Tato práce zkoumá orientální krajiny ve francouzském cestopise 19. století. Autorka vnímá cestopis jako svébytný literární žánr a hlásí se k topologické a tematologické kritice, motiv krajiny v literárním textu definuje v souladu se školou A. Rogera jako gesto umělého a cíleného výběru submotivů. 19. století znamenalo ve francouzské próze obrodu a uměleckou emancipaci cestopisného žánru, přičemž cesty do Orientu se historicky i kulturně staly pilířem tohoto procesu. S vývojem cestopisu v daném období jsou spjaty významné modifikace identity mluvčích, kteří v textu prezentují krajinu. První část práce analyzuje tento proces, díky němuž se extratextuální entita autora člení na historicko-biografickou identitu autora- turisty a autora-umělce, jenž s sebou nese předchozí intelektuální zkušenost a prekonstituované obrazy Orientu. Intratextuální entita vypravěče se pak rozdvojuje na cestovatele a vypravěče, přičemž první mluvčí zprostředkovává "zážitky z cest", vytváří autenticitu cestopisu, zatímco vypravěč je nadstavbovým mluvčím, jenž na základě vjemů cestovatele interpretuje krajinu, dodává jí intertextuální kontext a modifikuje časové linie cesty zapojením paměti. Studie jednotlivých cestopisných textů ve druhé části práce ukazuje, jak se v průběhu 19. století motiv orientální krajiny sémanticky i...

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The mechanisms of sustaining managed forests are not yet adequately addressed. And above all, if these species are not managed differently from the others, they risk extinction in the medium and long term. Euxylophora paraensis (Huber), because of the high index of logging, this species has suffered population reduction, being potentially susceptible to the impacts of the exploration, its large trees are listed in the Brazilian flora species list threatened with extinction. However, the spatial structure of its natural populations and the effects of management on this species are unknown. Therefore, the objective of the study was to characterize and quantify the spatial distribution of Euxylophora paraensis in order to establish conservation and preservation strategies in the Eastern Amazon. The study was carried out at the farm Rio Capim, Cauaxi, Sumal and Caculé Farm Management Units owned by CKBV Florestal Ltda., Belonging to the CIKEL Group. The company has six forest management units in the state of Pará certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) since 2001. To evaluate the spatial distribution of E. paraensis, geostatistical analysis was used from the semivariogram modeling and mapping of kriging. There was spatial dependence of E. paraensis described by the spherical model, showing an aggregate distribution pattern of the species. It is observed in the kriging maps the dispersion tendency of E. paraensis in the studied areas, from a region with a higher concentration of trees and influenced by higher altitudes to one of lower concentration with low altitudes. Euxylophora paraensis presented an aggregate distribution pattern in the studied forest possibly due to its baroque dispersion syndrome, with spatial dependence described by the spherical model and significant differences, in relation to the topographic variable, being recommended to take into account the altitude variable to predict the most the possible occurrence of the species. / Os mecanismos de sustentação das florestas manejadas, ainda não são adequadamente abordados. E sobretudo, se essas espécies não forem manejadas diferentemente das demais correm o risco de serem extintas a médio e longo prazo. E este fato vem ocorrendo com a espécie Euxylophora paraensis (Huber), pois com o alto índice de exploração madeireira, essa espécie sofreu redução populacional, sendo potencialmente suscetível aos impactos da exploração, suas árvores de grande porte constam na lista de espécies da flora brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. Entretanto, se desconhece a estrutura espacial de suas populações naturais e os efeitos do manejo sobre essa espécie. Diante disso, o objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar e quantificar a distribuição espacial de Euxylophora paraensis a fim de estabelecer estratégias de conservação e preservação na Amazônia Oriental. O estudo foi realizado nas Unidades de Manejo Florestal Fazenda Rio Capim, Cauaxi, Sumal e Caculé de propriedade da Empresa CKBV Florestal Ltda., pertencente ao Grupo CIKEL. A empresa possui seis unidades de manejo florestal no estado do Pará certificados pelo Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) desde 2001. Para avaliar a distribuição espacial de E. paraensis, utilizou-se a análise geoestatística a partir da modelagem de semivariograma e confecção de mapas de krigagem. Houve dependência espacial de E. paraensis descrita pelo modelo esférico, demostrando um padrão de distribuição agregado da espécie. Observa-se nos mapas de krigagem a tendência de dispersão de E. paraensis nas áreas estudadas, de uma região de maior concentração de árvores e influenciada por altitudes mais elevadas para outra de menor concentração com altitudes baixas. Euxylophora paraensis apresentou padrão de distribuição agregada na floresta estudada possivelmente devido à sua síndrome de dispersão barocórica, com dependência espacial descrita pelo modelo esférico e diferenças significativas, em relação a variável topográfica, sendo recomendado levar em consideração a variável altitude para se predizer os ambientes mais adequados de possível ocorrência da espécie.

