Avsikten med Skolinspektionens regelbundna kvalitetsgranskningar är att granska kvaliteten i skolor och bidra till skolutveckling genom att identifiera viktiga utvecklingsområden. Sedan hösten 2018 granskas och bedöms skolor inom fyra bedömningsområden: undervisning, rektors ledarskap, bedömning, trygghet och studiero. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera Skolinspektionens regelbundna kvalitetsgranskningar ur ett beslutsteoretiskt perspektiv med fokus på bedömning av kvalitet som ett sammanvägningsproblem. Ett särskilt intresse riktas mot det som kan vara problematiskt vid bedömningar av sammansatta begrepp och verktyget som används för detta är aggregationsträd. Bedömningsområdet rektors ledarskap används som ett löpande exempel för att diskutera sammanvägning av delbedömningar på fyra olika nivåer. I analysen granskas sammanvägningsproblemets struktur och hur principerna för bedömning av kvalitet ser ut i Skolinspektionens kvalitetsgranskning. Strukturen visualiseras med ett aggregationsträd bestående av fyra nivåer. Arbetet kommer fram till att mycket tyder på att aggregeringen, så som den beskrivs i Skolinspektionens instruktioner, delvis har olika karaktär på olika nivåer, men att instruktionerna inte medger en lika detaljerad analys av aggregeringen på alla nivåer. Av den anledningen är det svårt att med utgångspunkt från Skolinspektionens instruktioner dra slutsatser om det är en ren villkorsbaserad eller ren värdedifferensbaserad aggregering eller möjligen en blandning av de båda som äger rum. I uppsatsen redogörs för hur helhetsbedömningen går till, otydligheter i Skolinspektionens bedömningsprinciper exemplifieras, och möjligheten att använda delbedömningarna i de olika aspekterna för att åstadkomma en mer nyanserad återkoppling till de granskade skolorna tas upp till diskussion. / The purpose of the Swedish Schools Inspectorate quality audits is to monitor the quality in schools and to contribute to professional development by highlighting important areas. Since the autumn of 2018 the quality audits cover four areas within the school system: instruction, principal leadership, assessment, security and disruptions in instructions. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the Swedish Schools Inspectorate quality audits from a decision theoretical perspective, focusing on quality assessment as an aggregation problem. An interest is directed towards what can be problematic in assessments of multi-dimensional concepts and the tool used to visualize the structure of such concepts is aggregation trees. One of the four audit areas, principal leadership is used as an ongoing example to discuss the aggregation of partial assessments to four different levels. The analysis focuses on the structure of the aggregation problem and the principles of quality assessments used by the Swedish Schools Inspectorate. Based on how the quality audits are described in the Swedish Schools Inspectorate's instructions, this work concludes that there may be a reason to assume that the aggregation is partly of a different nature at different levels, but that the instructions do not allow an equally detailed analysis of the aggregation at all levels. For this reason, it is difficult to draw conclusions based on the Swedish Schools Inspectorate's instructions, as to whether it is a so-called condition-based aggregation, or if it is a value-difference-based model of aggregation or possibly a mixture of the two that takes place. The essay describes how the overall audit and the decision-making process is carried out, ambiguities in the Swedish Schools Inspectorate's assessment principles are exemplified, and the possibility of using the partial assessments in the various aspects to achieve a more nuanced feedback to the audited schools is discussed.

The purpose of this end-thesis was to examine how the information flow associated with the defect scrapping process could be improved using theories such as information theory, Lean and industry 4.0. The thesis was written in combination and cooperation with a business which follows the Lean methodology. To fulfil this purpose a qualitative study was performed at a department at the partner company with the goal of creating an understanding of the current state and consensus of the current defect scrapping process and its information flow. Based on the data collected a qualitative analysis was performed where a number of themes appeared. The main themes were connected to the routines, feedback, lack of information, information asymmetry and knowledge. From the analysis of the current state it became clear that there were areas for improvement in the defect scrapping process and the associated information flow. Currently the defect scrapping process is very manual. Data collected from the lists once per month is manually put into the system by a technician. A process which is both complicated and time consuming, and which additionally adds the risk of human error. Likewise, the information flow is clearly lacking, first and foremost not all defects which are scrapped are documented, which naturally leads to incorrect information in the system and the subsequent information flow. Additionally, the data which is gathered is primarily accessed by a small number of people, and the information regarding previous defects does not reach the shop floor. Meaning a circular information flow is not achieved and in the current state primarily flows in one direction, which is upwards. Based on the findings in the result chapter and the analysis chapter an industry 4.0 recommendation was presented with the purpose of remedying and improving the current information logistics at the partner company, and furthermore companies which find themselves in similar situations. Thus enabling the use of industry 4.0 in combination with information logistics and Lean for improved information management in the defect scrapping process.

