La présente thèse explore les représentations de la femme dans des récits orientalisants de sept auteurs français du XVIIIème siècle, classés par ordre alphabétique : Caylus, Crébillon, Diderot, Mme de Genlis, Hamilton, Montesquieu et Voltaire. Les chapitres analysent cinq types de femmes regroupées selon leur rôle narratif. Dans le chapitre premier, j’étudie les figures féminines orientales dans Zadig et La princesse de Babylone de Voltaire. J’y tiens compte de la façon dont la voix narrative perçoit les femmes dans ces récits et quelle place elle leur attribue dans la narration. Dans le chapitre deux, je me penche sur la représentation des Orientales voilées dans « Aphéridon et Astarté », un récit inséré dans Lettres persanes de Montesquieu, et dans Nourmahal de Mme de Genlis. Je considère la femme voilée comme un personnage Autre, je relève ses caractéristiques principales, j’examine son rôle narratif, et j’identifie la valeur significative de son voile. Dans le chapitre trois, je tiens compte des personnages féminins orientaux dans Fleur d’épine de Hamilton et « Ibrahim et Anaïs », un autre récit enchâssé dans les Lettres persanes. Je m’interroge sur le rôle de la femme qui est représentée dans une situation inverse, je considère la place qui lui est attribuée dans le texte et son influence sur les autres personnages du récit. Dans le chapitre quatre, j’analyse les femmes interlocutrices dans Le Sopha de Crébillon et Les Bijoux indiscrets de Diderot. J’étudie la voix féminine dans ces récits et ses interventions dans la narration. J’examine ensuite l’effet de cet engagement sur le fond et la forme du récit. Dans le cinquième et dernier chapitre, j’étudie les femmes dans les Contes orientaux de Caylus. J’explore les différentes fonctions qu’elles remplissent ; je distingue alors entre les narratrices et les femmes objets du discours. Je m’intéresse particulièrement à montrer comment les personnages féminins qui se chargent de la narration utilisent le récit pour influencer le narrataire.

Thesis--Amaraic languages--Leiden, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 313-435. Index.

The response of geomorphic systems to disturbance has been a major focus of geographic research. Nevertheless, because the sensitivity of geomorphic systems to external perturbation is complex, the response of those systems is still poorly understood for many agricultural systems in various geographic settings. This study investigates geomorphic sensitivity and soil erosion under traditional slash-and-burn cultivation. The response of soil erosion to this agricultural practice was investigated in selected plots at different stages of cultivation, representing a chronosequence of slash-and-burn cultivation for the study site. Selected physical and hydrological properties were measured in the field or determined in the laboratory from soil samples obtained from the selected plots. Soil erosion was monitored for the selected plots using bounded runoff plots. Finally, the response of soil erosion to slash-and- burn was assessed at the watershed scale by adapting the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to local field conditions. The study results showed that soil’s selected physical and hydrological properties differed according to the age of cultivation. In general, soil properties, such as organic matter, aggregate stability, and infiltration, showed signs of deterioration during the cultivation phase and improvement during the fallow stage of slash-and-burn cultivation. These differences in turn resulted in differences in the erodibility of the soil and the response of soil erosion at the plot scale. The soil erosion rate was observed to be higher during the cultivation stage of slash-and-burn cultivation and lower during the fallow stage. The lowest rate of erosion was recorded in natural forest plots. Overall, soil erosion rates were low considering the study site’s mountainous nature. The results of this study suggest that the response of soil erosion under the practice of slash-and burn cultivation could be minimal in a potentially sensitive humid tropical mountainous environment depending on the specific cover produced, the environmental factors, and the specific cultural management, such as cropping and tilling practices. Maintaining adequate ground cover through cropping and fallow management is the key to keeping soil erosion minimal under the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation in the study area. / text

Décollements are important tectonic elements in thin-skinned fold-thrust belts. However, few studies have addressed the internal structure of décollements because most are deeply buried and internal features typically cannot be resolved in seismic reflection images. Upper Jurassic evaporite exposures in the Potosí uplift of northeastern Mexico provide a unique tectonic window into the décollement of the Laramide-age Sierra Madre Oriental fold belt. In order to constrain the three-dimensional geometry of décollement structures, I mapped a ~20 km2 portion of the décollement at a scale of 1:10,000. I created a new stratigraphy for the décollement interval during mapping, and made detailed structural observations at targeted sites. The ~900 m thick décollement interval consists of gypsum with five carbonate members (up to 120 m thick) and numerous thin (<5 m) carbonate interbeds. These carbonate units delineate map-scale structural patterns and define two structural domains. The middle and upper parts of the décollement in the western domain contain map-scale folds with local map-scale boudinage and thrust faults. The eastern domain exposes the lower part of the décollement, and contains thrust repetitions of carbonate members and a regionally-persistent basal shear zone. These map relationships indicate a stratigraphic variation in structural style. Western domain folds and eastern domain thrust sheets both appear to be related kinematically to overburden folding. In contrast, the basal shear zone accommodated décollement-parallel shear strain in response to overburden translation. Folding and faulting of carbonate members and intervening gypsum units drove localization of simple shear into the basal shear zone, because only the lowermost gypsum interval maintained a favorable orientation sub-parallel to the regional transport direction throughout deformation. This investigation demonstrates that décollements have complex internal structural patterns that are below typical seismic resolution and lateral variations in structural style that cannot be reconstructed from single well cores or small outcrops. Décollement stratigraphy controls variations in strain magnitude within the décollement interval, so that previous models that invoke homogeneous strain within the décollement are incorrect. Complex, laterally-variable structural style and stratigraphic control of strain distribution could be general characteristics of décollements where the décollement interval contains significant contrasts in bed rheology. / text

