Autonomous braking systems are becoming more common in modern cars. Autonomous EmergencyBraking (AEB) can help a driver avoid collision by automatically applying the brakes and stop thevehicle before an accident occurs. This can help save lives and reduce the risk of injuries in traffic.Previous work shows that AEB only works well on asphalt. On more slippery surfaces like snow theAEB has a hard time preventing a collision. This report will process the possibility to make an AEB thatwill reduce the risk of collision and injuries by adapting the braking distance for different surfaces. Aroad condition sensor was used to determine the different surfaces and the estimate of the tire toroad friction. This is an optical sensor that is used to categorize surfaces such as dry/wet asphalt,snow, and ice. In order to achieve good repeatability an SR60 Orbit steering robot combined with aCBAR 500 pedal robot was used. For comparison to the car’s AEB a GVT (Global Vehicle Target) wasused as a target.The results from the test show that a surface adapted AEB can make a difference. The adapted AEBstarted braking earlier than the car’s AEB and prevented collisions on snow, whilst the regular AEB had collisions with the GVT on snow.

Background: By establishing the business model of a firm or a venture, it is possible to understand the rationale of the way the value is created, delivered to the customers, and how this value is consumed. Here it relies on the importance of clearly defining the different business models for all the partners involved, including the use of metrics to measure how they intend to create and deliver value to the various customers. An unexplored area in the business model/metrics relationship is how to measure business models related to a technology shift. An example of a technology shift is the current transformation of the transportation sector. The electrification of the transport sector is going fast, and battery-electric and fuel-cell electric vehicles are being brought to the market.  Objectives: The value that we intend to deliver by the end of this thesis for the managerial literature is to establish clear metrics for a business model related to a specific technology shift, the Electric Road System (ERS).  Methodology: We have used an abductive approach for this thesis. It is expected that this approach would draw a plausible relationship between the available metrics and the business models and also helps to create metrics for any business model dealing with a technology shift.  Results: In this thesis, we have achieved the identification of stakeholders for the ERS, designed four business models related to the most important stakeholders, and selected/created twenty-nine metrics for the ERS that were validated with specialists in business models, metrics for business models, and ERS. By delivering all these results, we have established a first step towards establishing metrics that can be used in business models related to a technology shift.

En rekryteringsprocess kan vara ett krävande arbete för den rekryterande chefen därde sökande kan behöva jämföras med avseende på flera aspekter. Att göra detta holistisktkan vara svårt och viktiga detaljer kan missas. Att använda sig av ett teoretisktramverk kan därför underlätta detta arbete. Kvittningsmetoden är en beslutsanalytiskmetod som kan vara effektiv vid jämförelser av alternativ med många aspekter.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om kvittningsmetoden kan vara ett verktyg förrekryterande chefer i en rekryteringssituation. För att undersöka detta intervjuadessex chefer med personalansvar. Efter en inledande pilotintervju gjordes vissa ändringari upplägget och ytterligare en pilotintervju genomfördes. Inför den första intervjunfick respondenterna ta del av ett fiktivt case med en lista på tio kandidater avvilka fem skulle väljas ut för att gå vidare till intervju. Varje kandidat beskrevs utifrånett antal aspekter vars relevans togs upp i situationsbeskrivningen. Några dagarefter detta intervjuades cheferna gällande sina val varpå en text som beskriver kvittningsmetoden,samt en konsekvensmatris med rankingtabell skickades över till respondenternaför att de skulle kunna förbereda sig inför intervjuomgång två. Därefterbokades en ny intervju in där de skulle tillämpa kvittningsmetoden på samma fiktivasituation. Resultatet visade att samtliga chefer bytte ut en till tre kandidater ijämförelsen mellan valen vid tillämpningen av de egna angreppssätten och vid tilllämpningenav kvittningsmetoden. Cheferna uttryckte intresse för att använda sig avmetoden som ett verktyg vid framtida rekryteringar då den möjliggjorde en godöverblick av kandidaterna och med detta bidrog till att minimera risken för att detaljermissas. Cheferna upplevde samtidigt att metoden inledningsvis var svår att användaoch några menade på att de hade svårigheter med värderingen vid kvittningarna.Studien indikerar att kvittningsmetoden skulle kunna vara ett användbart verktygi en rekryteringsprocess förutsatt tillräckligt med övning och att den tillämpas pårätt sätt i rätt skede av processen. / A recruitment process can be demanding work for the hiring manager where the applicantsmay have to be compared with regard to several aspects. Doing this holisticallycan be difficult and important details can be missed. Using a theoretical frameworkcan therefore facilitate this work. The even-swap method is a decision analyticmethod that can be effective when comparing alternatives with many aspects. Thepurpose of the study is to investigate whether the even-swap method can be a toolfor recruiting managers in a recruitment situation. To investigate this, six managerswith personnel responsibility were interviewed. After an initial pilot interview,some changes were made to the interview planning and another pilot interview wasconducted. Before the first interview, the respondents had to take part in a fictitiouscase with a list of ten candidates, five of whom would be selected to proceed to interview.Each candidate was described based on a number of aspects whose relevancewas mentioned up in the situation description. A few days after this, the managerswere interviewed regarding their choices, whereupon a text describing theeven-swap method, as well as a consequence matrix with a ranking table, was sentover to the respondents so that they could prepare for interview round two. A newinterview was then scheduled where they would apply the even-swap method to thesame fictitious situation. The result showed that all managers changed one to threecandidates in the comparison between the choices when applying their own methodsof approach and when applying the even-swap method. The managers expressed aninterest in using the method as a tool in future recruitments as it enabled a goodoverview of the candidates and thereby contributed to minimizing the risk of detailsbeing missed. At the same time, the managers felt that the method was initially difficultto use, and some indicated that they had difficulties with the valuation regardingthe swaps. The study indicates that the even-swap method could be a useful tool in arecruitment process provided there is enough practice and that it is applied in theright way at the right stage of the process.

