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I och med den växande automatiseringen inom industrin används mer AGV:er (Automated Guided Vehicle) som är förarlösa truckar som exempelvis ett hjälpmedel i materialförflyttningen i industrin. Trots att AGV:er är automatiserade, finns ett tillhörande handmanöverdon till körning i manuellt läge. Dagens handmanöverdon beskrivs dock som ”oergonomiskt och svårförstått” av användarna. Därför är det viktigt att utveckla produkten för att förbättra användarnas upplevelse. Uppdraget har bedrivits i samarbete med EA Mobile Robotics som utvecklar, tillverkar och levererar AGV:er och automatiseringslösningar. Under utvecklingsarbetet utfördes förstudie, konceptgenerering, utvärdering och detaljkonstruktion. I förstudien samlades kunskap och data in från relevant litteratur och metoder som bland annat intervjuer och observationer, som genomfördes för att kartlägga användarens behov. Förstudien resulterade i tre personas och en kravspecifikation som visade på viktiga aspekter för arbetet, däribland säkerhet, funktionalitet, användbarhet och fysisk ergonomi. Konceptutvecklingen bestod av brainstorming och morfologisk analys och resulterade i fyra koncept. Dessa testades i användartester för att tillsammans med en konceptviktingsmatris vara grund till konceptval. Två koncept vidareutvecklades innan slutligt koncept valdes. Detta resulterade i ett nytt koncept för ett handmanöverdon med som var mer ergonomiskt, både fysiskt och kognitivt. Konceptet uppfyllde de uppsatta kraven till stor del och var mer användarcentrerat än i dagsläget. Manöverdonet hade de funktioner som önskades samt en ergonomisk form. Det kommer även att bidra med att göra användningen mer användarcentrerad. / With the growing automation in industry, more AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) are used, which are driverless trucks as, for example, an aid in material handling in industry. Although AGVs are automated, there is an associated hand control device for driving in manual mode. However, today's hand control device is described as "unergonomic and difficult to understand" by the users. Therefore, it is important to develop the product to improve the user experience. The project has been carried out in collaboration with EA Mobile Robotics, which develops, manufactures and delivers AGVs and automation solutions. During the development work, preliminary studies, concept generation, evaluation and detailed design were carried out. In the preliminary study, knowledge and data were collected from relevant literature and methods such as interviews and observations, which were carried out to map the user's needs. The personas and requirements specification showed important aspects for the work, such as, safety, functionality, usability and physical ergonomics. Concept development consisted of brainstorming and morphological analysis and resulted in four concepts. These were tested in user tests in order, together with a concept weighting matrix, to be the basis for concept selection. Two concepts were further developed before the final concept was chosen. This resulted in a new concept for a hand control device that was more ergonomic, both physically and cognitively. The concept fulfilled the set requirements to a large extent and was more usercentered than at present. The control device had the desired functions and an ergonomic shape. It will also help to make the use more user centered.

Background: 3D printing has in recent years gained increasing interest in the construction industry. Various examples of 3D printed buildings appear in the world today, including Sweden, showing less adoption of the technology despite the technical, environmental, and social benefits it offers. Research shows an absence of innovation adaptation impact on traditional construction companies which can make construction companies hesitant to implement 3D printing without knowing how it could affect the business.  Aim: The purpose of this research is therefore to understand how the introduction of 3D printing could affect the business model of traditional construction companies and to see how 3D printing could be used to achieve a more circular economy. Method: The Business Model Canvas (BMC) framework was applied to answer the research questions. This was done through a qualitative method and a cross-sectional study. Four different construction companies and one 3D printing company participated in the study. For the research, semi-structured interviews were used, which were analysed through a thematic analysis. Based on the pre-determined themes of the business model canvas, 32 sub-themes were generated.  Results: This research present a possible business model canvas aimed for Swedish construction companies using on site 3D printing technique. Some of the key findings regarding a company’s internal structure were areas directly related to the usage of an onsite 3D printer. Key findings with regard to the customer were alternative ways to view customer segment in relation to value proposition, additional channels through "Interactive online platform" and "Physical Showcasing". Furthermore, 3D printing on site brings several new direct improvements (less waste, faster construction) as well as further opportunities mainly in the design phase and material choice, toward a more circular economy.

