Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / Brucella ovis (B. ovis) es el agente etiológico de la “epididimitis del carnero”, enfermedad de distribución mundial que provoca pérdidas económicas importantes en la producción ovina, debido a una baja en la fertilidad por la epididimitis y orquitis que induce en los carneros y a esporádicos abortos en ovejas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar en el tiempo, mediante la prueba de inmunodifusión doble en gel de agar (ID), dos antígenos obtenidos por extracción salina caliente de B. ovis elaborados de dos cepas diferentes, uno de la cepa estándar 63/290 y el otro de la cepa chilena Til Til. Ambos antígenos fueron enfrentados a los sueros de dos carneros, cada uno inoculado experimentalmente con una de las cepas, además estos dos antígenos fueron reaccionantes positivos con el suero control positivo. Se comparó la reactividad de cada antígeno frente a los sueros tanto homólogos como heterólogos. Se utilizaron 54 sueros de cada carnero infectado, obtenidos sistemáticamente durante un periodo de 420 días de observación. Los sueros del carnero inoculado con la cepa Til Til, enfrentados a su antígeno heterólogo Ag. 63/290, presentaron un mayor porcentaje de positividad (65%) que con el Ag. homólogo TilTil (25%). La positividad detectada por el Ag 63/290 se mantuvo por un periodo continuo de 23 semanas mientras que con el Ag TilTil fue de solo 9 semanas y con un alto número de sueros sospechosos. La positividad de los sueros del carnero inoculado con cepa Til Til no se mantuvo hasta el final de la experiencia. Los sueros del carnero inoculado con la cepa 63/290 no presentaron reactividad con ninguno de los dos antígenos. El análisis del contenido proteico de cada antígeno fue de 1,4 y 1,1 mg/ml para Ag Til Til y 63/290 respectivamente

Thesis (Ph.D.)-- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences,1983. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-259).

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Abstract The Nordic and Baltic countries and North-western Russia have >20 old native sheep breeds. These together with recently synthesized breeds and local populations of international breeds make up the northern European sheep diversity. Changes in agriculture threaten to erode genetic diversity in sheep. Molecular genetic variation was assessed to understand genetic diversity in northern European sheep. Distribution of maternal lineages were studied based on mitochondrial control region variation in 76 sheep breeds in northern Europe and in a wide neighbouring area extending to the Caucasus and Central-Asia. Autosomal microsatellite variation was studied in 37 northern European breeds, and autosomal blood protein variation was studied in six Finnish and Russian breeds. Four distinct maternal lineages were observed in Eurasian sheep. Their distribution agrees with sheep expansion starting from the Near East. Two most common distinct lineages were recorded in northern Europe. Majority of northern sheep have the lineage, which predominates in other parts of Europe. Results suggest that the main maternal origin of northern sheep is in the south. However, rare "Asian" lineage was observed in several old northern European breeds. The rare type in the Nordic sheep is descendant to the type observed in the Middle Volga region, which suggest that some sheep were brought to northern Europe from the east. Microsatellites showed clustering of geographically neighbouring sheep, when breed locations are corrected for the recent transportations. The analysis separated long and short-tailed sheep, although this macroscale structure explains a small proportion of breed differences. Differentiation among the northern European breeds is stronger than typically observed in sheep. Many native breeds are less inbred than the local populations of the international breeds, but some rare breeds and subpopulations of divided unofficial strains were inbred. Some breeds require more careful maintenance due to recent population size reduction. Maintaining prolificacy in breeds such as the Finnsheep and the Romanov may require efficient avoidance of inbreeding. The breeds were ranked for conservation using simultaneously within-breed variation and breed divergence. Set of important breeds included seven rare old native breeds or strains which merit efficient conservation measures urgently.