Den snabba tekniska utvecklingen och en ökad globalisering som har skett i världen under de senaste decennierna har bidragit till en större exponering av digitala data och därmed skapat större risker för otillbörlig behandling och användning av person-uppgifter. Skydd av personuppgifter regleras av en EU-förordning som heter Gene-ral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) som trädde i kraft 2018. En kategori av per-sonuppgifter som har fått ett starkare skydd i GDPR är känsliga personuppgifter. Syftet med denna studie är att göra en inledande analys av begreppet ’känslig per-sonuppgift’ som ett mellanbegrepp, med fokus på begreppets grunder och följder vad beträffar tillåten behandling av känsliga personuppgifter inom ramen för GDPR. Genomförandet består av analys av källmaterial som utgörs av lagtext som beskriver begreppet ’känslig personuppgift’ och undantagssituationer som tillåter hantering av denna uppgift (Artikel 9 i GDPR). Resultatet är en analys av begreppet ’känslig per-sonuppgift’ med sju grunder och två villkorliga normativa följder. Följderna innehål-ler tio undantagsvillkor för tillåten behandling av känsliga personuppgifter. Det har visat sig att både grunderna och de tio undantagen potentiellt innehåller mellanbe-grepp som inte är så tydligt formulerade i lagtexten och därför kan kräva en djupare analys. Det kan också vara fallet att det finns ett behov av att vidare analysera grun-derna och undantagen som så kallade grundöppna mellanbegrepp.

No description available.

I dagens samhälle har vi alla ett stort ansvar, inte minst företag. Företags samhällsansvar, benämnt CSR, är idag en mycket viktig del i dagens stora utmaningar med hållbarhetsarbete. Därför är det av stort intresse att veta om denna utveckling med ansvar kan ske med bidrag till företags kärnverksamhet, lönsamhet, för att på så vis ge incitament för just CSR-arbete. Detta arbete försöker besvara frågeställningen På vilka sätt har CSR visat sig ha effekt på företags lönsamhet? Arbetet har i syfte att ge en översikt i CSR:s företagsmässiga påverkan med hänsyn till lönsamhet baserat på tidigare forskning för att förtydliga de olika delarna som därmed berörs. Detta gjordes genom en kvantitativ metod där en litteraturstudie, samt ett ramverk är de huvudsakliga tillvägagångssätten för att uppnå studiens syfte och mål. Med hjälp av metoden och med hänsyn till syfte och frågeställning observerades ett antal faktorer till följd av CSR-arbete som kan påverka lönsamhet. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom konkurrensfördelar; innovation, effektivt resursutnyttjande och förbättrat företagsrykte. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom organisatoriska fördelar; organisatoriskt engagemang och motivation. Dels påverkan på lönsamhet genom värdeskapande; långsiktiga tillväxtmöjligheter, attraherande av arbetskraft och konsumenter samt värde genom image, innovation och möjligheter. Slutligen också genom direkt lönsamhetspåverkan i form av ökade vinster till följd av differentiering och möjlighet till uttag av högre premier. Viss motsättning gentemot detta resultat observerades men givet samhällets utveckling över senare år samt uppföljande studier är slutsatsen ändå klar: det är till fördel för företag att arbeta med CSR sett till lönsamhet. Dock är här att betona att lönsamheten snarare uppnås genom möjlighet till konkurrenskraft än direkt monetär utdelning. / In today's society, we all have a great responsibility, not least companies. Corporate social responsibility, called CSR, is today a very important part of the major challenges within sustainability. Therefore, it is of great interest to know whether this development with responsibility can take place within contributions to the company's core business profitability, to provide incentives for CSR. This study aims to answer the question In what way has CSR been observed to have an effect on the profitability of companies? The study aims to provide an overview of CSR's business impact with regard to profitability based on previous research to clarify the various parts that consequently are affected. This was done through a quantitative method where a literature study and a framework are the main approaches to achieve the aim and objectives. Using the method described above and taking the objectives and the question into consideration, a number of factors were observed as a result of CSR work that can affect profitability. Firstly, the impact on profitability through competitive advantages; innovation, efficient resource utilization and improved corporate reputation. Secondly, the impact on profitability through organizational benefits; organizational commitment and motivation. Thirdly, the impact on profitability through value creation; long-term growth opportunities, attracting labor and consumers and value through image enhancements, innovation and opportunities. Finally, also through direct profitability impact in the form of increased profits as a result of differentiation and the possibility of adding higher premiums. Some contradictions to this result was observed, but given the development of the society over recent years and follow-up studies, the conclusion is still clear: it is advantageous for companies to work with CSR in terms of profitability. However, it is important to emphasize that profitability is achieved through the possibility of competitiveness rather than direct monetary dividend as a result of CSR.

