Merino sheep are the most numerous domestic livestock in Australia and feral goats are wide-spread and locally abundant in many of the regions where sheep are grazed. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a disease of ungulates that causes severe economic hardship to countries where outbreaks occur or where it has become endemic. In India, Africa, Greece and recently the United Kingdom and Eire, sheep and goats have been implicated in the spread and maintenance of FMD. In Australia, there are contingency plans (AUSVETPLANS) for dealing with an outbreak of FMD. Included in those plans are strategies for control of the disease in feral ungulates including feral pigs and feral goats. Modelling has provided assistance in developing strategies to combat outbreaks in feral pigs and for controlling outbreaks in domestic livestock. No models have been constructed to aid decisions about controlling FMD in feral goats where they co-occur with merino sheep. In Australia, the greatest densities of free-ranging feral goats and domestic livestock occur in the high rainfall zone (> 500 mm mean annual rainfall) along the eastern tablelands and adjacent slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Previous studies of feral goat biology, population dynamics and behaviour in Australia have concentrated on arid and semi-arid zones or on islands. Interactions between free ranging feral goats and merino sheep have not previously been studied in the high rainfall zone. My study investigated the ecological and behavioural characteristics of feral goats and their interactions with sympatric merino sheep at a high rainfall site in central eastern New South Wales. The population dynamics, biological and behavioural parameters of feral goats and sheep were then used to model FMD in such an environment. Deterministic temporal models and a new spatial stochastic model were used. Of particular interest were the rates of contact within and between subgroups of feral goats (termed herds and mobs), within and between subgroups of merino sheep (termed flocks and mobs), and between subgroups of the two species. Feral goats at the study site were found to be numerous (mean density = 34.94 goats km-2, from aerial surveys), in good condition, fecund and had high adult survival and low annual adult mortality (survival= 0.81�1.00) in the absence of harvesting and hunting. They had an observed instantaneous rate of increase of 0.112 per year. Annual rate of increase was similar to other sites in Australia without sustained harvesting pressure. Home ranges were small for both males (3.754 km², s.e. = 0.232, n = 116 goats) and females (2.369 km², s.e. = 0.088, n = 241 goats). From this and other Australasian studies, an inverse power function was found to be an excellent descriptor of the relationship between mean annual rainfall and female home range size. A resource selection function was fitted in a geographic information system to observational data of feral goats. The habitat selection of feral goats included a preference for wooded vegetation on eastern and north eastern aspects at higher elevations. The resource selection function was also used to set the probabilities of occurrence of feral goats in 1 ha areas of the landscape and these probabilities were used to generate heterogeneity in a spatial model of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) transmission. Daily per capita contact rates were estimated from observed contacts in the field where a contact between individuals was recognised when one approached within 1 body length ([approx] 1m) of another. The contacts between feral goats within herds were frequent and occurred at a rate of 6.96 (s.e. = 1.27) goat�goat contacts day-1. Sheep to sheep contacts were slightly less frequent (4.22 sheep�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.65) but both estimates were most likely negatively biased because of observer errors in estimating the number of individual animals coming in contact with observation subject (focal) animals. Contacts between herds of feral goats were not common and those between adjacent populations were fewer than 1 per year. In sheep, flock to flock contact was largely governed by husbandry practices and occurred at a mean daily rate of 0.0014 flock�flock contacts. Contacts between sheep and feral goats were less frequent but nonetheless common (2.82 goat�sheep contacts day-1, s.e. = 0.40). In feral goats the size of the mob in which focal goats were observed was found to be the most important factor in determining contact rates between individuals and a counter-intuitive inverse relationship was identified. Contacts were heterogeneous and density was not an important determinant of contact rates implying that, because of the uniformly high densities at the site, saturation had occurred. The temporal models of FMDV transmission showed that the rate of contact within and between species was such that FMD was predicted to spread rapidly throughout an infected herd or flock. Control strategies of intense culling of feral goats at the population level were predicted to allow the disease to persist at low prevalence, with a small peak corresponding to the annual lambing pulse in sheep. However, the same level of control (>90% reduction) at the herd level was predicted to eliminate FMD and allow the safe reintroduction of sheep. Extreme control that left very small groups (<3 individuals) may be counter productive because such small groups are likely to join the reintroduced sheep in an effort by the goats to meet gregarious urges. The spatial model was more reassuring. It predicted that FMD would die out in a mixed sheep and feral goat population in less than 90 days because of the low rate of herd to herd contact and herd to flock contact. For similar environments, the contingency planning consequences are that an outbreak of FMD introduced into feral goats from sympatric sheep is likely to be containable by removing all the sheep, determining the extent and likely range of the feral goats, then removing a substantial proportion of or eradicating each herd. Feral goats, being relatively sedentary, are unlikely to spread to adjacent populations and the disease will die out through lack of contact between herds and populations. Because feral goat home ranges overlap and are centred on one or two small catchments, a containment ring of feral goat control, set to encompass the home range of a target herd and that of adjacent herds, should be adequate to limit spread of FMD.