Foram utilizados vinte ovinos, machos com idade entre um e três anos, com peso médio de 33,1 ± 3,1 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em três grupos, designados como GH (halotano), GI (isofluorano) e GS (sevofluorano) em experimento do tipo cruzado com intervalo mínimo de 1 semana entre os tratamentos. Numa primeira etapa, os animais foram anestesiados com auxílio de máscara facial, intubados e mantidos sob anestesia com agente segundo a determinação de cada grupo e obtida a concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) dos agentes por meio de estímulo nociceptivo com eletroestimulação. Em uma segunda etapa, os animais foram mantidos com a CAM previamente compreendendo os momentos de M0 a M8 com intervalo de 15 minutos entre os mesmo. Foram avaliadas as funções hemodinâmicas, respiratórias, hemogasométricas, endócrinas e o índice biespectral. Os valores médios de CAM foram de 0,71 ± 0,09%, 1,31 ± 0,33% e 2,69 ± 0,29% para o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano respectivamente. Houve redução dos valores do índice cardíaco no GI em todos os momentos comparativamente ao basal (p<0,001); na comparação entre os grupos os valores do M0 no GI foram superiores aos verificados em GH e GS (p<0,01). O valores do volume e índice sistólico foram inferiores ao basal a partir de M6 no grupo GH (p<0,05) e no GI todos os momentos foram inferiores ao basal (p<0,001); na comparação entre os grupos verificou-se que os valores dessas variáveis no momento M0 no GI foram superiores a GH (p<0,05) e GS (p<0,001). As médias da pressão venosa central foram inferiores no grupo GH em todos os momentos comparativamente a M0 (p<0,001), e neste mesmo momento, as médias foram superioriores comparativamente aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Quanto ao índice de resistência vascular sistêmica, os valores foram superiores nos momentos M6, M3 e M7 nos grupos GH (p<0,05), GI (p<0,001) e GS (p<0,01), respectivamente; houve incremento do índice de resistência vascular periférica no momento M7 (p<0,01) no grupo GH a partir de M3 (p<0,001), em GI e em M7 e M8 (p<0,05) comparativamente ao basal. Os valores de tensão de dióxido de carbono no final da expiração foram superiores no grupo GH a partir de M4 (p<0,05) e no GI a partir de M3 (p<0,01) comparativamente ao basal. Os valores do índice biespectral no GI, foram superiores a partir de M5 em relação ao valor basal (p<0,01); na comparação entre os grupos, os momentos M2 e M3 foram inferiores no GI comparativamente ao GH e GS (p<0,05). Houve redução da temperatura retal em todos os grupos e momentos comparativamente ao valor basal (p<0,001). O período de recuperação foi superior no grupo GH (p<0,05). Nas condições do presente estudo a CAM em ovinos é de 0,71%, 1,31% e 2,69% para o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano respectivamente; os três agentes promovem redução do débito cardíaco e do volume sistólico; os valores do índice biespectral são semelhantes entre os fármacos, com valores inferiores quando tratados com isofluorano; há indução de estresse neuroendócrino avaliado por meio da dosagem de cortisol; os agentes promovem hipotermia tempo dependente; o halotano promove recuperação anestésica mais prolongada. / Twenty sheep, all males, were used in this experiment. Age ranged from one to three years and mean weight was 33.1 ± 3.1 kg. In a crossover design, animals were randomly treated with halothane (GH), isoflurane (GI) and sevoflurane (GS), with interval of 1 week between treatments. In a first phase, anesthesia was induced by facemask, animals were then intubated and anesthesia maintained with one of the three treatments. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was obtained by nociceptive stimulation for each animal. In phase 2, the animals were anesthetized again by facemask and maintained at the predetermined MAC (Phase 1) for two hours. Data was collected at moments (M0-M8) with intervals of 15 minutes. Cardiovascular, respiratory and bispectral index parameters were recorded. Blood gas analysis, CBC and cortisol levels were also measured and recorded. MAC of each group were 0.71± 0.09%, 1.31 ± 0.33% e 2.69 ± 0.29% for GH, GI and GS respectively. There was a reduction in cardiac index in GI at all times compared to baseline (p<0.001). Among groups the values of M0 in GI were higher than those in GH and GS (p<0.01). In GH, the end systolic volume and stroke index were lower than baseline from M6 until the end of the experiment (p<0.05). In GI, ESV and SI were below the baseline at all times (p<0.001). Among groups it was found that the GI baseline values of these variables were higher than GH (p<0.05) and GS (p<0.001). The mean central venous pressure were lower in the GH group at all times compared to M0 (p<0.001), which was higher than the baseline of the other groups (p<0.05). When compared to baseline, systemic vascular resistance index was higher in the moments M6, M3 and M7 in GH (p<0.05), GI (p<0.001) and GS (p<0.01), respectively. There was an increase in peripheral vascular resistance index (PVRI) at the time M7 (p<0.01) in GH from M3 to the end of the study (p<0.001). In GI, PVRI was increased at M7 and M8 (p<0.05) in comparison to baseline. The values of end-tidal of carbon dioxide were higher than baseline in the GH group from M4 (p<0.05) until the end of study. The same occurred in GI starting at M3 (p<0.01). In GI, the bispectral index values were higher starting at M5 to the end when compared to baseline (p<0.01). Among groups, BIS was lower at M2 and M3 in GI when compared to GH and GS (p< 0.05). Rectal temperature decreased in all groups at all moments in comparison to baseline (p<0.001). The recovery period was longer in GH (p<0.05). Under this study conditions MAC in sheep were 0.71%, 1.31% and 2.69% for halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane, respectively. All treatments further reduced cardiac output and stroke volume; bispectral index values were similar among drugs, with lower values when treated with isoflurane. A stress response was believed to be induced due to elevation of serum cortisol in all groups. These inhalants promote time-dependent hypothermia. Halothane anesthesia promotes prolonged recovery.