Water is one of the fifth element that is the most attractive to humans. We drink, we swim, we admire, we touch, we play... we can’t live without it, and yet it remains a foreign body to us. A mysterious and yet fascinating element, to which we are constantly attracted to. What would Stockholm look like if the city had not taken very pre-cautious measures to protect the body of water that surrounds it? One wonders on the shores of the magni cent Gamla Stan and admires the splendid architecture re ecting itself on the water, which makes Stockholm a very unique, visually peaceful and romantic city: The Venice of the North. Unlike Venice though, Stockholm has kept its water rather «intact», keeping aside a few exceptions. It has a tight control on what happens in, on and out of the water. As an example: waterfronts should never have lights pointing towards the water, or too close to the shore, in order to preserve the ecosys- tem as well as possible. Regulations have turned Stockholm’s water into a «Holy» body. On the other hand, Viking Lines are traveling in and out of the city like planes on a landing strip. The Royal Seaport is developing at a great speed, and the trend keeps accelerating. Furthermore, in the current context of housing shortage and unavailable lands, the municipality has proposed a plan to build an elementary school on the water, because of land shortage. What is the body of water supposed to be? Should it be preserved as an undisturbed place, highly regulated and tightly controlled like natural reserve areas? Or could it also be considered as an actual «place» rather than a simple element - a place in which or with which, inhabitants would be able to fully experience.  With this in mind, I wish to investigate the possibility of connecting two fundamen- tally di erent areas through the body of water that appears to be the only barrier that separates them: the Ekerö area (Parksidan and Solsidan) and the western shore- line of Skärholmen. Ekerö is the third wealthiest municipality of Sweden and Skärholmen regroups a very modest, low income population. I wish to explore the possibilities of developing on, in and around water places that will connect both areas, and that will counteract the segregated aspect of these two neighborhoods. The design of this project will be around the development of connective and interactive spaces for the inhabitants, while fully integrating the qualities of water and the natural forest reserves present in the area. The design will fully respect Stockholm’s regulations on preserving and protecting natural ecosystems, but will also be around the concept of «touchability». Through this design, I hope to show that water can be understood as a whole «place»on its own, on/in which people can live, interact and play. I wish to create oppurtunities for people to connect naturally, rather than forcing the bridging of societies.

The bilberry is a natural resource in European countries, represented by Sweden, and has been shown to have unique health benefits. Therefore, the bio-extraction industry for deriving valuable biomass from bilberries shows promising future development. Currently, there is no study that comprehensively describes the structural component, development path, and system dynamics of the bilberry bio-extraction industry. This thesis interviewed seven stakeholders from the most important regions regarding the bilberry bio-extraction industry, including Europe, the United States, and China. Primary data from industry and academia were collected through the seven semi-structured interviews, as well as secondary data from various sources. The technological innovation system of the global bilberry bio-extraction industry was established, the seven system functions were analyzed, and the development path of the system was summarized and synthesized in a timeline. The study also systematically described and dissected the endogenous dynamics of the global bilberry bio-extraction technology innovation system and the background of the Swedish bilberry bio-extraction field. Suggestions are made for the development of this system in Sweden. The study found that Sweden has sufficient knowledge and technological potential. The main obstacle is the domestic bio-extraction system's lack of capital and resources. Possible recommendations are to encourage industry-academia cooperation and to develop the application of sustainable technologies such as bilberry-leftover. For small start-ups, in addition to software support such as knowledge and technology training, hardware support such as pilot plants and adulteration detection could be given to lower the entry threshold. / <p>Confidential</p>