In the present study, history of domestic sheep were investigated by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based haplogroups (HPG) of 628 samples and mtDNA control region (CR) sequences of 240 samples from 13 Turkish sheep breeds which were located in the hearth of the first domestication center. Also, 30 Anatolian wild sheep (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) mtDNA CR sequences were obtained to contribute to the scenarios on initial domestication stages of sheep. Haplogroup compositions of breeds were identified with SSCP method by using mtDNA ND2 region. The genetic diversity and relationship between haplogroups were calculated. Phylogenetic analyses of haplogroups such as median joining networks and neighbor joining trees were constructed for mtDNA CR, cytochrome B (cytB) and combined CR-cytB sequences with sequences from the present study together with sequences retrieved from NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Results of the present study showed that all previously observed haplogroups (HPG A-E) were present in Turkish sheep breeds. Two individuals from rare HPG D and eleven individuals from rare HPG E were detected and sequenced. With increased sample size, for HPG E, past population expansion was observed as was the case of HPG A, B and C with mismatch distributions and neutrality tests. Spatial autocorrelation analyses and synthetic map with respect to mtDNA (maternal) pattern revealed that Turkey was separated into two regions which may be attributed to the imprints of third migration of sheep associated with the arrivals of nomadic Turks to Anatolia nearly 1000 years before present. Finally, Ovis gmelinii anatolica samples exhibited two haplotypes / one of them belongs to HPG A (possibly feral domesticate), and the other one shows a distinct haplotype (close to HPG E and C) that was not observed before. Observed, low mtDNA diversity might be the result of isolation, fragmentation, extinction of fragments and bottlenecks. Ovis gmelinii anatolica can be part of the evolved descendants of the wild sheep which gave birth to the domestic sheep.

Aufgabenstellung dieser Arbeit ist es, wichtige Hinweise zur Verbesserung der Betreuung von Ovis d. dalli, einer in menschlicher Obhut noch äußerst krankheitsanfälligen Tierart, zu erarbeiten. Dafür wird die Haltung von Ovis d. dalli in 3 deutschen zoologischen Gärten bezüglich der Häufigkeitsverteilung der klinischen Erkrankungen, der Todesursachen, der annualen Verteilung der Geburten, der Populationsdynamik, der Fütterung und der Gehegegestaltung untersucht. Weiterhin werden Referenzwerte für labordiagnostische Parameter bei klinisch gesunden Tiere gewonnen. Die Erkrankungshäufigkeit – Erk/Jahr – wird als Beurteilungskriterium für das klinische Herdengeschehen empfohlen. Die Gesamterkrankungshäufigkeit liegt bei 1,09 Erk/Jahr, wobei sich eine Zunahme der Erkrankungshäufigkeit während der Haltungsperioden nachweisen läßt. Der Vergleich der Erkrankungshäufigkeiten ergibt, daß die Schwerpunkte des klinischen Geschehens im Bereich des Digestionsapparates, des Bewegungsapparates und bei Weibchen im Abortgeschehen liegen. Als besonders schwerwiegendes Geschehen erweist sich die Paratuberkulose in 2 Beständen. Weitere bedeutungsvolle Krankheiten sind Chorioptesräude, Ostertagiose und systemische Infektionen der Jungtiere. Für eine Beurteilung der Schutzwirkung der Impfstoffe sind die Gruppen zu klein und zu viele ungeklärte epizootiologische Fragen offen, um eine eindeutige Aussagen treffen zu können. Die Besonderheiten der labordiagnostischen Parameter, die in den eigenen Untersuchungen bestimmt werden, bestätigen im wesentlichen die Werte von Untersuchungen aus der Wildbahn. Bei der Auswertung der Todesursachen stehen mit 37 % ebenfalls Störungen des Verdauungsapparates im Vordergrund. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt sind mit 29 % Störungen des Respirationsapparates, die im klinischen Geschehen eine unbedeutende Rolle spielen. In menschlicher Obhut und in der Wildbahn sind Pasteurella sp. maßgeblich am Pneumoniegeschehen beteiligt. Die meisten Verluste treten während der Aufzuchtphase auf, so daß die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit zu Beginn der Geschlechtsreife für Männchen bei 29,5 % und für Weibchen bei 40,3 % liegt. Der Konzentratfutteranteil der Fütterung sollte günstiger über den Tag verteilt und nicht als Erstfutter am Morgen verabreicht werden. Die Fütterung von Rauhfutter sollte in überdachten Raufen erfolgen. Der annuale Zyklus der Nahrungsveränderung in der Wildbahn – mit der Zielstellung der Senkung der Aufzuchtverluste – sollte durch höhere Rohproteinanteile in der Ration ab April wenigstens partiell simuliert werden. Die Verabreichung von Supplementen ist sorgfältig zu kontrollieren, um einen Abusus zu vermeiden. Die Analyse der Populationsdynamik hat die stetige Überalterung der Bestände ausgewiesen, die zu langsamen Generationsfolgen und zum Zusammenbruch von Populationen geführt hat. Für die wildbahnunabhängige Erhaltung von Ovis d. dalli in menschlicher Obhut ist es notwendig, mit dem stattfindenten Inzuchtprozeß gezielt umzugehen. Insbesondere ist zur Vorbeuge von hereditären Störungen eine Anpaarung mit nur einem Bock über einen längeren Zeitraum zu vermeiden. Bei der Gehegegestaltung sind komplizierte Aufbauten zu vermeiden, da sie möglicherweise ein erhöhtes Verletzungsrisiko in sich bergen. Als vorteilhalft werden Stallungen mit mehreren Zugängen, Sichtblenden durch Strukturierung des Geheges und Verhinderung des direkten Besucherkontaktes erkannt. Für die Reduzierung von Stressoren in der Herde – insbesondere während der Lammsaison – sind Muttergruppen nur während der Brunft gemeinsam mit geschlechtsreifen Böcken zu halten. / It is the goal of this study to research the important factors that would contribute to a better care of Ovis d. dalli – a species which is still rather prone to disease in human care. Therefore the keeping of Ovis d. dalli was studied in three German zoological gardens with respect to incidence rates, causes of death, annual distribution of births, population dynamics, feeding, and enclosure design. Furthermore, reference values for laboratory parameters in healthy animals could be gained. The incidence rate (cases of disease per annum) is recommended