A ovinocultura é um sistema de criação muito antigo em nosso país e ainda continua apresentando uma série de problemas que dificultam a produção econômica desses animais e necessitam de urgentes soluções. Visando minorar estes prejuízos esta pesquisa foi idealizada com o intuito de realizar um estudo minuncioso das principais enfermidades reprodutivas parasitárias e bacterianas. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico geral e específico do sistema reprodutor e colheram-se amostras de soro, sêmen, abortamentos, lóquios, secreções, fezes e zaragatoa prepucial e vaginal dependendo da enfermidade a ser estudada. Não foi possível o isolamento nos fetos de nenhum agente etiológico. Conclui-se que a toxoplasmose é a enfermidade de maior importância nos rebanhos de estado de São Paulo e a de maior fator de risco em casos de abortamentos, a neosporose estaria relacionada principalmente com animais que apresentam repetição de cio, leptospirose foi observado em baixa titulação e a mais prevalente foi a Leptospira australis sorovar australis proveniente de animais silvestres, a campilobacteriose e a brucelose são as duas enfermidades da reprodução com menor ocorrência no estado. Foi isolado o primeiro caso de endometrite no Brasil por Histophilus somni. Foi isolado o primeiro caso de orquite por Actinobacillus seminis no estado de São Paulo. / Sheep industry is a traditional system in Brazil and presents a series of issues that complicate economical exploitation and urgently need solution. In order to reduce losses this research was idealized to carefully study the major bacterial and parasitary reproductive diseases. All animals were submitted to a general and specific reproductive system clinical examination. Blood, semen, abortions, lochia, vaginal discharges, feces, and preputial/vaginal swabs were collected according to the studied disease. It was not possible to isolate any etiological agent from aborted fetuses. The conclusion was that toxoplasmosis was the major disease on São Paulo herds and has the biggest risk factor in abortions, neosporosis would be related to animals that present heat repetition, leptospirosis was observed with low antibodies titles and the most prevalent was Leptospira australis sorovar australis arising from wild animals, campilobacteriosis and brucellosis are both the reproductive diseases with the lowest occurrence in the state. The first endometritis case caused by Histophilus somni. In Brazil was isolated. The first orchitis case caused by Actinobacillus seminis in São Paulo state was isolated.

Foram utilizados vinte ovinos, machos com idade entre um e três anos, com peso médio de 33,1 ± 3,1 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em três grupos, designados como GH (halotano), GI (isofluorano) e GS (sevofluorano) em experimento do tipo cruzado com intervalo mínimo de 1 semana entre os tratamentos. Numa primeira etapa, os animais foram anestesiados com auxílio de máscara facial, intubados e mantidos sob anestesia com agente segundo a determinação de cada grupo e obtida a concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) dos agentes por meio de estímulo nociceptivo com eletroestimulação. Em uma segunda etapa, os animais foram mantidos com a CAM previamente compreendendo os momentos de M0 a M8 com intervalo de 15 minutos entre os mesmo. Foram avaliadas as funções hemodinâmicas, respiratórias, hemogasométricas, endócrinas e o índice biespectral. Os valores médios de CAM foram de 0,71 ± 0,09%, 1,31 ± 0,33% e 2,69 ± 0,29% para o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano respectivamente. Houve redução dos valores do índice cardíaco no GI em todos os momentos comparativamente ao basal (p<0,001); na comparação entre os grupos os valores do M0 no GI foram superiores aos verificados em GH e GS (p<0,01). O valores do volume e índice sistólico foram inferiores ao basal a partir de M6 no grupo GH (p<0,05) e no GI todos os momentos foram inferiores ao basal (p<0,001); na comparação entre os grupos verificou-se que os valores dessas variáveis no momento M0 no GI foram superiores a GH (p<0,05) e GS (p<0,001). As médias da pressão venosa central foram inferiores no grupo GH em todos os momentos comparativamente a M0 (p<0,001), e neste mesmo momento, as médias foram superioriores comparativamente aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Quanto ao índice de resistência vascular