This thesis studies the representation of the Ottoman Orient in Eighteenth Century English Literature. The thesis argues that a comprehensive understanding of the representation of the Ottoman Orient in 18th century English literature requires a new perspective / thus investigates different aspects of the interaction between the Ottoman Orient and 18th century Europe. Said&#039 / s Orientalism discusses how European writers created a separate discourse to represent the Orient. The present thesis does not completely reject Said&#039 / s arguement / rather it argues that there was also a negotiating tendency which did not make radical distinction between the East and the West. Relying on 18th century pseudo-oriental letters, oriental tales and oriental travelogues the study tries to indicate that representation of the Ottoman Orient in 18th century English literature was different from the earlier centuries because developig critical and liberal spirit established a negotiation between the two worlds. The negotiation of the two worlds has been studied as a significant theme of the pseudo-oriental letters, oriental tales and oriental travelogues. The present study tried to indicate how the critical and inquisitive spirit of the age of Enlightenment interanimated Oreiental and European cultures.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-01T21:31:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wenderson dos Santos Cid.pdf: 3292287 bytes, checksum: b491e92d7303a2a81e0f67b3b1ba2e36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-02T17:48:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wenderson dos Santos Cid.pdf: 3292287 bytes, checksum: b491e92d7303a2a81e0f67b3b1ba2e36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-02T18:13:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wenderson dos Santos Cid.pdf: 3292287 bytes, checksum: b491e92d7303a2a81e0f67b3b1ba2e36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-02T18:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wenderson dos Santos Cid.pdf: 3292287 bytes, checksum: b491e92d7303a2a81e0f67b3b1ba2e36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The Anthropogenic Dark Earth (TPA) is presented in the form of small spots randomly distributed, especially in central and eastern Amazon. Denominations, as well as its unique characteristics, are due to human action of indigenous civilizations that lived in these archaeological sites. The large amount of stable organic matter present in these archaeological sites comes from the indigenous dumps where remains of animals, vegetables, fecal waste, human bodies, ceramic fragments, lithic artifacts and pyrogenic carbon were deposited. Among the microorganisms present in this soil, yeasts play a key role in the industry and the environment. This group is correlated with fermentation processes of various types of sugars, production of vitamins, enzymes, extracellular factors micocinogênicos. The objective of this study is to evaluate the diversity of microorganisms in TPA using electrophoresis on denaturing gradient gel (PCR-DGGE), relating the results with the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. In addition, tolerance test at high temperatures, glucose and ethanol production enzymes and mycotoxins were conducted to select strains with possible biotechnological potential. We obtained 88 (eighty eight) isolated yeast. Of these, none bore the temperature was 50 ° C or tolerant to 50% glucose medium, and five (5) isolates (5.7%) 30% ethanol tolerated in the middle. Of the 88 isolates, thirteen (13) isolates (14.8%) had great activity for the production of amylase activity, 25 (twenty five) isolates (22%) were strongly positive for production caseinase and thirteen (13) isolates (14.8%) had great activity for the production of gelatinase. Still, 66 (sixty-six) isolates (75%) were positive for production of the enzyme cellobiase and (55.7%) were positive for esterase enzyme. To evaluate the mycocinogenic activity, 88 isolates were tested against strains of Candida krusei and Candida albicans. No isolate showed activity against C. krusei and 22 (twenty two) isolates (25%) showed activity against C. albicans. A 16S rRNA region (V6-V8 region) was sequenced for identification of prokaryotic and 18S rRNA region and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for identifying eukaryotes. The PCR-DGGE profiles of 18S rRNA region and ITS identified genera of yeast and filamentous fungi. The genera found for bacteria were Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, Leuconostoc and actinomycetes, as Streptomyces and Mycobacterium. In fungal community, we observed the presence of Zygosaccharomyces, Lachancea, Saccharomyces, Cladosporium, Candida, Penicillium and Zygomycetes ascomycetes and uncultured. The pH value of the soil was 6.2. The soil had high levels of minerals, sodium except for (not detected) and aluminum (~ 0.1 cmol / dm3). The organic matter was found at a concentration of 3.84 dag / kg. Some groups of microorganisms had not been previously associated with soil TPA. Microbial diversity observed associated with chemical results demonstrate that high fertility of the soil, suggest that the same can be a source of microorganisms of interest. / A Terra Preta Antropogênica (TPA) apresenta-se na forma de pequenas manchas distribuídas aleatoriamente, sobretudo na Amazônia Central e Oriental. Sua denominação, bem como suas características únicas são decorrentes de ação antrópica de civilizações indígenas que viveram nestes sítios arqueológicos. A grande quantidade de matéria orgânica estável