as criterion for the evaluation of the current health state of a flock. In this study the total incidence rate is 1.09 cases/annum, whereby an increase in the incidence rate could be documented for the periods of keeping. The comparison of incidence rates shows that the main areas of healthconcerns are located in the digestive system, the skeletal and muscular system, and in females abortions. As a particularly serious event paratuberculosis in two stocks needs to be mentioned. Further important disorders include Chorioptes mange, Ostertagia infection and systemic infection in young animals. Due to many unsolved epizootiological issues and too small groups, the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccines defies definite and conclusive interpretation. The specific pattern of laboratory values, which were determined in the investigations of this study, confirm basically the values drawn from investigations in the wild. The analysis of deaths also shows that with 37 %disorders of the digestive system are a main area of concern. Another area of concern are disorders of the respiratory system with 29 %, which play a less important role in clinical cases. In human care as well as in the wild primarily Pasterurella sp. are involved in pneumonia cases. The highest losses occur during the rearing stage so that the probability of survival at the beginning of maturity is 29.5 % in males and 40.3 % in females. The portion of concentrated food in the feed should be better spread out throughout the whole day and not be given all at once with the first morning feed. The feeding of roughage should be offered in troughs with coverd shelters. In order to lower the number of lossses during rearing, the annual cycle of food changes in the wild should be at least partially copied by feeding higher portions of crude protein starting in April. The adding of supplements needs to be carefully controlled to prevent abuse. The analysis of population dynamics reveals a continuous increase in the percentage of old animals resulting in slower alternation rates of generations and the breakdown of populations. In order to keep Ovis d. dalli successfully in human care – independent from the wild, it is imperative to pay the current inbreeding the required attention. To prevent hereditary disorders it is particularly important to avoid breeding with only one ram over longer periods of time. Enclosure design should abstain from sophisticated structures because they seem to increase the risk of injury. As advantageous the following features could be identified: shelters with several entrances, structuring of the enclosure in such a way that visibility is limited and direct contact with visitores is prevented. To reduce stress in the flock, especially during lambing season, groups of ewes are to be kept with mature rams only during rutting season.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-06T11:18:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 909512 bytes, checksum: 95d360795ba1a42ae10b3949c99caca0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T11:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 909512 bytes, checksum: 95d360795ba1a42ae10b3949c99caca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-14 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Os ovinos foram introduzidos no Brasil principalmente pelos portugueses e espanhóis durante o processo de colonização. Por motivos sócio-culturais, a criação desses animais foi considerada no Brasil uma atividade de categoria inferior, de modo que foram criados somente para subsistência. Esse descaso fez com que os produtos derivados de ovinos (lã, carne, pele) perdessem competitividade frente aos produtores de outros países. Para que ocorra uma mudança desse cenário, é necessária uma profunda modificação logística de todas as classes envolvidas na produção de ovinos, visto que os ovinos representam, principalmente nas regiões Sul e Nordeste, uma fonte de recursos importante do ponto de vista social, cultural e histórico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um conjunto de técnicas moleculares que permitam a caracterização genética das principais raças e/ou estoques de ovinos naturalizados do Brasil de modo a.oferecer subsídios para a elaboração de programas estratégicos de conservação e melhoramento desta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro classes de marcadores moleculares (RAPD, microssatélites, sequenciamento do DNA mitocondrial e do cromossomo Y) em até 11 raças de ovinos naturalizadas e comerciais existentes no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram identificar padrões de estruturação genética existentes nessa espécie no Brasil, bem como demonstraram a viabilidade de aplicação de marcadores moleculares para: 1) monitoramento genético de rebanhos; 2) testes de exclusão de paternidade para controle de pedigrees; 3) origem geográfica de raças ou populações; 4) inferências filogenéticas intra- específicas. / In Brazil, sheep breeds were introduced during the colonization process by Spanish and Portuguese settlers. Social and cultural factors determined that sheep rearing was considered a low-status activity, and therefore, sheep were raised only to meet subsistence goals. The outcome of this is that products derived from sheep such as wool, meat and hides are non competitive in the international market. A change of this scenario requires a profound logistic alteration involving all sheep production-related groups, particularly in the northern and southern regions in the country, where sheep are of high cultural, social and historical relevance. The objective of this work was to characterize the main naturalized Brazilian sheep breeds using molecular markers. Our results will be a baseline for the development of management and conservation programs. Four kinds of molecular markers were used (RAPD, microsatellites, and sequences of mtDNA and Y chromosome) and were applied on 11 breeds of naturalized and commercial breeds. Results identified the genetic structure of the species in the Country and demonstrated the efficiency of molecular markers for 1) herd genetic monitoring, 2) paternity (exclusion) analyses, 3) for determining the geographic origin of breeds and populations, and 4) for investigating within-species phylogenies.