Vid ledning av samverkan mellan kommuner är det centralt att vara överens om målsättningarna för samarbetet och att ha en gemensam förståelse för hur målen skall uppnås. Detta är av vikt inte minst för att man skall kunna fatta rationella gemensamma beslut. Kommundirektörer från sex samverkande kommuner har deltagit i studien som undersöker hur två metoder, hämtade från värdefokuserat tänkande och från förändringsteori, kan användas för att ta fram olika samarbetsparters individuella målsättningar för samverkan, sammanfoga dessa till en gemensam målstruktur och sedan använda den gemensamma målstrukturen för att skapa förändringsteorier som beskriver hur samverkansmål kan antas uppnås. Ett syfte med studien är att genomföra processen och producera detta material, till nytta för kommundirektörerna och kommunernas samverkan framåt. Det vetenskapliga syftet är att se om metoderna under dessa förutsättningar är användbara tillsammans, framför allt genom att analysera själva arbetsprocessen och de producerade resultaten i form av förändringsteorier. Studien är en fallstudie som genomförts genom aktionsforskning, där kommundirektörernas naturliga roller och mötesformer utgör arenan där den gemensamma verksamheten och den akademiska studien utvecklas tillsammans. I studien beskrivs hur sex individuella målstrukturer förenas i en gemensam målstruktur för samverkan. Två förändringsteorier skapas sedan gällande avgränsade delar av den gemensamma målstrukturen. Analysen av genomförandet och det framtagna materialet tyder på att det finns potential i att kombinera de två metoderna som har använts. I värdefokuserat tänkande läggs stort fokus på att formulera och strukturera mål, i förändringsteori läggs fokus på att identifiera gruppers gemensamma uppfattningar och antaganden gällande vilka mekanismer och processer som behöver ske för att förändring skall uppstå och mål skall förverkligas. Även om detta endast är en enskild och begränsad studie, så är det tydligt att värdefokuserat tänkande och förändringsteori har element som kompletterar och stärker varandra. / When managing cooperation between municipalities, it is crucial to agree on the objectives of the cooperation and to have a common understanding of how the goals are to be achieved. This is important not least in order to be able to take rational joint decisions. Municipal executive directors from six collaborating municipalities have participated in the study, which examines how two methods, taken from value-focused thinking and from theory of change, can be used to develop different partners' individual goals for collaboration, merge these into a common goal structure and then use the common goal structure to create theories of change that describe how collaborative goals can be assumed to be achieved. One purpose of the study is to carry out the process and produce this material, for the benefit of the municipal executive directors and the municipalities' collaboration going forward. The scientific purpose is to see if the methods under these conditions are usable together, above all by analyzing the work process itself and the results produced in form of theories of change. The study is a case study conducted through action research, where the municipal executive directors' natural roles and forms of meeting are the arena where the joint activities and the academic study are developed together. The study describes how six individual goal structures are united in a common goal structure for collaboration. Two theories of change are then created regarding certain parts of the common goal structure. The analysis of the implementation and the material produced suggests that there is potential in combining the two methods that have been used. In value-focused thinking there is a big focus on formulating and structuring goals, in theory of change a focus is on identifying groups' common perceptions and assumptions regarding the mechanisms and processes that need to take place for change to occur and goals to be realized. Even though this is a single and limited study, it is still clear that value-focused thinking and theory of change have elements that complement and strengthen each other.

