The relationships between participation in structured leisure (SL) activities (e.g., sports, prosocial activities) and adolescent adjustment were investigated. SL activities have been associated with various developmental benefits but there has been a limited number of studies that have investigated the potential negative aspects of participation. Questionnaire data were collected from 210 boys and girls (between grades 10 and 12). Fourteen students participated in focus groups to obtain a phenomenological perspective on SL participation. Adjustment variables included a well-being composite (comprised of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and life satisfaction), a school orientation composite (comprised of students levels of school involvement and their values regarding school), academic achievement, and self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Three hypotheses were examined. First, it was predicted that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the extent of SL participation and the various adjustment variables. Second, aspects of play and leisure were expected to have moderating effects on the relationships between SL participation and outcomes. Third, aspects of perfectionism were hypothesized to play a moderating role on the relationship between SL and adolescent adjustment. <p>Although the present investigation yielded some insightful observations about participation in SL activities, the results provided no direct support for the hypotheses. Regression analyses indicated positive relationships between SL participation and self-oriented perfectionism, and SL participation and academic achievement. Negative relationships were found between the degree of playfulness in SL activities and socially prescribed perfectionism, and between academic achievement and global intrinsic leisure motivation. Notable focus group themes included a distinction between the fun experienced in SL activities and the fun experienced in nonstructured contexts, significant positive and negative experiences related to SL participation, and differences and similarities between the SL context and other contexts such as school. It is argued that leisure theory can contribute to a better understanding of the developmental implications of SL participation and that the relationship between SL participation and perfectionism merits further investigation.

There is no general aging process therefore should health efforts directed at elderly population based on each individual as a unique person with specific needs. When aging becomes a fact not generally decrease the lust and the desire to be active but it is perhaps more about the body's ability to keep up on what the head wants. Therefore the range of activities towards the elderly population requires some adjustment that can partly be achieved by taking some of the older people’s experiences. The purpose of this study was that by the older people’s experiences of organized activities in a social context to illustrate how they perceive their participation. A qualitative approach with narrative theory was used and the study’s empirical results are based on stories from four elderly women. The result highlights the older person’s ability to create meaning in the moment from a life course context. The results are presented in three themes, the physical, social and finite context, that together can be traced to three perspectives on the cultural learning needs of the older person. Activities can thus assume to bring further value and visibility to older peoples need for social and cultural interaction. Prominent in this study is the importance of seeing the older person as a learning individual, which places demands on the society and the development opportunities available to older people’s disposal.

The relationships between participation in structured leisure (SL) activities (e.g., sports, prosocial activities) and adolescent adjustment were investigated. SL activities have been associated with various developmental benefits but there has been a limited number of studies that have investigated the potential negative aspects of participation. Questionnaire data were collected from 210 boys and girls (between grades 10 and 12). Fourteen students participated in focus groups to obtain a phenomenological perspective on SL participation. Adjustment variables included a well-being composite (comprised of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and life satisfaction), a school orientation composite (comprised of students levels of school involvement and their values regarding school), academic achievement, and self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Three hypotheses were examined. First, it was predicted that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the extent of SL participation and the various adjustment variables. Second, aspects of play and leisure were expected to have moderating effects on the relationships between SL participation and outcomes. Third, aspects of perfectionism were hypothesized to play a moderating role on the relationship between SL and adolescent adjustment. <p>Although the present investigation yielded some insightful observations about participation in SL activities, the results provided no direct support for the hypotheses. Regression analyses indicated positive relationships between SL participation and self-oriented perfectionism, and SL participation and academic achievement. Negative relationships were found between the degree of playfulness in SL activities and socially prescribed perfectionism, and between academic achievement and global intrinsic leisure motivation. Notable focus group themes included a distinction between the fun experienced in SL activities and the fun experienced in nonstructured contexts, significant positive and negative experiences related to SL participation, and differences and similarities between the SL context and other contexts such as school. It is argued that leisure theory can contribute to a better understanding of the developmental implications of SL participation and that the relationship between SL participation and perfectionism merits further investigation.

Trots att rasten utgör en stor del av grundskoleelevers skoldag så finns inga tydliga nationella riktlinjer för vad rasten faktisk ska innehålla. Undersökningens syfte var att studera hur skolpersonal anser att organiserade rastaktiviteter i grundskolan kan främja elevers sociala utveckling och fysiska aktivitet. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en webbenkät i vilken totalt trettio respondenter deltog. Dessa var fördelade på nitton fritidspedagoger, åtta lärare samt två vikarier/annat. Undersökningen har visat att organiserade rastaktiviteter på olika sätt kan främja social utveckling och fysik aktivitet. Den sociala utvecklingen främst genom gemenskap, vuxennärvaro och demokratiskt förhållningsätt. Den fysiska aktiviteten främst genom rörelseglädje, varierande aktivitetsutbud samt frivilligt deltagande. / Despite the fact that recess is a substantial part of childrens’ day in elementary school, there are no national guidelines regarding recess or what it should contain. The aim of the study was to examine educators’ views on how organized activities during recess can further social development and physical activity among schoolchildren. A web survey was used and a total of thirty respondents participated. The study indicated that organized activities during recess can further social development and physical activity in numerous ways. The social development mainly through kinship, adult presence and democratic approach. The physical activity mainly through joy of movement, a varied range of activities and voluntary participation.

