Background     International trade could be seen as the phenomenon beating the resources imbalance among countries in the global market. Therefore, our seeking the competitive advantage of Thailand is to the orchid which is viewed industrial drop of country to increase expansion of export and generate income for Thailand. Moreover, Thailand is one of the leaders which have exported the orchids to foreign countries. For this reason, we would like to study factors which affect to make a decision of Thai entrepreneurs to export the orchid to Swedish market. Problems         How market knowledge and entrepreneur characteristics influence on Thai entrepreneurs in order to make a decision on internationalization by exporting Thai orchid to Swedish market? Purposes          The main purpose of this research is to explore how external and internal factors as market knowledge and entrepreneur characteristics influence on the decision making of Thai entrepreneurs to internationalize by exporting Thai orchid to Swedish market. Methodology This master’s thesis is based on a qualitative approach which is used by semi-structured interview to conduct Thai entrepreneur’s perspectives on export the orchid to Swedish market while the secondary data is collected from website, article, and journal to utilize material for this thesis. Conclusions      We found that the market knowledge as external factors influence to the entrepreneur decision making as the encouragement in term of sufficient knowledge while the lack of market knowledge also lead to the discouragement of internationalization decision making. Moreover, several entrepreneur characteristics could encourage and help entrepreneur in order to make the decision to internationalize while some characteristics are not influence to the decision making of entrepreneur.

Pollinator visitation patterns should affect pollination success and mating patterns in flowering species. In the orchid family, about one third of the species do not provide any reward for their pollinators. Pollination by deceit is typically associated with low fruit set but may increase the chance of cross-pollination since the pollinator should soon leave the individual plant when there is no reward in the flowers. This may be beneficial if self-fertilisation results in inbreeding depression. I studied the mating patterns of one rewarding and one deceptive orchid in two closely related genera by tracking the fate of stained pollinia. I also conducted controlled crosses to estimate inbreeding depression. The results show that the deceptive orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica has lower pollination success, but higher cross-pollination rate (ca. 90%) than the nectariferous orchid Gymnadenia conopsea (ca. 18% cross-pollination). The results further suggest that in G. conopsea, nocturnal visitors mediate higher geitonogamous pollination rate (ca. 100%) than diurnal visitors (ca. 60%). In both study species, fruits produced from cross-pollination were heavier than fruits produced from selfing. Inbreeding depression for fruit mass did not differ significantly between the two species (δ = 0.21 in D. lapponica and δ = 0.29 in G. conopsea). These data support the hypothesis that pollination by deceit can enhance cross-pollination. A literature study including several rewarding and non-rewarding orchid species indicated lower geitonogamy in the deceptive orchids, but the difference was not statistically significant.

This paper is based on international trade between Taiwan and China intently. This purpose of this paper is to explore economic factors on the volume of Phalaenopsis orchid export from Taiwan to China from 1998 to 2011 . This paper will firstly set four influence variables, the previous export, the China's GDP, the exchange rate and the tariff . Then, this paper will exam those variables by using Unit Root test and the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) method in an empirical analysis. After the examination by Unit Root test, the result shows that all the variables appear to be stationary in the first difference. Furthermore, in Chow test, the empirical results indicate that no structural change occurred before and after the first phase of tariff reduction under ECFA. In co-integration test, those variables are co-integrated. In VAR model, China¡¦s GDP, the exchange rate, and the tariff have impact on the volume of the imports from Taiwan to China in different degrees as well.

