plants grown in vitro and/or ex vitro. The present work had as objective to anlyze the growth of in vitro and acclimatization in the two cultivations (cv. 6323 and cv. 6546) of orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume, under different lighting spectra. Inicially it occurred the sowing the seedling in the cultivation enviroment MS that were enveloped with different cellophanes: yellow, blue, Green, red, and white. After 60 cultivation days it was performed an statistical evaluation on the seedling. Afterward, they were put in collective vases to the phase of acclimatization, and those ones stand for more three months. Through analyze the biometric data it can be observed that the growing in vitro and ex vitro of Phalaenopsis amabilis was influenced by many different spectra lights, considering that the various results of this influence from the genotype. It can be observed that the blue spectrum performed a great performance on cv. 6323 and on the Green spectrum cv. 6546. / Orchidaceae é uma das maiores e diversificadas famílias de angiospermas, que ocupam quase todo tipo de habitat, exceto tundras e regiões desérticas. São consideradas de grande importância ornamental, principalmente as do gênero Phalaenopsis que tem recebido grande destaque, e sua produção aumentada no mercado interno e externo. Dessa forma, o mercado florícola brasileiro teve uma grande demanda na produção de mudas, exigindo mais estudos e pesquisas biotecnológicas que envolvessem técnicas desde o desenvolvimento de vasos e recipientes, a substratos, formas de propagação e aclimatação. Nesse ínterim, com a cultura in vitro, é possível obter a partir de uma planta de interesses desejáveis, a multiplicação desta em vários subcultivos, que possibilita que uma nova cultivar esteja disponível mais rapidamente para uso comercial. A luminosidade é outro fator que vem ganhando destaque na produtividade de orquídeas frente à sua influência direta no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas cultivadas in vitro e/ou ex vitro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o crescimento in vitro e a aclimatação de dois cultivares (cv. 6323 e cv. 6546) da orquídea Phalaenopsis amabilis, sob diferentes espectros luminosos. Inicialmente, ocorreu a semeadura da plântula em meio de cultura MS que foram envelopados com diferentes cores de celofane: amarelo, azul, verde, vermelho e o controle. Passados 60 dias de cultivo, foi feita a avaliação estatística das plântulas. Posteriormente, foram envasadas em vasos coletivos para a fase de aclimatação, as quais permaneceram por mais três meses. A partir dos dados biométricos analisados pode-se observar que o crescimento in vitro e ex vitro de Phalaenopsis amabilis foi influenciado pelos diferentes espectros luminosos, sendo os variados resultados desta influência decorrentes do genótipo. Pode se observar que o espectro azul exerceu maior influência sobre o cv. 6323 e o espectro verde sobre o cv. 65496.