Orientador: Darío Abel Palmieri / Banca: Monica Rosa Bertão / Banca: Cristiano Pedroso de Moraes / Resumo: O cultivo comercial de orquídeas é significativo no mundo. Alguns gêneros e espécies nativas do Brasil, como Cattleya, são apreciados e têm elevado valor econômico devido à capacidade de recombinação genética, beleza, forma, tamanho e durabilidade de suas flores. Contudo, muitas dessas espécies e gêneros encontram-se em risco de extinção, o que as torna objeto para diversos estudos. Técnicas biotecnológicas de cultivo in vitro (germinação assimbiótica de sementes e micropropagação) são valiosos instrumentos na obtenção de mudas. Devido à polinização na natureza ser limitada e com baixa probabilidade de germinação, o cultivo in vitro utiliza formulações de meios de cultivo adequados à germinação de sementes e ao crescimento de diferentes espécies, resultando em maiores percentuais de germinação, em comparação com condições naturais. Neste trabalho foi comparada a atuação de diferentes meios de cultivo na germinação e desenvolvimento de Cattleya guttata, C. leopoldii e C. tigrina. Contudo, os resultados obtidos são preliminares e a procura por um meio de cultivo específico para cada espécie, visando crescimento rápido e em quantidade, necessita de continuidade para somente então afirmar com propriedade qual dos protocolos ensaiados é mais adequado a cada espécie. Existem conflitos taxonômicos envolvendo C. guttata, C. tigrina e C. leopoldii. Muitos taxonomistas consideram C. tigrina e também C. 7 leopoldii como sinônimos de C. guttata. O conhecimento relativo à citogenética da família Orchidaceae tem contribuído expressivamente para o entendimento das relações filogenéticas em todos os níveis taxonômicos em diferentes gêneros. Entre as Catleias, estudos cariológicos identificaram indivíduos com 40 até 100 cromossomos, sendo que n = 20 é o número básico mais frequente. Para diagnosticar o número cromossômico das espécies... / Abstract: The commercial orchids cultive is significant in the world. Some genera and species native to Brazil, as the Cattleya, are appreciated and have high economic value because of the genetic recombination ability, beauty, shape, size and durability of its flowers. However, many of these species and genera are at risk of extinction, making them subject to several studies. Biotechnological techniques of in vitro (asymbiotic seed germination and micropropagation) are valuable tools for seedlings obtainment. Due to pollination in nature be limited and with low germination probability, in vitro cultivation uses suitable formulations of media culture for germination and growth of different species, resulting in higher germination rates compared to natural conditions. In this work we compared the performance of different culture media on germination and development of Cattleya guttata, C. leopoldii and C. tigrina. However the results are preliminary and the search for a specific medium culture for each species, aiming rapid growth in quantity, need continuity to say properly which of the tested protocols is the most suitable to each species. There are taxonomic conflicts involving C. guttata, C. tigrina and C. leopoldii. Many taxonomists consider C. tigrina and also C. leopoldii as synonyms of C. guttata. The knowledge concerning the cytogenetics of the Orchidaceae family has contributed significantly to the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships at all taxonomic levels in different 9 genus. Among Cattleya, karyological studies have identified subjects with 40 to 100 chromosomes, where n = 20 is the most frequent basic number. To diagnose the chromosome number of C. guttata, C. leopoldii and C. tigrina was employed Feulgen method in 8-hydroxyquinoline pre-treated roots. However, cytogenetic studies obtained were not proper enough to say that the three studied species are similar or different from... / Mestre

No description available.