GOUVEIA, João José de Simoni. Análise genômica das principais raças de ovinos brasileiras. 2013. 155 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-08T19:00:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jjsgouveia.pdf: 3082019 bytes, checksum: 5a0196089265679f1847c82925a8a7c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T21:39:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jjsgouveia.pdf: 3082019 bytes, checksum: 5a0196089265679f1847c82925a8a7c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T21:39:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jjsgouveia.pdf: 3082019 bytes, checksum: 5a0196089265679f1847c82925a8a7c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The Brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds, also known as native and creole, are descendant from animals brought during the settlement period and, since then, are been subjected to evolutive (both systematic and non systematic) processes, what resulted in the formation of highly adapted genotypes to the diverse environmental Brazilian conditions. Although these breeds don’t posses the same productive potential when compared with the exotic improved breeds, they are considered extremely important from a social and cultural point of view. Moreover, the locally adapted breeds are essential for the maintenance of traditional production systems. The optimization of the utilization of naturalized genetic resources depends on a deep knowledge of these populations, and then, the morphological, productive and molecular characterizations are essential to the success of conservation and utilization of these locally adapted genotypes. Therefore, the principal aim of this thesis was to deepen molecular the knowledge of the three main locally adapted Brazilian sheep breeds: Brazilian Creole, Morada Nova and Santa Ines. Thus, Chapter I entitled "Identification of selection signatures in livestock species" is a literature review that is proposed to describe the main effects of natural/artificial selection in the genomes of species of farm animals, present the main methods of signature selection analysis and discuss recent advances in this area of study. Two studies were conducted and resulted in the chapters II and III of this thesis. The chapter II, entitled “Identification of selection signatures in brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds”, aimed the identification and characterization of putative genomic regions that underwent selection and the identification of candidate genes related to productive/adaptative differences between these breeds. The identification of signatures of selection was performed through two approaches: population differentiation (FST) and linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb). Seventy eight genes, related to functions as: immune response, nervous system development, sensorial perception and wool/hair development were identified. The chapter III, entitled “Identification of population substructure in brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds”, aimed the identification and characterization of of genetic substructure within the three main locally adapted Brazilian sheep breeds: Brazilian Creole, Morada Nova and Santa Ines. The level of genetic differentiation between herds of the same breeds was, in general, high. Both in the Brazilian Creole and in the Santa Ines breeds the presence of distinct groups on animals could be observed, what suggests the occurrence of different ecotypes/lineages within these breeds. / As raças de ovinos localmente adaptadas brasileiras, também conhecidas como nativas ou crioulas, descendem de animais trazidos durante o período colonial e, desde aquela época, vêm sendo submetidas a processos evolutivos sistemáticos e não sistemáticos., o que resultou na formação de genótipos altamente adaptados às mais diversas condições ambientais brasileiras. Embora estas raças não possuam o mesmo potencial produtivo das raças exóticas melhoradas, elas são consideradas extremamente importantes devido às relações sociais e culturais que guardam com as populações do campo. Além disso, as raças localmente adaptadas possuem características adaptativas importantíssimas para a manutenção de sistemas produtivos tradicionais. A otimização da utilização dos recursos genéticos naturalizados depende de um conhecimento profundo destas populações e, portanto, a caracterização morfológica, produtiva e molecular são ferramentas imprescindíveis para o sucesso da conservação e utilização deste recurso genético. Com base nisso, o objetivo desta tese foi aprofundar os estudos de caracterização molecular das principais raças de ovinos localmente adaptadas brasileiras: Crioula Lanada, Morada Nova e Santa Inês. Assim, o capítulo I intitulado “Identificação de assinaturas de seleção em animais de produção” consiste em uma revisão cujo objetivo é descrever os principais efeitos da seleção natural/artificial nos genomas das espécies de animais de produção, apresentar os principais métodos de análise de assinaturas de seleção e discutir os recentes avanços nesta área de estudo. Foram realizados dois estudos que resultaram nos capítulos II e III desta tese. O capítulo II, intitulado “Identificação de assinaturas de seleção em ovinos de raças localmente adaptadas brasileiras”, teve como objetivo a identificação e caracterização de regiões genômicas prováveis de estar sob seleção nas três principais raças brasileiras localmente adaptadas de ovinos e caracterizar estar regiões com a finalidade de identificar genes envolvidos com diferenças produtivas/adaptativas entre estas raças. A identificação das regiões sujeitas à seleção foi feita com base em dois tipos de metodologia: diferenciação entre populações (FST) e desequilíbrio de ligação (iHS e Rsb). Foram identificados 78 genes candidatos envolvidos com funções como: resposta imune, desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, percepção sensorial e desenvolvimento de pelos/lã. O capítulo III, intitulado: “Identificação de subestrutura de populações em ovinos de raças localmente adaptadas brasileiras”, teve como objetivos identificar e caracterizar a presença de subestruturação genética dentro das três principais raças brasileiras localmente adaptadas de ovinos. Foi observada, de uma forma geral, a presença de diferenciação genética bastante considerável ao comparar os rebanhos de cada raça analisada. Além disso, tanto na raça Crioula Lanada quanto na raça Santa Inês, pode ser observada a presença de grupos bem distintos de indivíduos, sugerindo a efetiva presença de diferentes ecótipos/linhagens dentro destas raças.