This study explores perceptions of Chinese texts by Western audiences while looking into the interrelation between film and literature. This is done by two means: firstly, through a detailed discussion of film adaptations with the focus on Chinese cinema, and secondly, through a practical demonstration of a filmic style in prose fiction in the form of an original book-length piece of fiction. Using Bakhtin’s ‘dialogism’ as the point of departure, the research on adaptations adopts an intertextual approach of adaptation theory as developed by Robert Stam, looking into the intertextual relationship between a hypotext (a source text) and a hypertext (film adaptation). The analysis of Raise the Red Lantern by Zhang Yimou (1991) and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Ang Lee (2001) concludes that both films contain elements of familiarity and strangeness for Western audiences, an uneasy mix of intimacy and exoticism which underpins their appeal. However, this phenomenon is unintended by the filmmakers themselves, chiefly because, firstly, the directors’ exposure to Western film art has contributed to the use of techniques that are familiar to Western audiences in the making of their films, and, secondly, the elements of strangeness are related to the natures of the films, the cultural elements involved and the locations in which the films are made, which are unfamiliar to a Western audience. The writing of the novel, Little Hut of Leaping Fishes, reveals the necessity of incorporating cultural elements into a narrative that is set in a time and place where the culture is deeply rooted. My background as a fourth-generation Chinese in Malaysia informs my urge as an artist and critic to explore aspects of my own cultural identity. The main concern, which is the key discovery of this experiment, is that once a writer understands the shared creative mechanism between film and literature, he can place a camera before his pages to capture the scenes he carefully arranged, making the page a screen onto which images as well as words can be projected.

The main purpose of this thesis is to trace the impact of the English Romantic poets, especially Keats, Shelley and Byron, on Arab/Iraqi Romantic poetry and thought, in particular that of Nazik al-Mala'ikah. The thesis is divided into two volumes. The first volume consists of three chapters, each divided into short sections. The first chapter is a detailed introduction to the three other chapters. It discusses the problem of defining the term 'Romanticism'. It studies comparatively the four fundamentals of the English and Arabic Romantic theories. It traces the origin and the development of Arabic/Iraqi Romanticism. It also traces the sources of Nazik's knowledge of world literature: Arabic, English, American, French, German, Greek, Latin and Scandinavian. Nazik's poems and those of other Arabic Romantic poets, such as Iliyya Abu Madi, Ali Mahmud Taha, and Abu 'l-Qasim 'l-Shabbi are compared. The importance of the poems that appear in The Golden Treasury to Arabic poetry in general and to Nazik's poetry in particular is highlighted. A list of English poets, such as Shakespeare, Milton, Gray, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley and Byron, whose poems and thoughts are influential on Nazik's poetry and critical works, is arranged chronologically with a short introduction to each poet, and his posit ion in Arabic/Iraqi poetry in general and in Nazik's literary works in particular. Abdul-Hai's bibliography of the Arabic versions of English poetry and Jlhan's Ra'uf's bibliography of the Arabic versions of Shelley's poetry are given, in order to indicate the earliest possible date of Arabic translation from English poetry. The second chapter is divided into two parts. These parts are preceded by a short introduction on Arabic translation of English poetry, followed by a section on Nazik's motives in translating English poetry. In the first part, Arabic versions of Gray's Elegy by Andraus, Mahmud, al-Muttalibi and Nazik are analysed comparatively to establish whether Nazik's version is original or dependent on the other earlier Arabic versions. In the final section, the influence of Gray's Elegy on Nazik's themes and imagery is traced. In the second part of this chapter, Nazik's version of Byron's address to the ocean in the fourth canto of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is fully analysed, preceded by a list of Arabic versions of Byron's poems. Nazik's version is studied independently from other Arabic versions, because most of the versions found are of different parts of Byron's poem. A section is devoted to Nazik's and Byron's relationship with the sea. In the last section, the impact of this passage on Nazik's poetry is traced and compared to that of Gray's Elegy. The third chapter traces the presence of Keats's odes in Nazik's poetry. This chapter is introduced by a definition of the term 'Ode'. The second section traces the impact of the themes and imagery of Keats's odes on Nazik' s poetry. Four sections are devoted to establishing the common contrasting themes in Keats's and Nazik's poetry. The following sections are devoted to the natural elements common to the poetry of Nazik and Keats: the birds, the wind, the river, the sun and the moon. The final sections study comparatively Nazik's and Keats's common literary devices: Personification, Synaesthesia and Compound adjectives. The second volume consists of the fourth chapter, the tables and the bibliography. This chapter studies the allusions in Nazik's poetry, and traces their sources in Keats, Shelley, Byron and Anatole France. A section is devoted to names alluded to in Nazik's poetry. The significance of The Golden Bough in Arabic is highlighted in a separate section, followed by a section on Nazik's mythological themes and symbols. Two sections are devoted to the relations of the Jinniyyah to poetry and to god. The appearance and functions of Nazik's Jinniyyah are compared to those of similar figures in Anatole France and Shelley. Nazik's Jinniyyah is seen as the synthesis of a complex mythological tradition. Many examples are given to discuss her relations to: (1) male and female mythological, religious and cultural characters, such as: Adam, Cain, Abel, Prometheus, Christ, Muhammad, Paphnutius, Midas, Plutus, Eve, Thais, Adonis, Cupid, Narcissus, Nessus, Ares, Magdalen, Thais, Venus, Diana, Rabiah al-Adawiyyah, the Sleeping Beauty, Demeter, Rapunzel and Shahrazad; (2) supernatural creatures, such as: the serpent, the demon, the spider, the sirens, the giant fish, the ghosts and the ghoul; (3) mythological things, such as: the Labyrinth, Lethe, Eldorado, Pactolus and al-Kawthar. A section is devoted to the symbol of Gold in Nazik's and in English poetry. Nine tables are supplied, setting out the common mythological names that occur in Nazik's, Keats's, Shelley's and Byron's poetry. A bibliography of primary and secondary Arabic and English sources is given. This bibliography contains the works cited throughout and other relevant secondary sources. The former are marked with an asterisk.