The analysis of gene changes associated with formation of the mycorrhizal symbiosis between orchid and fungi could have broad implications for plant pathogen interactions. Fungi associated with North American terrestrial orchids were once included in the pathogenic genus Rhizoctonia. This suggests that orchids are able to overcome or utilize normally pathogenic pathways to establish symbioses. A differential display technique was employed to analyze gene changes in orchid in response to a fungus. Samples of RNA from roots of Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens (CyPP) grown in the presence or absence of a mycorrhizal fungus; Thanatephorus pennatus, were analyzed using AFLP differential display. Forty-four fragments were selected out of 5000 as being differentially expressed, but only 15 sequences were obtained. Most showed homology to ribosomal genes. Two represented genes believed to be regulated by the mycorrhizal interaction: trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase (Tps), which showed down-regulation and nucleotide binding protein (NuBP), which showed up-regulation. The Tps partial clone identifies 2100 bp at the 3' end of the gene and encodes a protein of 667 amino acids. The NuBP gene is approximately 1200bp in length and encodes a protein of 352 amino acids. The Tps gene exists in multiple copies with high expression in roots and low expression in rhizomes and leaves. The NuBP gene exists as a single copy and has a low level of expression in rhizomes and leaves. Expression of Tps is induced by sucrose, but reduced by trehalose. Cultivation of CyPP with non-mycorrhizal fungi did not affect expression of Tps or NuBP. Trehalose induced NuBP expression whereas sucrose did not. A second species of mycorrhizal fungi induced expression of NuBP but reduced expression of Tps. Analysis of Tps expression in Arabidopsis was done using promoter:GUS fusions. The Tps promoter:GUS plants revealed that Tps expression is constitutive in roots. Regulation of Tps driven GUS is expressed throughout seedlings. GUS was not detected in leaves of older plants but was detected in anthers and stigmatic surfaces of flowers. Expression of GUS driven by Tps showed a strong wound response and was present in the junction between siliques and pedicels. / Ph. D.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers allow a rapid assessment of the level of genetic variation that would be difficult to evaluate using a limited number of morphological markers. AFLP was used to assess the level of genetic variation among 16 different Phalaenopsis species and hybrids. Ten AFLP primer combinations were used for genetic analysis of these Phalaenopsis and 95% of polymorphism in 16 Phalaenopsis species and hybrids was detected. The genetic similarity among Phalaenopsis species and hybrids ranged from 0.298 to 0.774 based on Dice coefficient. The dendrogram derived by UPGMA analysis clustered into two main groups. A significant linear relationship (r² = 0.524, P < 0.0001) was observed between known pedigrees and AFLP-derived genetic similarity for 136 pairwise comparisons of Phalaenopsis species and hybrids. The results indicate that there is an abundance of genetic diversity among within Phalaenopsis and that AFLP can be used to distinguish morphologically similar genotypes. In a second study, the effect of gametophytic selection on genetic diversity in Phalaenopsis was examined by AFLP analysis. Sixteen F1 seedlings resulting from cross-pollination that occurred within high (30 ºC) and low (14 ºC) temperature incubators between two hybrid Phalaenopsis [P. (Taisoco Windian à Sogo Yukidian) by P. hybrid unknown], were subjected to genetic analysis by AFLP. A total of 651 fragments ranging in size from 100 to 350 bp were detected using six primer combinations, of which 387 (59.4%) were polymorphic. Seedlings derived from different temperature treatments exhibited 25.5% to 35.9% polymorphism. The genetic similarity among 16 F1 seedlings ranged from 0.825 to 0.946 based on the Dice coefficient. A dendrogram based on 387 polymorphic markers was derived by UPGMA analysis resulting in three major groups and one subgroup. The dendrogram analysis showed clear clustering in Phalaenopsis hybrids pollinated under different temperature treatments, suggesting that several loci may have been selected during the divergent temperature stress treatments during pollination and early pollen tube growth. / Master of Science