ABSTRACT While in the developed countries, flowers are living necessity and enjoy a sizable market, the Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan R.O.C points out that cultivation and sales of flowers are important items in the prospecting dedicated agriculture industries of Taiwan. Besides the enjoyment and appreciation the beauty of blooming by oneself , in social life flowers can perform the instrumental function of expressing wishes in the occasion of marriage, birthday, promotion, house moving, and consolation in the sickness or sadness. The study of flower preference schemata is one of the importance concepts for flower product design and development. The current research figured out different patterns of flower preference among people¡¦s mind ,through pictures of moth orchid and rose designed by the three factors of flower beauty: color, volume, and package. The distinctive flower buying behaviors of the different groups were studied consequently. In our valid sample are 696 teachers from senior high and junior high schools and elementary schools in the Kaohsiung area in Taiwan. In addition to the description and analysis on people¡¦s flower buying behavior about flower type preference, shop choice, purchase frequency, and flower-as-present purchase behavior, the major findings of the current research are as the following: (1) Confirming that there exist distinctive flower preference schemata in people mind; (2) Flower preference affect the purchase behavior; (3) Demographic variables moderate the effect of flower preference on the purchase behavior; (4) Flower attitude and demographic variables affect flower consumption behavior.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_la_me_botfca.pdf: 1082643 bytes, checksum: a98a243243226985befa640173e58d81 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As doenças causadas por vírus são um dos principais entraves sanitários nos sistemas de produção de orquídeas, uma vez que promovem consideráveis danos ao seu valor comercial, já que afetam diretamente sua estética e produtividade. São escassos os estudos relacionados aos principais vírus que ocorrem nessa planta ornamental em condições brasileiras. Em termos mundiais, Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) e Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) prevalecem e são os vírus de maior importancia econômica.Tendo em vista esta questão, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar, através de métodos sorológicos e moleculares, 385 amostras pertencentes a diferentes gêneros de orquídeas oriundas do estado de São Paulo a fim de estabelecer qual o(s) de maior importância fitossanitária. A análise de detecção foi realizada atraves do Enzyme linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA), com os antissoros comerciais contra: CymMV, ORSV, Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) e para o gênero Potyvirus. Para a análise de variabilidade, oligonucleotídeos foram desenhados para amplificar a região codificadora da proteína capsidial do CymMV e ORSV, bem como foi obtido da literatura um par de primers para detecção do Orchid fleck virus (OFV). O vírus de maior prevalência foi o CymMV, presente em 274 amostras (71,16%), seguido do ORSV presente em 61 amostras (15,85%), e OFV em 11 amostras (2,85%). Os demais vírus testados não foram identificados em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Os sintomas causados pelo CymMV e ORSV são muito variaveis, além de serem confundidos com fatores abióticos, problemas nutricionais e fitotoxidez. Aparentemente a expressão de sintomas está relacionada ao gênero e idade da planta, bem como aos fatores climáticos das regiões de cultivo. Quanto a variabilidade... / Diseases caused by viruses are a major constraint in the production systems of orchids, as they promote considerable damage to its commercial value, as it directly affects their productivity and aesthetics. There are few studies related to major viruses that occur in this ornamental plant in the Brazilian conditions. Globally, Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are prevalent and the virus of greatest economic importance. Considering this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate, through serological and molecular methods, 385 samples of different orchid genera from São Paulo state in order to establish what is(are) the most important virus(es). As for the Enzyme linked immunossorbent assay (ELISA), commercial antisera were used against: CymMV, ORSV, Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and the genus Potyvirus. Primers were designed to amplify the coding region of the capsidial protein CymMV and ORSV and a pair of primers for detection of Orchid fleck virus (OFV) was obtained from the literature. The the most prevalent virus was CymMV, present in 274 samples (71.16%), followed by ORSV present in 61 samples (15.85%) and OFV in 11 samples (2,85%). The other viruses tested were not identified in any of the samples analyzed. Symptoms caused by CymMV and ORSV are very variables, and are commonly confused with abiotic factors, nutritional problems and phytotoxicity. Apparently is related to gender and age of the plant, as well as the climate factors. As the genetic variability of CymMV e ORSV, was observed nucleotide identity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Germination course and mycorrhizal partners during germination and adulthood were studied in Neottia ovata and N. cordata. Neottia ovata was studied in two different biotops: meadows and forests. Research was conducted in in situ conditions in the Šumava and the Smrčiny mountains.