The objective of this dissertation is the isolation of DNA sequences that are differentially represented in males and females of the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, specifically by initiating a molecular characterization of Y chromosome sequences in this species. Cytological observations have established the presence of a diminutive Y chromosome in B. dorsalis males. To isolate DNA sequences from the Y chromosome, a special method of genomic DNA isolation known as Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) was utilized to obtain DNA sequences unique to the B. dorsalis male genome. Genomic DNA from B. dorsalis males served as the "tester" DNA and female genomic DNA as the "driver" DNA. Six distinct RDA products were obtained following two complete rounds of DNA hybridization and difference enrichment via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). One ofthese products (RDA product 1) was used to isolate a genomic DNA clone (3.1a) from a B. dorsalis male genomic DNA minilibrary. This sequence shows similarity to the reverse transcriptase of R1 retrotransposable elements. The presence of R1 elements in the Tephritid insects has heretofore been undescribed, although these elements have been previously described in the genomes of other Dipteran species. Oligonucleotide primers for PCR were designed for the 3.1a clone. These primers consistently produce different amplification patterns in PCRs ofgenomic DNA from B. dorsalis males vs. females. Amplification using male genomic DNA produces 325 bp and 2.6 kb products while only a 2.6 kb product is obtained from female DNA. The amplification products obtained with these primers are also produced in PCRs of genomic DNA from B. dorsalis embryos and third instar larvae, suggesting the ability of this method to infer sex at pre-adult stages ofthe B. dorsalis life cycle. Similar amplification products have also been obtained in other Bactrocera species. Both the 325 bp male PCR product and the 2.6 kb products have regions of sequence similarity to R1 elements. The 2.6 kb product contains a putative 1.7 kb open reading frame (ORF) encoding 583 amino acids. Three amino acid motifs found in Drosophila R1 element reverse transcriptases are present in comparable locations within the hypothetical ORF product. Both of these sequences are also repetitively represented in the B. dorsalis male and female genomes. However, the 325 bp male product produces some bands that are male specific when used as a probe for Southern blots of B. dorsalis male and female genomic DNA. The amplification pattern produced by the 3.1a primers is consistent with what would be expected if the 2.6 kb and 325 bp PCR products originated from the B. dorsalis X and Y chromosomes, respectively. Thus, the cloned male-specific sequence recovered here is potentially useful both as a gateway into the relatively uncharacterized B. dorsalis Y chromosome and as a tool for the characterization of other aspects of the B. dorsalis genome.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-190).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327, 330-338).

Doct. Th.--Cambridge (Mass.)--Harvard university, 1988.