台灣蘭花業者過去憑藉著優異的育種技術以及豐富的種源，在全球蘭花市場上佔有一席之地。由於蘭花經濟價值高，近年已吸引許多國外業者投入栽植與生產，目前包括荷蘭、美國、日本、韓國、泰國、加拿大以及中國大陸等國家的業者都開始切入蘭花市場。就蘭花的銷售而言，影響蘭花價值的因子除了有商品定位形象外，隨著建築風格的改變、空間配置的調整，新的消費需求將決定未來的蘭花價值。 美國蘭花市場是台灣第二大外銷市場，台灣蘭花外銷美國的外銷量在過去3年中平均每年有超過60%成長（外銷值平均則是每年有超過38%的成長），因此美國蘭花市場的變化將可牽動國內蘭花業者的獲利空間。 本研究目的在於分析美國蘭花市場的供應鏈的現況以及批發市場現況、並調查美國政府對於蘭花進口的相關法規制度以及台灣蘭花輸美現況，進以剖析美國蘭花市場以及找尋台灣蘭花在美國市場的商業機會。 經調查發現：美國蘭花市場主要是盆花市場，在1999年至2007年間，美國蘭花盆花市場的批發值（約1.2億美元/每年）約為蘭花切花 批發市場的10 – 16倍；以進出口的比例來看，美國蘭花盆花的進口價值為出口價值的6倍以上，因此美國屬於蘭花盆花淨輸入國；美國蘭花盆花的主要輸入源為：台灣、泰國、荷蘭、加拿大、中國與韓國；其中過去9年中，美國每年自中國、韓國、加拿大以及泰國進口的蘭花價值或是重量的複合年成長率都超越台灣；因此雖然目前台灣仍是美國的蘭花的最主要進口源，但是未來在開創美國市場時，除了應注意荷蘭業者的動態外，亦需注意中國、韓國、加拿大以及泰國的蘭花業者狀態。 美國蘭花切花進口量在2004年達最大以後即開始下滑，雖然進口量下滑但是進口總值提升，足見進口單價明顯提升。 就美國的蘭花進口法規來看，美國農業部認為絕大部分的貿易用蘭花切花都是來自於人工繁殖的植株，因此不屬於CITES的限制範圍；除非有明顯證據證實是採集自野外，否則，在檢查後，蘭花切花的商業性運輸將會被海關放行；另外，美國政府主要是依CITES的規定來執行蘭花盆花進口的查核，而目前CITES中關於人工繁殖的雜交蕙蘭（Cymbidium）、石斛蘭（Dendrobium）（血色石斛蘭（Dendrobium cruentum）除外）、蝴蝶蘭（Phalaenopsis）以及萬代蘭（Vanda）的蘭花有相同的標準，蝴蝶蘭並不是唯一的豁免種類。 就美國國內交易市場現況來看，荷蘭業者以及加拿大業者已將花卉公開拍賣市場機制引進美國，並會透過快遞業者進行蘭花遞送。 總體而言，台灣蘭花盆花以及蘭花切花在美國市場都有發展機會；建議未來的發展方向可包含：1. 依據不同地理區位市場的氣候環境與人口組成，透過育種技術來提供適地適境並符合市場期待的蘭種，並透過主張植物品種權及/或專利權及/或透過營業秘密的方式掌握育種優勢；2. 開始植根美國當地，直接引進台灣的育種與育苗技術進入美國境內（或是鄰近國家）進行蘭花的生產；3. 充分掌握國際與美國國內法規變化、定期調查美國市場需求變動，並善用美國多元化通路，不疏漏美國蘭花切花市場，也不輕忽蝴蝶蘭以外的蘭花盆花市場。 / Taiwan is a major worldwide supplier of orchids due to its outstanding seeding and breeding techniques and the natural environment. In the recent years, the lucrative economic value of orchids has prompted many industries from other countries, such as Holland, United States, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Canada and China to invest in orchid productions. In addition to the merchandise image of orchids that affects their price, demands resulting from the changing architecture styles and interior designs further determine the future value of orchids. The US orchid market is the second biggest place for orchids exported from Taiwan. Over the past three years, the average annual growth rate of orchid export weights from Taiwan to the US is over 60%, while the orchid export value on average has increased by over 38%. Therefore, the role and the possible commercial opportunities of orchids from Taiwan in the US market require further attention from the orchid farmers and the government in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to analyze the possible commercial opportunity of orchid from Taiwan in the US market by understanding the current supply chain and wholesale value of the US orchid market, ascertaining the relevant import and export laws and regulations, and investigating the current state of orchids from Taiwan in the US orchid market. According to previous investigations, it is realized that the potted orchid is the major type purchased in the US. Between 1999 and 2007, the wholesale value of potted orchids is around 120 million dollars per year, which is about 10-16 times more than that of the cut orchid. Furthermore, the US is a net import country of orchids, where the import orchid value is 6 times more than the export orchid value. Taiwan, Thailand, Holland, Canada, China and Korea are the main sources from which orchids are imported to the US. Over the last 9 years, the compound annual growth rates of both the quantity and the value of orchids imported from China, Korea, Canada and Thailand have exceeded