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Abstract The current study investigated the relationship between demands for organizational citizenship behaviors and future displays of organizational citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors. Such demands are conceptualized as workplace conditions that make it difficult for employees to complete their job (i.e., organizational constraints), performance failures of coworkers such as incomplete or incorrectly done tasks (i.e., coworker failure) and direct or indirect request from the supervisors to commit more organizational citizenship behaviors (i.e., supervisor pressure). Additionally, the effect of negative affectivity, hostile attribution bias, attributions of blame, and target specific scales of workplace behaviors were investigated. The design of the current study is prospective with a one week time lag between two self-report surveys. 464 employed U.S. residents were recruited through Amazon's M-Turk service. Of the initial 464 participants, 183 also completed the second survey a week later. New scales were created to assess coworker failure, supervisor pressure, attributions of blame, and target specific behaviors. The evidence from this study suggests that coworker failure and supervisor pressure are both antecedents to future displays of organizational citizenship behaviors and counterproductive work behaviors. Similarly, organizational citizenship behaviors preceded demands for organizational citizenship behaviors reported a week later. The results differed slightly when using target-specific scales of behavior. The hypotheses regarding individual differences and attributions of blame were not supported.

The successful implementation of process improvement (PI) could reduce operating costs of the Department of Defense, which could lessen the impact of budget reductions and the mounting costs of the expanding global mission requirements. Organizations fail to achieve the return on investment for PI and expected savings because of leaders' inabilities and experiences in integrating critical success factors into PI to improve processes. The purpose of this single case study was to explore the strategies that logistics leaders use to implement PI in the military aviation industry. Six purposively selected group and squadron civilian leaders with over 10 years of experience in successful implementation of PI, working with the Air Force in the military aviation industry in Georgia, participated in the study. The theory of constraints was the conceptual framework for the study. Data collection was through semistructured interviews using open-ended questions, review of organizational documents, and archival records. Seven themes emerged from using a modified version of Miles and Huberman's data analysis approach, including coding of transcribed interview data and grouping significant statements into larger units to form themes. Emerging themes included leadership, continuous PI, organizational culture, climate, strategic management, performance management, and resource. These finding may contribute to social change by providing the United States and allied leaders with strategies to improve aircraft availability to increase flight operations for enhanced safety and humanitarian efforts for their citizens and allies.

The purpose of this study was to examine Residential Care Aides’ (RCAs) experiences of good quality dementia care provision. Informed by a political economy perspective, I sought to understand how RCAs conceptualize quality dementia care, whether such conceptualizations are reflected in their daily care practice and how the organizational care context impedes or facilitates such care provision. Drawing on a focused ethnographic approach, I utilized in-depth interviews, participant observation and the review of selected documents to contextualize RCAs’ experiences within the organizational care environment. Over a 12-month period, in-depth interviews with 29 staff (21 RCAs, 3 LPNs and 5 managers) and 239 hours of participant observation were conducted in four small-scale dementia units in two nursing homes in British Columbia, Canada. In-depth interviews yielded information-rich data about RCAs’ care experiences and their relationships with residents, while participant observation afforded the opportunity to strategically link RCAs’ actions and interactions with what was said, a feature missing from much of the previous research examining staff perceptions of quality dementia care. A select review of facility documents and provincial licensing regulations provided additional insight regarding the relevance of the larger structural context for RCAs’ care experiences. In general, RCAs conceptualized, and exhibited in their daily physical care provision, quality dementia care as that which focused on tangible care outcomes (i.e., keeping residents clean, comfortable, calm and happy), on their care approach (i.e., delivering care in a compassionate, patient and affectionate manner) and was guided by family ideology (i.e., invoking of family metaphors). Inherent in their care provision was a sense of role tension, as they sought to incorporate social interaction with task completion and their co-workers’ conflicting expectations. Study findings also illustrated how, in the face of continued disempowerment and organizational constraints, RCAs sought to provide quality dementia care by negotiating their peer and supervisory relationships and selectively breaking formal and informal policies/procedures. Salient to RCAs’ experiences of personhood was the limited recognition and appreciation they received from management and the manner in which work-life balance, staffing coverage, human resource management practices and limited information sharing further devalued them and their work. Study findings draw attention to the importance of: acknowledging the role of structural constraints in the pervasiveness of a task-oriented work culture; attending to (and facilitating) staff personhood; facilitating supportive peer and supervisory relationships and; fostering effective management practices as a means of potentially improving care quality. As such, the study sheds important light on what RCAs require within their work environments to help facilitate resident well-being, reinforcing the assertion that residents’ care conditions are inextricably linked to RCAs’ care work conditions. / Graduate / 0351