Organizations lack knowledge of a relatively new phenomenon of the potential of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As companies today seek to innovate, this paper explores employers’ experiences and perceptions of employing those with ASD. As companies have already begun to integrate adults with ASD into their organizations’ it seems appropriate to help Swedish companies to innovate and give them a competitive advantage. This paper provides a critical analysis on the challenges within the employment market in Sweden to include individuals with ASD in high-quality labor and high-tech industries. Analyzing data from several case studies and relevant literature review, this paper describes the employment discrimination of people with ASD and investigates if such discrimination can be eradicated by developing an innovation to include those people. Further, this paper seeks to explore if such a social innovation can be adopted in Swedish companies. The results of surveyed and interviewed employers showed their knowledge, support, and confidence about ASD was mixed; partially because of the ethics to question one’s neuropsychiatric diagnosis. Additionally, 2 actors were contacted to gain further insight into the process of the social innovation process framework. In summary, these studies find companies lack knowledge regarding ASD. Increasing knowledge and awareness from successful company cases could encourage companies to design ASD, or more broadly neurodiversity, into their organizations in order to innovate. / Organisationer saknar kunskap om ett relativt nytt fenomen som innefattar potentialen hos personer med autismspektrumstörning (ASD). Företag söker ständigt efter innovation, så detta arbete undersöker arbetsgivarnas erfarenheter och uppfattningar om att anställa personer med ASD. Eftersom företag redan har börjat integrera vuxna med ASD i sina organisationer, förefaller det sig lämpligt att hjälpa svenska företag att utvecklas genom innovation och ge dem en konkurrensfördel inom detta ämne. I den här uppsatsen ges en kritisk analys av utmaningarna på arbetsmarknaden i Sverige, som innefattar personer med ASD i högkvalitativa arbeten och högteknologiska industrier. Genom analyser av information från flera fallstudier och relevant litteraturgranskning, beskriver denna uppsats diskrimineringen som innefattar personer med ASD och undersöker om diskriminering kan minska genom utveckling, för att inkludera denna målgrupp. Vidare, syftar denna uppsats på att utforska en sådan social innovation som kan antas i varje företag. Resultaten av undersökningen samt intervjuer, visar att arbetsgivarnas kunskap, support och förtroende för ASD är delade; delvis på grund av etiken att ifrågasätta sin neuropsykiatriska diagnos. Dessutom kontaktades 2 aktörer för att få mer inblick i processen inom ramen för social innovationsprocess. Sammanfattningsvis finner dessa studier att företag saknar kunskap om ASD. Ökad kunskap och medvetenhet från framgångsrika företagsärenden skulle uppmuntra företag att utforma ASD, eller på en mer allmän nivå inom neuro mångfald, i sina organisationer.

This study, aiming to support the future decision-making, presents a model that tries to evaluate the effects of different combinations of likely future changes in the mixed waste generation and of conservative or innovative organisations of the plastic waste handling in the County of Stockholm in the year 2030. The criteria chosen for the evaluation are the energy generated (heat to be used in the district heating network and electricity) from the incineration of plastic waste (which represents nowadays the predominant treatment option for the plastic waste generated in the County of Stockholm) and the amount of virgin raw materials (fossil fuels) needed for the replacement of the plastics not successfully recycled. The results show the importance of the harmonization among the plastic waste composition, the waste collection system and the recycling processes in order to reach a more sustainable configuration of the system. However the uncertainty of some input data hinders a neat evaluation relatively to the selected scenarios.

Company cars are vehicles that are provided to employees owned by companies and organizations. These cars are provided for work-related travels and are also used for travels with private purposes. The issue is the way that company cars are affecting travel behaviour of employees and their family members, which in turn have implications on climate policies within Europe and even from economic aspects. Therefore, this paper will consider the impact that company cars have on the travel behaviour of employees with company car in Sweden. The thesis methodology takes advantage of both quantitative and qualitative method. Gathered quantitative data from Transport Analysis (TrafikAnalysen) was analyzed by regression analysis and qualitative data is analyzed by PESTEL-framework. The main outcomes of this paper are that company cars change individual’s travel behaviour in Sweden in terms of longer driven kilometers, which include even private travels. This depends on both economic aspects and the fact that "driving a company car" is a part of employee's behaviour now. Besides that, future environmental problems are also consequences of negative impacts of company cars on travel behaviour. / Förmånsbilar är fordon som erbjuds från företag till anställda, som ägs av företag och organisationer. Dessa bilar tillhandahålls för arbetsrelaterade resor och används också för resor med privata ändamål. Problemet är det sättet som företagsbilar påverkar de anställdas och deras familjemedlemmars resbeteende, vilket i sin tur har konsekvenser för klimatpolitiken inom Europa och även från ekonomiska perspektiv. Därför, kommer denna uppsats att ta hänsyn tillhur företagsbilar påverkar resbeteendet av anställda som har förmånsbil i Sverige. Uppsatsen utnyttjar både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod, där kvantitativa data analyseras med hjälp av regressionsanalys som är samlad av TrafikAnalysen och den kvalitativa delen analyseras genom PESTEL-framework. De viktigaste resultaten av denna uppsats är att förmånsbilar förändrar individens resbeteende i form av längre körda kilometer, vilket innebär även resor med privata syften. Detta beror på både ekonomiska aspekter och faktan att ”köra en förmånsbil” har blivit en vana hos de anställda. Dessutom, är framtida miljöproblem också konsekvenser av negativa påverkan som förmånsbilar har på individens resebeteende.