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Today, automobiles are becoming more and more technologically complex, with more and more built-in driver information systems. This increases the amount and range of information the driver needs to be aware of while driving. For a safe traffic environment, drivers must have their eyes on the road and hands on the wheel rather than on in-vehicle displays and controls. However, many of these in-vehicle systems are safety systems designed to prevent accidents why there is a constant trade-off between monitoring interior systems and exterior road view for possible upcoming hazards. Therefore, in-vehicle information displays must be designed to be conspicuous enough to be noticed and discrete enough not to distract the driver. In this thesis a user-centred approach is used with the aim to optimize driver information presentation by testing display design guidelines, evaluation methods, and display configurations in order to increase the drivers' performance regarding noticing, reading, and understanding in-vehicle information displays while driving safely. In Paper I a literature review of design guidelines regarding optimal presentation in in-vehicle information displays was undertaken. The reviewed guidelines appeared to be coherent and valid for today's automobiles and can, hence, lay the foundation for the design of an optimized display. In Paper II an experimental driving simulator study where 19 participants evaluated two display configuration designs regarding their effect on distraction, noticeability, driver stress, and driving performance during driving while an easy secondary detection task was conducted. The reviewed guidelines from Paper I ensured that results were only effected by the differences between the display configurations. One of the compared display configurations resemble a layout found in automobiles of today, and the other a layout, which according to the literature would improve noticeability, but perhaps be somewhat more distracting. The results showed that the latter display configuration improved driving performance without causing any unnecessary distraction. Papers I and II were mainly focusing on performance based usability, but since image and impression are also part of usability, the aim of Paper III was to study eyetracking based methods' appropriateness for evaluating vehicle information clusters, and to connect perceptions of vehicle information clusters with quantifiable measures. Twenty-three subjects participated in the study where a triangulation of eye-tracking, semantic environmental description, and interviews was made. The results indicated that gaze behaviour data adds no additional value compared to if the other assessment methods were used on their own. All together, this thesis brings up important aspects that have implications for the design of in-vehicle information and systems, and gives guidance on how to optimize instrument panels to achieve a safer traffic environment. / OPTIVe - Optimised system integration for safe interaction in vehicles

The industry trends related to Product-Service Systems (PSS)—namely, the integration of products and service aspects in early development to develop and sell a function—provide one way for companies to manage competition. A key component in providing total solutions and remaining competitive is to bring new technologies and products to the market as quickly as possible. One approach to achieve this is to make the best out of all facets of available knowledge, such as by taking advantage of experiences from previous projects to assist in existing development work.Experience is commonly categorized as tacit knowledge, which is understood without being openly expressed; as such, experience is not simply identified, captured, or formalized. Incorporating experience into the organizational knowledge base involves different approaches and methods than managing information. However, such instruments do not readily exist to aid in the transition of knowledge between projects. Despite this, experts recognise that many early decisions in product development rely on experience.Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how experience-based knowledge is communicated within and between projects in a cross-functional organization in order to provide support for project teams when sharing experiences as well as sustain a broader knowledge base in start-up projects. In this way, the time to market can be decreased.Empirical data were collected primarily in a manufacturing company working with transport systems and active in a business-to-business environment. The industrial data provide a description of the current situation, thereby enabling challenges to be highlighted. In addition, engineering students were part of an experiment in which individuals’ orientation was investigated to gain insights into how it affects knowledge sharing.The results indicate the importance of supporting the approaches for reflection in routine activities and communicating experiences both inside and outside the project, such as addressing different kinds of physical meetings and activities which enhance the possibility to introduce a more dynamic way of knowledge sharing. Furthermore, the personal motivation for what knowledge is shared and how it is shared is discussed. Here, the result indicates that goal-orientation/problem-solving and insight-orientation/problem-setting may provide guidance on the knowledge transfer between different projects. / Fuel Efficient Transmission Technology Concepts: Design Methodology