Grounded in the Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach and in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of human development (1979), the current research program used a correlational approach to examine the effect of participation in organized activities (OAs) on two dimensions of youth’s psychological and emotional development: Psychological adjustment (Article 1) and Emotional competence (Article 2). Through two articles and four studies, this research program also aimed to explore the influence of two OA-context variables, youth experiences and youth engagement, on the previous dimensions of development. Together, results aimed to provide new information in the PYD research domain. Main findings are described. First, we hypothesized that participation in OAs had a positive effect on indicators of youth psychological and emotional development. Overall, our results indicated that this effect was not statistically significant (Article 1, Study 2; Article 2, Studies 1 and 2), although some statistically significant differences were found between OA participants’ and non-participants’ psychological adjustment in a correlational design (Article 1, Study 1). The potential implications of these results, as well as their limitations, are discussed. The current research also examined the potential role of youth experiences within their OAs in the link between OA participation and psychological and emotional development. Overall, results indicated that some experiences in OA contexts were statistically significant predictors of psychological adjustment and emotional competence. Furthermore, experiences of identity emerged as mediators of the effect of participation on life satisfaction in a longitudinal design (Article 1, Study 2). However, this effect was negative and may be best explained by the presence of a suppression effect in the model. Moreover, experiences of initiative and stress emerged as mediators of the effect of participation on emotional competence (Article 2, Study 1), but results were not replicated in a longitudinal design (Article 2, Study 2). This research also examined the potential role of youth’s engagement in their OAs on psychological and emotional development (Article 1, Study 2; Article 2, Study 2). The inclusion of engagement in our research program was crucial and allowed for the identification of specific necessary conditions for participation to have an effect on outcomes of psychological and emotional development. In our research, engagement emerged as a moderator of the indirect effects of participation on two indicators of psychological and emotional development. First, the indirect effect of participation on self-esteem through experiences of initiative emerged as statistically significant only for youth who were highly engaged in their OA (Article 1, Study 2). Next, the negative indirect effect of participation on life satisfaction through experiences of identity emerged as significant only for youth who were highly engaged in their OA. Again, the latter result might be best explained by the presence of a suppression effect (Article 1, Study 2). Lastly, engagement also emerged as a moderator of the effect of participation on specific youth experiences (Article 1, Study 2). Implications for theory and practice emerge from this research. A better understanding of the effect of OA participation on psychological and emotional development and of the specific roles of youth experiences and youth engagement in OAs is attained. Practical implications are discussed. In line with its exploratory nature, the current research program provides multiple avenues for future research within the PYD approach.

This thesis discusses the topic of the organized translation activities in the second half of the 20th century. It focuses especially on translators of technical texts. The purpose of the thesis is to provide the basic overview of organizations and institutions which operated in Czechoslovakia, and to which the translation activities were concentrated. There is no similar systematic overview in the home professional literature yet. The research method of the oral history was realized via interviews with witnesses. Case studies, dealing in detail with one or another of the examined organizations or institutions, like International Federation of Translators, Translation Department of the Czechoslovakian Writer's Union, translation department in Škoda Auto a.s., International Organisation of Journalists, Prague City Tourism and World Federation of Trade Unions, resulted from the interviews. The information from the interviews was compared and general conclusions about the translating work in the second half of the 20th century were stated. KEY WORDS extern translator, institution, intern translator, technical translation, oral history, organization, organized activities, case study

This thesis is devoted to the activities of organized interest with primary school children, ages 6-11 years, in the country. The theoretical part deals, with the basic concepts of leisure, free time features, lifestyle and interests, hobbies and factors influencing children's leisure time. The practical part deals with specific and leisure activities in the country and in selected locations. Getting parents' satisfaction with leisure activities, describes a range of leisure activities at particular locations, this shows what activities children attend and also indicates the context of education of the parents.

(in English): This thesis aims to document the development of the Union of Interpreters and Translators from its foundation until today. The thesis deals with the situation before 1989 and associations of translators and interpreters during the Communist era and it also describes the circumstances of the establishment of the Union of Interpreters and Translators and its subsequent history. It deals with the specific activities of the organization such as competitions, trips and educational and publishing activities. Such a systematic review has not been published in Czech so far. The chosen research method is oral history, which was implemented through interviews with the four founders of the organization. The acquired data was then verified and put into the context of the records in the magazines ToP: Interpreting-translation, letters addressed to the members of the Union and documents from the meetings of the organization.