those from Taiwan. Therefore, although Taiwan is still the major source where orchids in the US are imported from, the orchid industries from China, Korea, Canada and Thailand in addition to Holland should also be monitored. The peak of imported cut orchid quantity was in 2004 before starting to decline. Meanwhile, however, the imported cut orchid value increased. Therefore, the price for imported cut orchid thrived over the last few years. Based on Cut Flowers and Greenery Import Manual, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)of United States Department of Agriculture considers that “the great majority of orchids encountered in the trade are from artificially propagated plants and therefore fall outside the scope of the CITES Regulations; therefore, INSPECT and RELEASE commercial shipments of cut orchids unless you have convincing proof that the orchids were collected in the wild; neither permits nor certificates are necessary for orchid blossoms from artificially propagated plants”. This indicates that the US government holds a relatively open attitude towards the international cut orchid trades. Moreover, based on CITES appendices valid since July 1, 2008, it is known that “artificially propagated hybrids of the following genera are not subject to the provisions of the Convention, if conditions, as indicated under a) and b), are met: Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis and Vanda”. Therefore, Cymbidium, Dendrobium（except Dendrobium cruentum）, Phalaenopsis and Vanda are under the same protection level based on CITES. Moreover, companies from Holland and Canada have introduced an auction mechanism for orchids into the US orchid market, and the auctioned orchids are delivered by express. The orchid industry in Taiwan has the experience and ability to export a variety of orchids to various countries, and the US orchid market is relatively open to various orchids. Both potted and cut orchids from Taiwan show commercially competitive advantage in the US market, but new marketing strategies of orchids from Taiwan in the US market are required to be implemented prior to the development thereto. Suggestions for the orchid industry in Taiwan include the following. 1. to develop customised orchid plants that are most suitable for specific markets based on the natural environment and/or the demographic make-up, and to allow further development of these dominant species by applying protection under PVPA, plant patent and/or utility patent; 2. to directly introduce the seeding and breeding experiences and techniques from Taiwan to the US or nearby countries to shorten transportation time and to allow for mass production; 3. to regularly acquire information about the changes to the CITES, US import laws and/or regulations and trends in the orchid market, and to fully utilize the diverse orchid distribution routes and the resources from research institutes for the full development of cut and potted orchid markets.

This thesis project examines the history, provenance, and contemporary treatment of a rare Imperial Edition of Frederick Sander’s print collection Reichenbachia, Orchids Illustrated and Described, a high-quality orchid compendium dating to the late-nineteenth century. A local philanthropist loaned the Imperial Edition Reichenbachia, number 86 of 100 to Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden in 2011 on a long-term basis as a promised donation. Research into the origins of this collection involves several disparate historical topics, including the Victorian period of “orchid mania,” imperialist business practices, and chromolithographic printmaking. Discussion of the transition of this collection into a museum art collection covers its consequent registration, conservation, and exhibition. Finally, this thesis project considers the advantages and disadvantages of managing an art collection at a botanical garden.