sistêmica, os valores foram superiores nos momentos M6, M3 e M7 nos grupos GH (p<0,05), GI (p<0,001) e GS (p<0,01), respectivamente; houve incremento do índice de resistência vascular periférica no momento M7 (p<0,01) no grupo GH a partir de M3 (p<0,001), em GI e em M7 e M8 (p<0,05) comparativamente ao basal. Os valores de tensão de dióxido de carbono no final da expiração foram superiores no grupo GH a partir de M4 (p<0,05) e no GI a partir de M3 (p<0,01) comparativamente ao basal. Os valores do índice biespectral no GI, foram superiores a partir de M5 em relação ao valor basal (p<0,01); na comparação entre os grupos, os momentos M2 e M3 foram inferiores no GI comparativamente ao GH e GS (p<0,05). Houve redução da temperatura retal em todos os grupos e momentos comparativamente ao valor basal (p<0,001). O período de recuperação foi superior no grupo GH (p<0,05). Nas condições do presente estudo a CAM em ovinos é de 0,71%, 1,31% e 2,69% para o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano respectivamente; os três agentes promovem redução do débito cardíaco e do volume sistólico; os valores do índice biespectral são semelhantes entre os fármacos, com valores inferiores quando tratados com isofluorano; há indução de estresse neuroendócrino avaliado por meio da dosagem de cortisol; os agentes promovem hipotermia tempo dependente; o halotano promove recuperação anestésica mais prolongada. / Twenty sheep, all males, were used in this experiment. Age ranged from one to three years and mean weight was 33.1 ± 3.1 kg. In a crossover design, animals were randomly treated with halothane (GH), isoflurane (GI) and sevoflurane (GS), with interval of 1 week between treatments. In a first phase, anesthesia was induced by facemask, animals were then intubated and anesthesia maintained with one of the three treatments. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was obtained by nociceptive stimulation for each animal. In phase 2, the animals were anesthetized again by facemask and maintained at the predetermined MAC (Phase 1) for two hours. Data was collected at moments (M0-M8) with intervals of 15 minutes. Cardiovascular, respiratory and bispectral index parameters were recorded. Blood gas analysis, CBC and cortisol levels were also measured and recorded. MAC of each group were 0.71± 0.09%, 1.31 ± 0.33% e 2.69 ± 0.29% for GH, GI and GS respectively. There was a reduction in cardiac index in GI at all times compared to baseline (p<0.001). Among groups the values of M0 in GI were higher than those in GH and GS (p<0.01). In GH, the end systolic volume and stroke index were lower than baseline from M6 until the end of the experiment (p<0.05). In GI, ESV and SI were below the baseline at all times (p<0.001). Among groups it was found that the GI baseline values of these variables were higher than GH (p<0.05) and GS (p<0.001). The mean central venous pressure were lower in the GH group at all times compared to M0 (p<0.001), which was higher than the baseline of the other groups (p<0.05). When compared to baseline, systemic vascular resistance index was higher in the moments M6, M3 and M7 in GH (p<0.05), GI (p<0.001) and GS (p<0.01), respectively. There was an increase in peripheral vascular resistance index (PVRI) at the time M7 (p<0.01) in GH from M3 to the end of the study (p<0.001). In GI, PVRI was increased at M7 and M8 (p<0.05) in comparison to baseline. The values of end-tidal of carbon dioxide were higher than baseline in the GH group from M4 (p<0.05) until the end of study. The same occurred in GI starting at M3 (p<0.01). In GI, the bispectral index values were higher starting at M5 to the end when compared to baseline (p<0.01). Among groups, BIS was lower at M2 and M3 in GI when compared to GH and GS (p< 0.05). Rectal temperature decreased in all groups at all moments in comparison to baseline (p<0.001). The recovery period was longer in GH (p<0.05). Under this study conditions MAC in sheep were 0.71%, 1.31% and 2.69% for halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane, respectively. All treatments further reduced cardiac output and stroke volume; bispectral index values were similar among drugs, with lower values when treated with isoflurane. A stress response was believed to be induced due to elevation of serum cortisol in all groups. These inhalants promote time-dependent hypothermia. Halothane anesthesia promotes prolonged recovery.