L’adolescence est une période de croissance et de construction de l’identité, mais elle marque aussi l’émergence de diverses difficultés socio-émotionnelles, notamment sous forme de manifestations dépressives ou anxieuses, de retrait social ou d’isolement. Plusieurs interventions visent à diminuer ces manifestations, mais peu le font en mettant l’accent sur le développement des forces des jeunes. Pourtant, plusieurs modèles théoriques soulignent l'importance de soutenir le développement positif des jeunes afin de réduire ces difficultés et de favoriser leur épanouissement. Dans cette optique, les activités parascolaires représenteraient un contexte privilégié. Cette thèse présente une première évaluation des effets et des mécanismes d’action d’Art en tête, un programme parascolaire artistique axé sur les forces et conçu en partenariat à l’intention des jeunes du 2e cycle du secondaire vivant avec des difficultés socio-émotionnelles afin de renforcer leur adaptation psychosociale et scolaire. Le premier article examine les effets d’Art en tête sur l’adaptation psychosociale des jeunes (N=50 ; âge moyen = 15,60 ; 68 % genre féminin) en utilisant un devis quasi expérimental à mesures répétées (pré-programme, post-programme et suivi cinq mois) avec un groupe de comparaison sur liste d’attente. Les résultats d’analyses de régression indiquent que, comparativement à leurs pairs sur liste d’attente (n = 27), les jeunes ayant participé au programme (n = 23) rapportaient significativement moins de symptômes dépressifs au post-programme, ainsi que des niveaux plus élevés d’estime de soi positive, de fonctionnement social et d’auto-efficacité au suivi. Des différences marginalement significatives ont également été observées en faveur du groupe ayant pris part au programme sur l’estime de soi négative et l’auto-efficacité en post-programme, puis sur les symptômes anxieux et dépressifs et le bien-être subjectif au suivi. Les tailles d’effet (entre β = .16 et β = .25) sont comparables ou supérieures à celles compilées dans des méta-analyses récentes d’études évaluant des programmes de promotion et de prévention ciblant les problèmes intériorisés à l’adolescence. Le deuxième article présente une évaluation en méthodes mixtes du déploiement des relations sociales au sein du programme et de leur lien avec les bienfaits perçus de ce dernier. Des indices de relations avec les pairs et avec les adultes, puis de climat relationnel, ont été recueillis par questionnaire au sein d’un sous-échantillon de jeunes participant au programme (n = 18) à la suite de quatre ateliers. Les résultats d’ANOVAS à mesures répétées ont indiqué que le vécu relationnel des jeunes s’est significativement amélioré au fil du programme. L’analyse thématique réalisée sur 18 entrevues individuelles semi-structurées a mis en évidence l’appréciation marquée des jeunes envers les adultes du programme et le développement d’amitiés avec les pairs au sein d’un climat positif. Le vécu relationnel des jeunes a aussi été associé à divers indicateurs de bien-être et d’adaptation psychosociale et scolaire. Ces résultats suggèrent que le programme parascolaire artistique Art en tête soutient l’adaptation psychosociale des jeunes du secondaire présentant des difficultés socio-émotionnelles. Ils soulignent la pertinence et la complémentarité des approches de développement positif dans le continuum de services en santé mentale jeunesse, notamment sous forme d’activités parascolaires à caractère artistique. / Adolescence is a period of intense growth and identity development, but it also marks the onset of various socio-emotional difficulties, particularly in the form of depressive or anxious symptoms, social withdrawal, or isolation. Many interventions aim at reducing these problems, but few do so with a focus on developing youth’s strengths. Yet, several theoretical models emphasize the importance of supporting positive youth development to diminish these difficulties and foster youth flourishing. In this regard, extracurricular activities stand out as an optimal setting. This thesis offers a first assessment of the effects and mechanisms of action of Art in Mind, a strengths-based after-school organized art activity designed in partnership and aimed at enhancing the psychosocial and academic adjustment of upper secondary school students experiencing socio-emotional difficulties. The first article examines the effects of Art in Mind on the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents (N = 50; mean age = 15.60; 68% female) using a quasi-experimental design with repeated measures (pre-program, post-program and 5-month follow-up) and a wait-list comparison group. Results from regression analyses indicated that, compared to their wait-listed peers (n = 27), youth who participated in the program (n = 23) reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms at post-program, and higher levels of positive self-esteem, social functioning and self-efficacy at follow-up. Marginally significant differences in favor of the program group were also observed on negative self-esteem and self-efficacy at post-program, and on anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as subjective well-being at follow-up. Effect sizes (ranging from β = .16 to β = .25) are comparable to or larger than those reported in recent meta-analyses of studies evaluating promotion and prevention programs targeting internalizing problems. The second article presents a mixed-methods assessment of how social relationships unfold within the program and their association with perceived program effects. In a subsample of program participants (n = 18), relationships with peers and with adults, as well as relational climate, were measured with self-reported questionnaires following four workshops and investigated through individual semi-structured post-program interviews. Results from repeated measures ANOVAs showed that youth's relational experiences improved significantly throughout the program. The thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that participants strongly appreciated the program facilitators and developed friendly relationships with peers in an overall positive group climate. These relational experiences were associated with several indicators of well-being and psychosocial and academic adjustment in participants. These results suggest that the after-school organized art activity Art in Mind supports the psychosocial adjustment of high school students with socio-emotional difficulties. They underscore the relevance and complementarity of positive developmental approaches within the continuum of mental health services provided to young people, notably in the form of after-school organized art-based activities.