<p>Dielectric breakdown in gases is an important criterion for device reliability when designing various electronic devices such as sensors, medical plasma jets and fusion applications. As devices become smaller and more compact, microscale gap distances need to be considered and Paschen’s law, which dictates typical breakdown behavior when electron avalanche dominates, fails. The stronger electric fields for microscale gaps induce field emission, which generates additional electrons that further enhance the electric field at the cathode and the resulting secondary emission to reduce breakdown voltages below those predicted by Paschen’s law. Field emission is governed by the Fowler-Nordheim equation, which mathematically describes the quantum tunneling that occurs. Many studies have examined breakdown voltage in the Paschen’s and field emission regimes but recent theories have unified the two regimes for DC gas breakdown at microscale gaps [A. L. Garner, A. M. Loveless, J. N. Dahal, and A. Venkattraman (2020)]. However, although microwave and RF fields are used in many microelectronics systems and microplasmas, they have been less studied. This thesis derives a breakdown condition that unifies avalanche and field emission for RF fields. The derivation includes analysis of potential secondary emission representations for AC fields. The breakdown condition is then benchmarked to simulations that accounts for both avalanche and field emission for user-defined AC fields.</p> <p>We use a modified version of XPDP1, which is a one-dimensional in space and three-dimensional in velocity (1D/3v) particle-in-cell (PIC) code that incorporates field emission. The resulting breakdown depends on several parameters, most notably gap size d, pressure p and frequency f. We determine breakdown voltages in terms of d and pd scalings for 1-10 𝜇m gap distances, 10-1000 GHz frequencies, and 180-760 Torr pressures. Additional scalings that were studied include the work function, field enhancement factor, secondary emission, and ionization coefficients. PIC demonstrated that the breakdown voltage varied linearly with gap distance up to ~4 𝜇m from DC to 10 GHz for a secondary electron emission coefficient 𝛾𝑆𝐸=0.05. For DC fields, the breakdown voltage decreases with increasing gap distance; the breakdown voltage increases with increasing frequency, approaching linearly with increasing gap distance.</p>

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With the spread of COVID-19, occupancy estimation wason the rise to regulatepeople’smovement in public areasto further decrease the spreadof the diseaseand prepare for future pandemics.Much theory existson the problem of sensor placement, but this theory is mainly treated as a mathematical problem and often not applicable to real-life situationsdue to important real-life factors not being considered. Placing sensors is adifficult task,and it is hard knowingwhere to beginplacing themand what type of sensors to use. The purpose of thisthesis was to help with the problem onplacing sensors by investigatingmethods in a simulated environmentto create guidelines for placing sensors in public areasand evaluatethese placements through a formula.The results are compared to previous researchto prove that it is important to cover different types of hotspots within a building,and where these hotspots canbe foundin general buildings.To truly achieve good sensor placement involves several different things but what is most importantis to be able to track the movement of people, with the number of sensors being as low as possiblewhile still having good coverage.The formula proved to have both benefits and drawbacks, such asthe drawback ofnot consideringwhat kind of sensor is being evaluated. The results should be validatedin a more truthful simulation orin real-lifeto be able to be fully dependent on.

Strängsökning användas i stor utsträckning i bioinformatik, IT-säkerhet (nätverksintrångdetektion) och för sökning av en söksträng i en text mm, därför utvecklades senaste åren stort antal söksträng algoritmer. Denna uppsats handlar om praktisk implementering av följande stängsökningsalgoritmer: Brute-force, Boyer-Moore och Knuth-Morris-Pratt algoritmer med syftet att jämföra hur algoritmens effektivitet påverkas av typ av data och storlek på söksträng. Mått på algoritmernas effektivitet är antal jämförelser som algoritmerna utför. Det är tre typer av text som används för tester: slumpmässigt genererad text som innehåller ettor och nollor som tecken, text som representerar DNA sekvens som består av ett alfabet med fyra bokstäver och en text som innehåller tecken från engelska alfabetet. Resultatet visar hur algoritmernas effektivitet ändras med olika typ av data och förklarar vad i algoritmernas operationssätt som ligger bakom de uppmätta resultaten. / String search is widely used in bioinformatics, IT security (network intrusion detection) and for search of a string in a text etc. This project deals with the practical implementationof the following string-search algorithms: Brute-force, Boyer-Moore and Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithms with the aim of comparing how the algorithm’s efficiency is depending on the typ of the dataset and the search string size. A measure of the algorithm’s efficiency is the number of comparisons performed by the algorithm. There are three types of text used for tests: random text (0 and 1 as characters), text that represents a DNA sequence that consists of an alphabet of four letters and a text that contains characters from the English alphabet. This project makes an evaluation of the algorithm’s result depending on the type of data where the search is performed and depending on the size of search strings.

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