<p><strong>Background  </strong>  </p><p>International trade could be seen as the phenomenon beating the resources imbalance among countries in the global market. Therefore, our seeking the competitive advantage of Thailand is to the orchid which is viewed industrial drop of country to increase expansion of export and generate income for Thailand. Moreover, Thailand is one of the leaders which have exported the orchids to foreign countries. For this reason, we would like to study factors which affect to make a decision of Thai entrepreneurs to export the orchid to Swedish market.</p><p><strong>Problems  </strong>      </p><p>How market knowledge and entrepreneur characteristics influence on Thai entrepreneurs in order to make a decision on internationalization by exporting Thai orchid to Swedish market?</p><p><strong>Purposes  </strong>       </p><p>The main purpose of this research is to explore how external and internal factors as market knowledge and entrepreneur characteristics influence on the decision making of Thai entrepreneurs to internationalize by exporting Thai orchid to Swedish market.</p><p><strong>Methodology</strong></p><p>This master’s thesis is based on a qualitative approach which is used by semi-structured interview to conduct Thai entrepreneur’s perspectives on export the orchid to Swedish market while the secondary data is collected from website, article, and journal to utilize material for this thesis.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>     </p><p>We found that the market knowledge as external factors influence to the entrepreneur decision making as the encouragement in term of sufficient knowledge while the lack of market knowledge also lead to the discouragement of internationalization decision making. Moreover, several entrepreneur characteristics could encourage and help entrepreneur in order to make the decision to internationalize while some characteristics are not influence to the decision making of entrepreneur.</p>

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) represent a class of miniaturized information systems designed to monitor physical environments. These smart monitoring systems form collaborative networks utilizing autonomous sensing, data-collection, and processing to provide real-time analytics of observed environments. As a fundamental research area in pervasive computing and envisioned as large-scale autonomous networks of communicating nodes capable of monitoring conditional metrics over vast geographic areas, WSNs have the potential to provide researchers and conservationists with increased knowledge of the intricacies and interrelationships of disparate environments. The author addressed the problem of developing a methodology for the design and deployment of WSNs in uncontrolled and harsh outdoor environments. Within the context of a research and conservation field study of flora, the author developed a model for deployment of WSNs within the domain of microclimate habitat monitoring. The goal of this study was to contribute to the body of knowledge in WSN research by developing a model for deployment that was scientifically sound and replicable. To accomplish this goal, the author conducted an investigation of current technologies associated with WSNs, their capabilities, and their applications specific to the stated domain. To validate this model, the author deployed a WSN for monitoring the microclimate habitats of a population of Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis, common name, slender ladies' tresses. During this field study, the WSN performed according to design and produced sufficient data to provide an accurate representation of the microclimate habitats of the objects of study. As a contribution to the WSN research body of knowledge, the author used an SDLC methodology to provide a pragmatic approach to deployment focused on the elements of nuance specific to WSNs for microclimate habitat monitoring.

Como tentativa de elucidar os fatores ambientais que controlam a plasticidade fenotípica floral de Catasetum fimbriatum Lindley, iniciaram-se estudos fenológicos, vegetativos e anatômicos da espécie, através do acompanhamento de 45 indivíduos, sendo que trinta destes indivíduos foram coletados e posteriormente envasados, enquanto os demais foram mantidos e observados em seu ambiente natural, nas árvores do Campus ESALQ/USP, permitindo assim, traçar correlações ecológicas entre os três tratamentos instalados, com quinze indivíduos cada. O primeiro tratamento foi montado em casa de vegetação onde predominou intensa luminosidade, altas temperaturas e baixa umidade relativa do ar. O segundo tratamento foi submetido a baixa intensidade luminosa, menor temperatura e a uma umidade relativa do ar mais elevada em relação ao primeiro. O terceiro tratamento foi mantido nas condições naturais. Ao final do experimento, pôde-se constatar a grande adaptabilidade da espécie aos diferenciados ambientes, através da formação de ecótipos, os quais tornaram-se visíveis devido a diferenças apresentadas pelos individuos principalmente na quantidade de brotos. Quanto ao trimorfismo sexual, mesmo não tendo havido a ocorrência de flores diclinas femininas, o estudo anatômico constatou a presença de agregados celulares