Submitted by Vanessa Zirondi Longhini null (vanessa92274@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-02-16T23:39:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vanessa Longhini.pdf: 813017 bytes, checksum: f100d3205cc5149beda7724df1a9c5fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-02-17T11:55:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 longhini_vz_me_bot.pdf: 813017 bytes, checksum: f100d3205cc5149beda7724df1a9c5fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T11:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 longhini_vz_me_bot.pdf: 813017 bytes, checksum: f100d3205cc5149beda7724df1a9c5fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio da cultura do milho com capim-marandu com ou sem feijão guandu para ensilagem, com posterior sobressemeadura de aveia preta em linha e a lanço sobre a disponibilidade e altura de forragem para pastejo, o comportamento ingestivo, o desempenho e as características da carcaça de cordeiros suplementados com essas silagens em semi-confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, os tratamentos avaliados foram combinados em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois tipos de silagem (S): de milho com capim-marandu e feijão guandu (C/G) e sem feijão guandu (S/G), duas modalidades de sobressemeadura da aveia preta (AV): em linha (Li) ou a lanço (La). Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos em ambos os anos. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas pela interação entre os fatores (P > 0,05), no entanto, os fatores S x AV e S x C influenciaram as variáveis disponibilidade de forragem (DF), consumo de massa seca de suplemento (CMS, % do Peso Corporal – PC) e pastejo (P). O ganho médio diário (GMD) e ócio diário (OD) foram influenciadas apenas pela interação S x AV. A inclusão do feijão guandu no sistema de produção em consócio com milho e capim-marandu e a sobressemeadura da aveia em linha aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) a DF, influenciando no aumento do tempo de P e no menor CMS de suplemento (% do PC). Conclui-se, portanto, que o consórcio do milho com capim-marandu e feijão guandu cultivados para silagem no verão/outono aumenta a disponibilidade de pastagem. No inverno/primavera a modalidade de sobressemeadura da aveia em linha apresenta maior disponibilidade de forragem para pastejo em relação a lanço. O consórcio tríplice é uma alternativa a ser utilizado em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária, em condições tropicais. Em semi-confinamento, o tempo de pastejo aumenta quando há maior disponibilidade de forragem. A silagem de milho em consórcio com capim-marandu e feijão guandu não interfere no desempenho e características de carcaça de cordeiros semi-confinados. / The objective was to evaluate the effect of maize intercropped with palisadegrass with or without pigeonpea for silage, with subsequent overseeded oat line and broadcasted on the availability and height of forage for grazing, ingestive behavior, performance and carcass characteristics of lambs supplemented with such silage in semi-feedlot. The experimental design was completely randomized, the treatments were combined in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2, in a split-plot, two types of silage (S): corn with palisadegrass and pigeonpea (C / G) and without pigeonpea (S / G), two mode overseeded of oat (AV): in line (Li) or broadcast (La). Were used 48 lambs males. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by the interaction between the factors (P > 0,05), however, the interaction factors S x AV and S x C, influenced the variables availability of forage (DF), dry matter intake of supplement (CMS ,% Body Weight - PC) and grazing time (P). The average daily gain (GMD) and daily idling time (OD) were influenced only by S x AV interaction. The inclusion of pigeonpea in the production system in intercropped with corn and palisadegrass and overseeded oat in line increased (P ≤ 0,05) DF, influencing the increase in the time of P and lower CMS of supplement (% PC). It can be conclued, therefore, that the intercropped of corn with palisadegrass and pigeonpea for silage in the summer/fall increases the forage availability of pasture. In winter/spring the mode overseeded of oat in line provided greater forage availability for grazing than broadcast. The triple intercropped is an alternative to be used in integrated agricultural production systems in tropical conditions. In semi-confinement, grazing time increases when there is greater availability of forage. Corn silage in intercropped with palisadegrass and pigeonpea does not interfere with performance and carcass characteristics of semi-lambs. / FAPESP: 2014/12950-6

Submitted by Luara Afonso de Freitas null (luaraa.freitas@gmail.com) on 2018-02-28T12:52:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FREITAS_2018.pdf: 2467849 bytes, checksum: d131127bf0cf93ad3b5bfccd0626241b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-02-28T13:18:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_la_me_jabo.pdf: 2467849 bytes, checksum: d131127bf0cf93ad3b5bfccd0626241b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T13:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_la_me_jabo.pdf: 2467849 bytes, checksum: d131127bf0cf93ad3b5bfccd0626241b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O uso de raças ou animais resistentes aos endoparasitas dentro do sistema de produção de ovinos de carne é uma das alternativas mais eficientes para se obter maior produção. O controle dos acasalamentos entre animais aparentados é de grande importância para reduzir perdas na produção pelo aumento da homozigose de alelos deletérios. O peso corporal é uma das características de maior importância econômica em ovinos e pode ser registrado ao longo da vida de um mesmo animal. Os modelos de regressão aleatória na avaliação genética de medidas longitudinais são geralmente recomendados para estimar parâmetros genéticos de dados longitudinais. As análises multivariadas são um conjunto de métodos estatísticos que torna possível a análise simultânea de medidas múltiplas para cada indivíduo ou fenômeno observado. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) analisar a estrutura populacional e verificar o efeito da endogamia sobre características fenotípicas de crescimento e resistência a verminose, (2) comparar estruturas (homogeneidade e heterogeneidade de variâncias) para modelar a variância residual em modelos de regressão aleatória, (3) avaliar a influência desta modelagem na estimação de parâmetros genéticos a fim de determinar o modelo mais apropriado para estudar o crescimento e a resistência à verminose e (4) avaliar a associação genética e explorar o perfil genético da produção de carne e resistência à verminose em ovinos da raça Santa Inês. O banco de dados fenotípico conteve 2.159 registros de peso corporal oriundos de 753 animais, 1.468 registros de volume globular provenientes de 476 animais e 981 registros de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes oriundos de 375 animais entre 30 a 900 dias de idade medidos mensalmente e registros de pedigree de 2.410 animais da raça Santa Inês. Os animais foram divididos em 10 classes de idade (CI90 = 30 a 90 dias de idade CI180= 91 a 180 dias de idade, CI270= 181 a 270 dias de idade, CI360= 271 a 360 dias de idade, CI450= 361 a 450 dias de idade, CI540= 451 a 540 dias de idade, CI630= 541 a 630 dias de idade, CI720= 631 a 720 dias de idade, CI810= 721 a 810 dias de idade, CI900= 811 a 900 dias de idade). A estrutura do pedigree foi analisada utilizando o programa Endog 4.8. As análises de estimação dos componentes de variância foram realizadas por meio de modelo animal unicaracterística de regressão aleatória pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita utilizando polinômios de Legendre. O critério da informação bayesiana foi utilizado para selecionar o melhor modelo. A análise de componentes principais foi realizado no software STATISTIC e a analise de agrupamento hierárquico e não hierárquico no software R. Foi observado aumento no coeficiente de endogamia até a 6ª geração máxima, aumento do parentesco médio e da porcentagem de animais endogâmicos até a 7ª geração máxima. O polinômio de Legendre de ordem 3 (intercepto, linear e quadrático) proporcionou o melhor ajuste dos dados para peso corporal, volume globular e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes. A seleção dos animais poderia ser feita com base no peso corporal a partir de 271 dias de idade, pois a estimativa de herdabilidade foi de 0,23 (0,03) e foram altas as correlações genéticas do peso corporal nesta idade com a maioria dos pesos corporais nas demais idades, exceto com peso corporal medida entre 30 a 90 dias de idade. A seleção destes animais para resistência a verminose se realizada poderá ser pouco eficiente devido às baixas estimativas de herdabilidade para volume globular (0,09±0,01 a 0,18±0,02) e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (0,01±0,02 a 0,17±0,03), portanto, o ganho genético será a longo prazo. A seleção para peso corporal poderia trazer ganhos genético favoráveis para a característica volume globular devido à proximidade das características no eixo do componente principal um. Nas análises de agrupamento apenas um dos três grupos genéticos identificados apresentou perfil genético indicado para a seleção para peso corporal e volume globular. / The use of resistant animals to gastrointestinal nematode parasites within the meat production system is one of the most efficient alternatives to increase meat yield in sheep. The control of mating between related animals is of great importance to reduce losses in meat production by increasing the homozygosity of deleterious alleles. Application of Random regression models in the genetic evaluation of longitudinal measurements is generally recommended to adjust growth curves and to estimate genetic parameters of longitudinal data. The multivariate analyzes are a set of statistical methods that make possible the simultaneous analysis of multiple measures for each individual or observed phenomena. The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the population structure and verify the effect of inbreeding on phenotypic traits of growth and resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites, (2) to compare structures (homogeneity and heterogeneity of variances) to model residual variance in random regression models, (3) to study the influence of this modeling in the estimation of genetic parameters in order to determine the most appropriate model to study the growth and resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites curves, and (4) evaluate the genetic association and explore the genetic profile of meat production and resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Santa Inês sheep. The data contained 2,159 body weight records from 753 animals, 1,468 mean corpuscular volume records from 476 animals and 981 records of fecal egg counts from 375 animals and pedigree information from 2,410 in Santa Ines sheep. The animals were divided into 10 age classes (CI90 = 30 to 90 days of age CI180 = 91 to 180 days of age, CI270 = 181 to 270 days of age, CI360 = 271 to 360 days of age, CI450 = 361 to 450, CI540 = 451 to 540 days of age, CI630 = 541 to 630 days of age, CI720 = 631 to 720 days of age, CI810 = 721 to 810 days of age, CI900 = 811 to 900 days of age). The