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ichinose_jgs_dr_jabo.pdf: 375994 bytes, checksum: ca9a5202ea2ae13b7677ec7e4a5a5440 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sophronitis cernua e Brassavola flagellaris são orquídeas epífitas, nativas do Brasil. O cultivo in vitro é uma técnica que permite produzir grande número de indivíduos, entretanto ocorrem muitas perdas durante o período de aclimatização (ex vitro). Em razão disto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da suplementação do meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog com paclobutrazol, no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de Sophronitis cernua e Brassavola flagellaris (in vitro), visando aumentar a taxa de sobrevivência das plântulas ex vitro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado. Foram quatro tratamentos (três concentrações de paclobutrazol: 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 mg i.a. L-1 e controle) e 10 repetições com 12 plântulas. Após cultivo em meio sem suplementação, as plântulas foram inoculadas nos tratamentos, onde permaneceram por mais 90 dias. Após este período, cinco repetições foram separadas para as análises destrutivas e as outras cinco foram transplantadas para bandejas contendo fibra de coco (S. cernua) e mistura de fibra de coco e esfagno (B. flagellaris). Verificou-se que as diferentes concentrações de paclobutrazol promoveram alterações nas características morfológicas das plântulas das duas espécies. Para S. cernua foi verificada redução do número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca e comprimento da parte aérea; aumento no diâmetro e massa seca de raízes e redução na taxa de sobrevivência das plântulas. Para B. flagellaris houve incrementos no acúmulo de massa seca de todas as partes (exceto na maior concentração para parte aérea), no número de folhas, na área foliar (0,5 mgL-1), no diâmetro no comprimento de raízes e no número de raízes; redução no número de brotos e comprimento da parte aérea e maiores taxas de sobrevivência da plântulas / Sophronitis cernua and Brassavola flagellaris are orchids epiphytes, native of Brazil. The in vitro propagation is a technique that allows to produce large numbers of plants, however many losses occur during the period of acclimatization (ex vitro). For this reason, this work aimed to study the effect of supplementation of the Murashige and Skoog medium with paclobutrazol on growth and development of plants of Sophronitis cernua and Brassavola flagellaris (in vitro) to increase the survival rate of seedlings ex vitro. The experimental design was completely randomized. There were four treatments (three concentrations of paclobutrazol: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg ai L-1 and control) and 10 repetitions with 12 plants. After cultivation in medium without supplementation, the seedlings were inoculated on treatments, where they remained for another 90 days. After this period, five replicates were separated for destructive analysis and the other five were transplanted into trays containing coir (S. cernua) and a mixture of coconut fiber and sphagnum moss (B. flagellaris). It was found that paclobutrazol induced changes in the morphological characteristics of both species. To S. cernua: reducing the number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight and shoot length and increase in diameter and dry mass of roots. Reduction in the rate of seedling survival. To B. flagellaris: increases in dry mass of all parties, except at the highest concentration (aerial part), the number of leaves, leaf area (0.5 mgL-1), diameter, length of roots and more roots. Reduction in the number of shoots and shoot length. Highest survival rates of seedlings

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mazzini_rb_dr_jabo.pdf: 553447 bytes, checksum: 9c6222f701669fffbf029f7f1f092b0d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Espécies de Bauhinia têm sido muito cultivadas em jardins, parques e ruas. Como Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) não produz sementes, é essencial que seja multiplicado vegetativamente. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da estaquia e da enxertia na propagação desse híbrido. Estacas semilenhosas foram coletadas nas quatro estações do ano e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AIB. Para a enxertia, mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida foram usadas como porta-enxerto e os métodos de garfagem tipo inglês simples e borbulhia tipo “T” invertido foram testados. Os resultados desses experimentos indicaram que B. x blakeana pode ser multiplicado por estacas semilenhosas coletadas na primavera, sem o uso do fitorregulador AIB; no verão, dentre as concentrações avaliadas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 3.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Os métodos de enxertia, no entanto, não foram viáveis para a multiplicação desse híbrido. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de telas de diferentes cores e condições de luminosidade sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida. Plantas de B. variegata e de B. variegata var. candida apresentaram maior eficiência no uso de fotoassimilados quando foram cultivadas sob sol pleno, sendo essa a condição mais adequada para a formação de mudas dessas espécies / Bauhinia species have been much cultivated in gardens, parks and streets. As Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) does not produce seeds, it must be vegetatively propagated. The first objective of this work was to verify the viability of the cutting and grafting methods on the propagation of this hybrid. Semi-woody cuttings were collected in the four seasons and submitted to different IBA concentrations. For the grafting experiment, B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants were used as rootstocks and the splice-graft and T-budding methods were tested. The results indicated that B. x blakeana can be propagated by semi-woody cuttings collected in spring, without an IBA application; in summer, among the tested concentrations, the application of 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended. Both the splice graft and T-budding methods were not efficient for the propagation of this hybrid. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different color shade nets and light conditions on the initial development of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida seedlings. B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants showed more efficiency in the use of their photo-assimilated compounds when they were cultivated under full sun, which is the most suitable condition for the seedling production of these species