com características meristemáticas nos ovários e ginostêmios das flores, os quais, acredita-se, caso fossem estimulados pelo ambiente durante um período necessário para definirem a expressão sexual da espécie, possivelmente através de um aumento nos níveis endógenos de etileno, permitindo desta forma a formação de flores diclinas femininas e flores monoclinas. / As attempt of elucidating the environmental factors that they control the plasticity floral fenotipic of Catasetum fimbriatum Lindley, fenological, vegetative and anatomical studies of the species began, through of the accompaniment of 45 individuals. Thirty of these individuals were collected and put in the vases later. The other ones 15 already existed naturally in the trees of the Campus ESALQ/USP, allowing like this, to trace ecological correlations among the three installed treatments. The first fifteen individuals, they were conditioned at vegetation house where intense brightness prevailed, high temperatures and it lowers relative humidity of the air. Such treatment was entitled treatment 1. The other collected individuals that were put in the vase, and that they constituted the treatment 2, they were submitted the low luminous intensity, to a smaller temperature and a relative humidity of the highest air. The last fifteen individuals, presented the natural conditions of survival of the species, and they constituted in that way, the treatment 3. At the end of the experiment, the great adaptability could be verified of the species to the differentiated environments, through the ecotipes formation, which became visible due to differences presented mainly by the individuals in the amount of sprouts. With relationship to the sexual, same trimorfism not having had the occurrence of feminine diclinous flowers, the anatomical study verified the presence of cellular closters with meristematic characteristic in the ovaries and ginostemeus of the flowers, the ones which, If they were environmently stimulated by the period of necessary time, possibly through an increase in the levels etylene endogenous, they would interfere in the sexual expression of the species contributing to the appearance of feminine diclinous flowers and monoclinous flowers.

Orientador: Kathia Fernandes Lopes Pivetta / Banca: Fábio Alessandro Padilha Viana / Banca: Claudia Fabrino Machado Mattiuz / Banca: Marcelo Vieira Ferraz / Banca: Sergio Valiengo Valeri / Resumo: Espécies de Bauhinia têm sido muito cultivadas em jardins, parques e ruas. Como Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) não produz sementes, é essencial que seja multiplicado vegetativamente. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da estaquia e da enxertia na propagação desse híbrido. Estacas semilenhosas foram coletadas nas quatro estações do ano e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AIB. Para a enxertia, mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida foram usadas como porta-enxerto e os métodos de garfagem tipo inglês simples e borbulhia tipo "T" invertido foram testados. Os resultados desses experimentos indicaram que B. x blakeana pode ser multiplicado por estacas semilenhosas coletadas na primavera, sem o uso do fitorregulador AIB; no verão, dentre as concentrações avaliadas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 3.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Os métodos de enxertia, no entanto, não foram viáveis para a multiplicação desse híbrido. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de telas de diferentes cores e condições de luminosidade sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida. Plantas de B. variegata e de B. variegata var. candida apresentaram maior eficiência no uso de fotoassimilados quando foram cultivadas sob sol pleno, sendo essa a condição mais adequada para a formação de mudas dessas espécies / Abstract: Bauhinia species have been much cultivated in gardens, parks and streets. As Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) does not produce seeds, it must be vegetatively propagated. The first objective of this work was to verify the viability of the cutting and grafting methods on the propagation of this hybrid. Semi-woody cuttings were collected in the four seasons and submitted to different IBA concentrations. For the grafting experiment, B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants were used as rootstocks and the splice-graft and T-budding methods were tested. The results indicated that B. x blakeana can be propagated by semi-woody cuttings collected in spring, without an IBA application; in summer, among the tested concentrations, the application of 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended. Both the splice graft and T-budding methods were not efficient for the propagation of this hybrid. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different color shade nets and light conditions on the initial development of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida seedlings. B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants showed more efficiency in the use of their photo-assimilated compounds when they were cultivated under full sun, which is the most suitable condition for the seedling production of these species / Doutor