presente nestes sítios arqueológicos é oriunda das lixeiras indígenas onde restos de animais, vegetais, dejetos fecais, corpos humanos, fragmentos cerâmicos, artefatos líticos e carvão pirogênico foram depositados. Dentre os microrganismos presentes neste solo, as leveduras desempenham papel fundamental na indústria bem como no ambiente. Este grupo está correlacionado a processos fermentativos de diversos tipos de açúcares, produção de vitaminas, enzimas, e fatores extracelulares micocinogênicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a diversidade de microrganismos presentes na TPA através de eletroforese em gel de gradiente desnaturante (PCR-DGGE), relacionando os resultados com as características físico-químicas do solo. Além disso, testes de tolerância a altas temperaturas, glicose e etanol, produção de enzimas e de micotoxinas foram realizados buscando selecionar isolados com possível potencial biotecnológico. Foram obtidos 88 (oitenta e oito) isolados leveduriformes. Destes, nenhum suportou a temperatura de 50ºC ou foi tolerante a 50% de glicose no meio, e 5 (cinco) isolados (5,7%) toleraram 30% de etanol no meio.Dos 88 isolados, 13 (treze) isolados (14,8%) apresentaram atividade amilolítica, 25 (vinte e cinco) isolados (22%) foram fortemente positivos para produção de caseinase e 13 (treze) isolados (14,8%) apresentaram atividade ótima para a produção de gelatinase. Ainda, 66 (sessenta e seis) isolados (75%) foram positivos para a produção da enzima celobiase e 49 (quarenta e nove) isolados (55,7 %)foram positivos para enzima esterase. Para avaliar a atividade micocinogênica, os 88 isolados foram testados frente a cepas de Candida krusei e Candida albicans. Nenhum isolado apresentou atividade frente a C. krusei e 22 (vinte e dois) isolados (25%) apresentaram atividade frente a C. albicans. A região 16S do rRNA (região V6-V8) foi sequenciada para a identificação de procariotos e a região 18S do rRNA e do espaçador interno transcrito (ITS) para a identificação de eucariotos. Os perfis de PCR-DGGE da região 18S do rRNA e ITS identificaram gêneros de leveduras e fungos filamentosos. Os gêneros encontrados para bactérias foram: Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, Leuconostoc e actinobactérias, como Streptomyces e Microbacterium. Na comunidade fúngica, foi observada a presença de Zygosaccharomyces, Lachancea, Saccharomyces, Cladosporium, Candida, Penicillium e ascomicetos e zigomicetos não cultiváveis. O valor de pH do solo foi de 6,2. O solo apresentou importantes níveis de minerais, com exceção de sódio (não detectado) e alumínio (~0,1 cmol/dm3). A matéria orgânica foi encontrada na concentração de 3,84 dag/kg. Alguns grupos de microrganismos ainda não haviam sido previamente associados com solo de TPA. A diversidade microbiana observada associada aos resultados químicos que demonstram fertilidade elevada deste solo indicam que o mesmo pode ser fonte de microrganismos de interesse.

Submitted by Juliana Alvim (juliana.alvim@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-06T17:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Alvim_dissertação_mestrado profissional_versão final para entrega.pdf: 1419653 bytes, checksum: 54c7e52fa71432021414980f3ebbf70b (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Rejeitada a pedido da aluna. Att.. Áurea SRA on 2016-12-12T19:27:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Juliana Alvim (juliana.alvim@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-12T20:41:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Alvim_dissertação_mestrado profissional_versão final para entrega.pdf: 1419676 bytes, checksum: 093a063ae65986babf6780364b99b701 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2016-12-16T18:23:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Alvim_dissertação_mestrado profissional_versão final para entrega.pdf: 1419676 bytes, checksum: 093a063ae65986babf6780364b99b701 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Alvim_dissertação_mestrado profissional_versão final para entrega.pdf: 1419676 bytes, checksum: 093a063ae65986babf6780364b99b701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-09 / Even after almost 27 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the memory of East Germany is still disputed. Its appropriation today happens mainly through ‘museumization’ and the marketing of symbols from the past, but individual memories are still sufficiently powerful to prevent forgetting through consumerism. In this dissertation, I seek to approach different ways of remembering East Germany through testimonies of people who, in very distinctive ways, lived the socialist regime that ended with the country’s unification with West Germany in 3 October 1990. I also intend to present a foreign outlook into Berlin’s complexities and its commitment to not forgetting its difficult past / Mesmo após quase 27 anos da queda do Muro de Berlim, a memória da Alemanha Oriental ainda é alvo de disputas. Sua apropriação se dá, hoje, principalmente por meio da musealização e da comercialização de símbolos do passado, mas o peso das memórias individuais ainda é suficientemente grande para impedir o esquecimento pela via do consumo. Neste trabalho, procuro abordar diferentes modos de lembrar a Alemanha Oriental por meio de depoimentos de pessoas que vivenciaram, de maneiras muito distintas, o regime socialista que findou definitivamente com a unificação do país com a Alemanha Ocidental, em 3 de outubro de 1990. Pretendo também apresentar um olhar estrangeiro sobre as complexidades de Berlim e seu apego ao não-esquecimento de seu difícil passado.