A ovinocultura é um sistema de criação muito antigo em nosso país e ainda continua apresentando uma série de problemas que dificultam a produção econômica desses animais e necessitam de urgentes soluções. Visando minorar estes prejuízos esta pesquisa foi idealizada com o intuito de realizar um estudo minuncioso das principais enfermidades reprodutivas parasitárias e bacterianas. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico geral e específico do sistema reprodutor e colheram-se amostras de soro, sêmen, abortamentos, lóquios, secreções, fezes e zaragatoa prepucial e vaginal dependendo da enfermidade a ser estudada. Não foi possível o isolamento nos fetos de nenhum agente etiológico. Conclui-se que a toxoplasmose é a enfermidade de maior importância nos rebanhos de estado de São Paulo e a de maior fator de risco em casos de abortamentos, a neosporose estaria relacionada principalmente com animais que apresentam repetição de cio, leptospirose foi observado em baixa titulação e a mais prevalente foi a Leptospira australis sorovar australis proveniente de animais silvestres, a campilobacteriose e a brucelose são as duas enfermidades da reprodução com menor ocorrência no estado. Foi isolado o primeiro caso de endometrite no Brasil por Histophilus somni. Foi isolado o primeiro caso de orquite por Actinobacillus seminis no estado de São Paulo. / Sheep industry is a traditional system in Brazil and presents a series of issues that complicate economical exploitation and urgently need solution. In order to reduce losses this research was idealized to carefully study the major bacterial and parasitary reproductive diseases. All animals were submitted to a general and specific reproductive system clinical examination. Blood, semen, abortions, lochia, vaginal discharges, feces, and preputial/vaginal swabs were collected according to the studied disease. It was not possible to isolate any etiological agent from aborted fetuses. The conclusion was that toxoplasmosis was the major disease on São Paulo herds and has the biggest risk factor in abortions, neosporosis would be related to animals that present heat repetition, leptospirosis was observed with low antibodies titles and the most prevalent was Leptospira australis sorovar australis arising from wild animals, campilobacteriosis and brucellosis are both the reproductive diseases with the lowest occurrence in the state. The first endometritis case caused by Histophilus somni. In Brazil was isolated. The first orchitis case caused by Actinobacillus seminis in São Paulo state was isolated.

Psoroptes ovis mites are the causative parasites of sheep scab disease. It is a contagious disease which causes intense pruritus, wool loss and the development of lesions. These lesions are exacerbated by secondary bacterial infections. Bacteria appear to play an integrated role in the pathogenicity of this disease and are found in the internal cavities of P. ovis. The aim of this study was to investigate these bacterial associations, with the aim of identifying a microbial target for sheep scab control. The microbial communities associated with sheep scab were investigated using both molecular and bacteriological techniques. Several environmental niches were targeted: scab-infected fleece, internal mite cavity and excreted faecal trails. Microbial communities were very complex, with a variety of species and bacterial groups identified. Some bacteria were common to all environments, whereas others were isolated from one sample. Both natural and in vivo cultured mites were investigated in an attempt to identify universal and potentially beneficial bacteria. In addition, P. ovis mites were screened using PCR to detect potential endosymbiotic bacteria. Positive identification was made of Comamonas sp. in both natural and in vivo cultured mites; this species has been identified as an endosymbiont in other arthropods and its role in P. ovis requires further investigation. In vitro feeding experiments were carried out with P. ovis mites in the laboratory. Initially mite chambers were constructed and optimised to encourage maintenance of P. ovis off-host. A number of diets were tested and antibiotics were compared for their effect on bacteria within P. ovis. In vitro experiments revealed that P. ovis survival was significantly reduced with the administration of antibiotics and there was also evidence that they altered internal bacterial densities. The potential of bacteriophage therapy for the microbial control of bacteria associated with P. ovis was investigated. Bacteria isolated from P. ovis faecal trails were used to isolate bacteriophage from environmental samples. Sixteen bacteriophage were successfully isolated, which were infective against three mite faecal bacteria. Isolated bacteriophage were characterised by a number of methods including their response to chemicals, enzyme and infection dynamics in both solid and liquid phases. In vitro experiments with bacteriophage were also investigated, resulting in a significantly reduced mite lifespan seen with some bacteriophage lysates. The potential for using bacteriophage for the control of P. ovis mites is discussed.

Typescript (photocopy) Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-259) The role of gonadal steroids in the mating behaviour of rams was investigated in both entire rams and castrated rams (wethers) treated with different steroids.