Many manufacturing industries are undergoing a transition from manufacturing of products towards integrating more services into the traditional product concepts and provide product-service systems (PSS). Development of PSS changes the focus from the product to the functionality of the product; hence it can be referred to as functional product development. PSS also puts focus on the value of the knowledge-intensive solution. This change in focus challenges the way companies innovate. When developing PSS, the solutions are not limited to the product parameters; hence PSS broadens the solution space for innovations. Innovation capability can broadly be defined as the ability to routinely achieve innovative outcomes, which is crucial for industrial companies in order to grow and be competitive on the market over time. Therefore, there is an apparent need to increase the innovation capability in order to find strengths and weaknesses, especially in the change towards PSS. However there are many factors that affect a company’s capability to create innovative products and services. The research question that has guided the work presented in the thesis is: How can the innovation capability for product-service systems be increased in a systematic way? The research study has mainly been conducted at Volvo Aero, a company in the aerospace industry, which is characterized by high technical complexity, high development cost and long product lifecycles. The industrial position has allowed close studies in the organization; hence the research approach has been participatory action research. Mainly qualitative methods have been used for data collection, such as observations and interviews. Measuring the innovation capability is one way to find ways to systematically increase the innovation capability of a company or organization. Results from this research points to areas of importance when measuring a company’s innovation capability. These regards what kinds of projects the company selects, how the customer is involved with the development of innovations, how the different functions within the company interact, what kind of climate there is within the development projects, what methodology is used in the innovation process and how the innovative work is rewarded. The results also indicate that developing product-service systems involve close internal collaboration between individuals with different skills and competences and may also require external skills and competencies that may not reside within the product focused organization. Therefore, to increase the innovation capability of product service systems companies need to reassess how they collaborate both internally and externally, throughout the value-chain and throughout the product lifecycle. Finally, this thesis presents a model of networked competence innovation that combines the designerly approach with strategic, tactic and operational dimensions. The model builds on techniques to visualize strategic planning, facilitate shared understanding in focused workshops, and visualize innovations using prototyping in networked projects.

The ability to introduce new products and services, i.e. innovations, is regarded as a critical source of competitive advantage, and just as important as before. At the same time, development lead times have been reduced in order to allow a faster time to market. Companies’ strive for innovation, while at the same time reducing product development lead times, will in turn influence how designers and design teams work. Therefore, major challenge, especially for mature companies in established markets, is to have effective ways for the team to continuously accomplish innovations. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how teams work in R&D projects, and particularly how they conduct innovative tasks. The research outlined in this thesis has therefore been guided by two research questions: How do design teams overcome a lack of knowledge when working with new ideas? And, how is knowledge acquired and shared in innovation activities? This research is based on an action research approach. Data is mainly from Sandvik Coromant, a global company that manufactures tools and systems for the metal cutting industry. The company is part of a large engineering group (Sandvik Group) that also manufactures equipment for mining and construction as well as advanced materials. Empirical data was collected mainly through interviews and a survey. To understand the background of innovations, an initial descriptive study, including recipients from award-winning innovative projects from the engineering group, was conducted. The study was later expanded to include more projects and study what type of knowledge was lacking, as well as how the resulting uncertainty was mitigated. Additional studies concerns how engineers use engineering knowledge models for innovation, and organizational factors that can either support or inhibit the sharing of knowledge. Since, innovation is a collaborative effort that takes place in organizations; knowledge is of little use to innovation if it is not shared with others. Findings highlight that neither trust, i.e. handling conflicts and opposing views openly, nor the existence of power and territorial struggles or lack of time significantly affect knowledge sharing. However, important knowledge sharing predecessors are affected by lack of time and how long employees have been employed. Further, new ideas are surrounded by uncertainty, because knowledge concerning if the idea will actually make a difference or not is lacking. To overcome this uncertainty (perceived lack of knowledge) several areas were explored simultaneously, i.e. market, needs and requirements as well as possible solutions. This non-consecutive process is not easy to map into a sequential process model. Hence, a circular model, providing a mean to explain and map these activities, has been proposed.

The increasing need for mobility in society alongside an intensifying concern for sustainability challenges today’s aviation industry. For companies, a Product-Service Systems (PSS) perspective puts emphasis on proving value to customers by offering a combination of hardware and services over an extended life cycle. While opening up the room for innovation, development from an extended life cycle perspective can seem daunting for companies currently focusing on development and sale of physical goods.This thesis highlights aspects of innovation and working practices of methodand product development, from a PSS standpoint, where the main focus today is development of physical goods being sold as hardware to aircraft engine manufacturers. Further, the thesis addresses the need for engineering design tool support for PSS innovation, proposing a modular approach for representation of product and service elements. The goal has been to better understand how product developers can focus on the life-cycle perspective taking into account services in early product development phases.Seen from traditional perspective the introduction of new sets of requirements comes in conflict with traditional requirements and governing practices. However, if seen from a PSS perspective managing these new sets of requirements opens up the firm’s ability to innovate in order to provide added value to customers. By integration of the product and service design process and collaboration with heterogeneous knowledge sources the company is likely to able to create value for customers in different ways than before.