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The access of water globally is becoming more strained, why the focus on industrial water use is increasing. The present study examined how industries should approach water efficiency projects, what organizational constraints that should be addressed, and what effects water saving measures have on economic costs, environmental impact and influence from water related risks. The study has been conducted at Saab Group. Primary data for water supply amount and cost has been obtained from twelve sites for the year of 2018. Data from these sites has been used to estimate the water use for the other 43 sites included in this study. Interviews with employees across Saab´s organization and with external stakeholders have functioned as important sources of information, combined with investigations of internal company documents. To facilitate for companies to structurally address water efficiency projects, the concept of the Deming Cycle is developed in this study. The steps included are necessary to address major identified organizational constraints which are lack of communication, lack of incentives for employees, and lack of economic incentives. Furthermore, with water often having energy embedded into it, a new Water Management Hierarchy is developed to include the interrelated aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. The potential for pipe leakages and the challenge to detect these are also identified. If the time from leak occurrence to repair in 2018 was eliminated, the total water supply in Arboga could have been reduced with 10100 m3 which corresponds to 35% of total supply to the site, respectively 35900 m3 and 42% in Björkborn. In Tannefors, water saving measures are identified for a surface treatment process, a facility with testing equipment, and by utilization of groundwater. Not all water saving measures result in reduced annual operating costs, due to an increased energy demand. Furthermore, if neglecting the possibility of energy recovery when aiming for water use reduction, the results show that replacing a once-through cooling system using potable municipal water as a medium with a dry-cooling unit, can increase greenhouse gas emissions. In 2018, the simultaneously implementable water saving measures in Tannefors would have reduced the water supply with 40600 m3, which corresponds to 22% of the total supply to the site. The greenhouse gas emissions would simultaneously have been reduced with 0.4 tonnes CO2eq. If also addressing energy supply reduction and energy recovery, some measures achieves a reduction of over 35 tonnes CO2eq, which results in enhanced economic viability from reduced operating costs. This study suggest that organizational constraints have to be addressed to successfully implement identified water saving measures. To allow economic motivation for all water saving measures in Tannefors, a payback period of over 7 years has to be applied, which can be lowered if the measure also reduces energy demand or increases energy recovery. In order to avoid sub-optimization of water saving measures, the current Water Management Hierarchy has to include the aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. If the aim is to reduce a corporation’s water use, the largest sites with heavy industrial processes should be addressed first. However, the potential impact from water related risks at smaller sites should not be neglected, in order to ensure safe operations and avoid increased costs in the company´s supply chain. / Tillgången av vatten blir alltmer ansträngd globalt, varför fokus på industriell vattenanvändning ökar. Den här studien undersökte hur industrier bör förhålla sig till vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, vilka organisatoriska begränsningar som bör hanteras, och vilka effekter vattenbesparande åtgärder har på ekonomiska kostnader, miljöpåverkan och påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker. Studien har genomförts på Saab Group. Primärdata för vattentillförselmängd och kostnad har erhållits från tolv platser för år 2018. Data från dessa siter har används för att uppskatta vattenanvändningen för de övriga 43 siterna som ingår i denna studie. Intervjuer med anställda inom Saabs organisation och med externa intressenter har fungerat som viktiga informationskällor, i kombination med undersökningar av interna företagsdokument. För att underlätta för företag att strukturellt ta itu med vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, så utvecklas Demingcykel-konceptet i den här studien. De inkluderade stegen är nödvändiga för att hantera viktiga identifierade organisatoriska begränsningar som är brits på kommunikation, brist på incitament för anställda och brist på ekonomiska incitament. Vidare, då vatten ofta är en energibärare, utvecklas en ny vattenminskningshierarki för att inkludera de sammanhängande aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Potentialen för rörläckage och utmaningen att upptäcka dessa identifieras också. Om tiden från läckage till reparation under 2018 eliminerades, kunde den totala vattentillförseln i Arboga ha minskat med 10100 m3 vilket motsvarar 35% av total vattentillförsel till siten, respektive 35900 m3 och 42% i Björkborn. I Tannefors identifieras vattenbesparingsåtgärder för en ytbehandlingsprocess, en anläggning med testutrustning, och genom utnyttjande av grundvatten. Alla vattenbesparande åtgärder resulterar inte i minskade årliga driftkostnader, på grund av ett ökat energibehov. Vidare, om möjligheten för energiåtervinning förbises när reducering av vattenanvändning är målet, visar resultaten att ersättningen av ett kylsystem som använder kommunalt dricksvatten utan recirkulering med en luftkyld enhet, att utsläppen av växthusgaser kan öka. Under 2018, så skulle de simultant implementerbara vattenbesparande åtgärderna i Tannefors ha minskat vattentillförseln med 40600 m3, vilket motsvarar 22% av den totala tillförseln till siten. Utsläppen av växthusgaser hade samtidigt minskats med 0.4 ton CO2eq. Om även energitillförsel och energiåtervinning tas i beaktande, uppnår vissa åtgärder en minskning på över 35 ton CO2eq, vilket resulterar i förbättrad ekonomisk lönsamhet från minskade driftkostnader. Denna studie föreslår att organisatoriska begränsningar måste hanteras för att framgångsrikt genomföra identifierade vattenbesparande åtgärder. För att möjliggöra ekonomisk motivering för alla vattenbesparande åtgärder i Tannefors, måste en återbetalningstid på över sju år tillämpas, vilken kan sänkas om åtgärden också minskar energibehovet eller ökar energiåtervinningen. För att undvika suboptimering av vattenbesparande åtgärder, måste den nuvarande vattenhierarkin inkludera aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Om målet är att minska ett företags vattenanvändning, bör de största anläggningarna med tunga industriprocesser först adresseras. Dock bör den potentiella påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker på mindre siter inte försummas, för att säkerställa säker drift och undvika ökade kostnader i företagets värdekedja.