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The main objective of this study is to show how "the Stylistic Phenomenon" has entered Arabic literary critical life. It aims to examine "Practical Criticism" in Arabic, which adopts a "stylistic approach". In order to achieve this, however, it is essential to have examined a complete picture of this approach in Arabic literary life in all its aspects, most of which are concerned with issues, of stylistic theory rather than practical stylistics. Efforts have been devoted to establishing it as a separate recognised approach: in the theory of translation, in matters of terminology, in traditional Arabic literary criticism, etc. The "Stylistic Approach" in Arabic literary life, as examined here, also illustrates the whole situation of the real relationship of Arabic literary criticism with modern literary criticism in The West. There are various channels of connection with modern Western literary criticism, such as the translation of the most important works relating to this topic into Arabic, either as monographs or as articles in literary journals. There are also Arab writers who have been educated in The West and who are applying the stylistic approach to Arabic literature. This study shows the connection of Arab scholarship with the modern linguistic revolution in the West, from which the stylistic approach is the fruit. It is clear that the most important figures in modern linguistics, particularly those whose works are influenced by modern Western linguistics or have been affected by modern Western literary criticism, are well-known, and the Arab reader is familiar with Althusser, Bakhtin, Bally, Barthes, Brooks, Chatman, Chomsky, Cohen, Derrida, Foucault, Genette, Jakobson, Levi-Strauss, Saussure and many others.

This thesis consists of a critical edition of the Kit=ab al-istikhr=aj li-ad hk=am al-khar=aj, which is basically a review of the system by which land is taxed in an Islamic society. It covers the legal intricacies concerning this issue, ranging through the period of the early days of Islam to the eighth century Hijrah. The analysis is predominantly based on three manuscripts, obtained from the Uppsala, Paris and Cairo libraries. It is divided into two parts, the former containing the introduction and the latter the text. The introduction again is sub-divided into three chapters: the first giving a general outline of the work and the text, the second dealing with the author, and finally the third being a brief discussion of the khar=aj system. A bibliography of the introduction is included. Also included is a list of the verses of the Qur'=an and narrations from had{=i}th quoted, as well as a list of the books referred to, in the text.

To our best knowledge this is the first attempt to investigate translation of the stylistic features involved in an interesting masterpiece of American literature, The Old Man and the Sea, written by Ernest Hemingway. This story has been translated into Arabic twice, first by Munir Ba'labaki and second by Dr Ziad Zakariyya. This thesis attempts to explore problems of literary translation from English into Arabic. It seeks to investigate some aspects of culture and style in The Old Man and the Sea and the two Arabic translations. The aim is to assess how much of the style and culture of the original has been preserved. It is also concerned with the problem of equivalence and translation units, since equivalence is considered the tool for detailed comparison. Chapter One deals with various approaches to evaluation of translation. This is done by reviewing a number of notions which have dominated the field of translation for a long time. One school believes that the act of translation is an art and that evaluation is limited to the aesthetic values of a literary work and depends largely on the critic's subjective decisions. Its objective is to provide a list of rules for the translator to follow in order to arrive at a translation of optimal value. The other school approaches translation as a linguistic operation and considers that a translation should be judged objectively, according to a linguistic analysis based on equivalence of the ST and the TT. Proponents of this view have developed models for evaluating. These models are addressed. Chapter Two is concerned with a review of certain concepts which are fundamental to literary translation. It attempts to highlight the theoretical approaches to the notion of 'equivalence', such as formal vs. dynamic and semantic vs. communicative equivalence, and different approaches to the question of translation units.