structure of the pedigree was analyzed using the program Endog 4.8. Analyzes of the variance component estimates were performed using a one-trait model of random regression using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The Bayesian information criterion was used to select the best model. The principal component analysis was performed in STATISTIC software and hierarchical and non-hierarchical analysis grouping was performed in the software R. There was an increase in the inbreeding coefficient up to the 6th maximum generation and also an increase in the average relatedness and in the percentage of inbred animals up to the 7th maximum generation. Genetic correlation estimates for all traits in the age classes presented values close to the unit at close weighings, with a reduction in the magnitude of the correlations as the time interval between weighings increased. The Legendre polynomial of order 3 (intercept, linear and quadratic) provided the best fit of the data for body weight, mean corpuscular volume, and fecal egg counts. The selection of the animals could be made based on body weight from 271 days of age, as the heritability estimate was moderate, 0.23 (0.03), and showed high genetic correlations with most body weights, except with body weight from 30 to 90 days of age. Selection of these animals for resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites if carried out may result in low efficiency due to the low estimates of heritability for the mean corpuscular volume (0.09 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.02) and fecal egg counts (0.01 ± 0.02 to 0.17 ± 0.03), therefore, the genetic gain will be low and in the long term. The selection of body weight could bring favorable genetic gains to the mean corpuscular volume due to the proximity of the traits in the axis of the main component one. In cluster analysis, only one of the three genetic groups identified has a genetic profile indicated for selection for the studied traits. / 2016/10583-1

Resumo: O diagnóstico da infecção por Brucella ovis em ovinos usualmente é realizado por meio de exame clínico, testes sorológicos e bacteriologia. Devido às limitações apresentadas pelas técnicas, o diagnóstico é geralmente obtido mediante aplicação de duas ou mais técnicas para obtenção de um resultado conclusivo. A Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) tem sido utilizada como ferramenta diagnóstica aplicável, pois é sensível, pouco dispendiosa, rápida, simples de ser realizada e permite o diagnóstico específico do agente infectante. Neste trabalho foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro compararam-se os percentuais de positividade em duas técnicas de PCR padronizadas, sendo a primeira gênero-específica e a seguinte espécie-específica, em 191 amostras de sêmen e 214 de urina provenientes de ovinos inoculados experimentalmente com a cepa de B. ovis REO 198. Posteriormente, desenvolveu-se a nested PCR a partir do produto amplificado da reação espécie-específica, e o percentual de positividade obtido pela nested PCR foi comparado aos obtidos pelas PCRs gênero-específica e espécie-específica. Foi observada diferença significativa no percentual de positividade (P<0,05) entre PCR gênero-específica e PCR espécie-específica (24,08% e 15,18%, respectivamente) para amostras de sêmen de ovinos e concordância moderada entre os resultados destas técnicas (kappa de 0,623); para amostras de urina, não houve diferença significativa entre as positividades obtidas pela PCR gênero-específica e a espécie-específica (10,28% e 7,011%, respectivamente), e a concordância entre os resultados foi moderada (kappa de 0,6167). A nested PCR espécie-específica apresentou percentual de positividade significativamente maior (P<0,001) quando comparada às PCRs gênero-específica e espécie-específica em amostras de sêmen (53,93%) e de urina (49,07%)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Diagnosis of Brucella ovis infection in rams is routinely performed by clinical examination, serology and bacteriology. Due to limitations presented by each technique, the diagnosis is usually made by two or more techniques to obtain a conclusive result. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been used as a diagnostic tool applicable because it is sensitive, inexpensive, rapid, simple to perform and allows the specific diagnosis of infectious agents. In this study, the positivity percentages of two techniques of PCR previous described, one genus-specific and other species-specific, were measured in 191 semen and 214 urine samples from sheep experimentally infected with strain of B. ovis REO 198. Then, a species-specific nested PCR was developed from amplified products of the species-specific PCR, and the percentage of positivity obtained by nested PCR was compared to those obtained by genus and species-specific PCRs. Significant difference was observed when comparing the percentage of positivity (P <0.05) between genus-specific and species-specific PCR (24.08% and 15.18%, respectively) in semen samples from sheep, and there was moderate agreement between the results of these techniques ( kappa 0.623). In urine, no significant difference between the percentages of positives samples obtained by genus and species-specific PCR was observed (10.28% and 7.011% respectively) and the concordance between the results was moderate (kappa 0.6167). The species-specific nested PCR showed significantly higher percentage of positivity (P <0.001) when compared to genus-specific and species-specific PCRs in semen (53.93%) and urine (49.07%). Thus, according to the results obtained in this experiment, the species-specific PCR showed the lower percentage of positivity when compared to genus-specific PCR, but the implementation of the species-specific nested PCR showed highly significant increase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Jane Megid / Coorientador: Renato de Lima Santos / Banca: Sony Dimas Bicudo / Banca: Luis antônio Mathias / Mestre

Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio da cultura do milho com capim-marandu com ou sem feijão guandu para ensilagem, com posterior sobressemeadura de aveia preta em linha e a lanço sobre a disponibilidade e altura de forragem para pastejo, o comportamento ingestivo, o desempenho e as características da carcaça de cordeiros suplementados com essas silagens em semi-confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, os tratamentos avaliados foram combinados em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois tipos de silagem (S): de milho com capim-marandu e feijão guandu (C/G) e sem feijão guandu (S/G), duas modalidades de sobressemeadura da aveia preta (AV): em linha (Li) ou a lanço (La). Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos em ambos os anos. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas pela interação entre os fatores (P > 0,05), no entanto, os fatores S x AV e S x C influenciaram as variáveis disponibilidade de forragem (DF), consumo de massa seca de suplemento (CMS, % do Peso Corporal – PC) e pastejo (P). O ganho médio diário (GMD) e ócio diário (OD) foram influenciadas apenas pela interação S x AV. A inclusão do feijão guandu no sistema de produção em consócio com milho e capim-marandu e a sobressemeadura da aveia em linha aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) a DF, influenciando no aumento do tempo de P e no menor CMS de suplemento (% do PC). Conclui-se, portanto, que o consórcio do milho com capim-marandu e feijão guandu cultivado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of maize intercropped with palisadegrass with or without pigeonpea for silage, with subsequent overseeded oat line and broadcasted on the availability and height of forage for grazing, ingestive behavior, performance and carcass characteristics of lambs supplemented with such silage in semi-feedlot. The experimental design was completely randomized, the treatments were combined in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2, in a split-plot, two types of silage (S): corn with palisadegrass and pigeonpea (C / G) and without pigeonpea (S / G), two mode overseeded of oat (AV): in line (Li) or broadcast (La). Were used 48 lambs males. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by the interaction between the factors (P > 0,05), however, the interaction factors S x AV and S x C, influenced the variables availability of forage (DF), dry matter intake of supplement (CMS ,% Body Weight - PC) and grazing time (P). The average daily gain (GMD) and daily idling time (OD) were influenced only by S x AV interaction. The inclusion of pigeonpea in the production system in intercropped with corn and palisadegrass and overseeded oat in line increased (P ≤ 0,05) DF, influencing the increase in the time of P and lower CMS of supplement (% PC). It can be conclued, therefore, that the intercropped of corn with palisadegrass and pigeonpea for silage in the summer/fall increases the forage availability of pasture. In winter/spring the mode overseeded of oat in line provid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La perte d'habitat, les obstacles à la dispersion et les déclins de plusieurs populations animales soulignent le besoin de techniques d’intervention permettant le maintien et le rétablissement des populations en milieu naturel. Au cours du XXe siècle, la translocation, la libération intentionnelle d’animaux dans le but d’établir ou d’augmenter les effectifs d’une population, est devenue une technique importante dans la gestion des populations animales. Toutefois, les coûts qui y sont associés sont élevés et relativement peu d’études en ont examiné les conséquences comportementales, démographiques et génétiques en milieu naturel. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants du succès de cet outil et d’en améliorer les résultats, plusieurs experts ont souligné l’importance de réaliser des suivis post-translocations détaillés au niveau populationnel et individuel. Mon projet visait à contribuer à la conservation et à la gestion du mouflon d’Amérique (Ovis canadensis) et d’espèces similaires par une meilleure compréhension des processus relatifs à la translocation en milieu naturel. Les objectifs spécifiques de mon projet étaient de : i) quantifier les processus d’acclimatation et d’intégration sociale de mouflons d’Amérique déplacés lors de translocations; et de ii) déterminer l’efficacité de la translocation à des fins de rétablissement génétique et démographique d’une population affectée par un problème de consanguinité. Pour ce faire, j’ai utilisé les données du suivi à long terme de la population de mouflons d’Amérique de Ram Mountain, en Alberta. Cette population isolée a subi un déclin drastique à la fin du XXe siècle et a eu beaucoup de difficultés à récupérer par la suite. L’augmentation de la consanguinité dans la population et l’absence d’évidence suggérant un rétablissement sans intervention justifiaient l’utilisation de translocations. Ainsi, entre 2002 et 2015, 37 mouflons d’Amérique provenant d’une même population source ont été relocalisés à Ram Mountain. Utilisant une approche intégrée à l’aide de données sociales, comportementales et morphologiques, j’ai quantifié de manière efficace comment les mouflons relocalisés s’intègrent socialement dans leur nouvelle population et s’acclimatent à leur nouvel environnement. Utilisant des données génétiques, démographiques et morphologiques, j’ai analysé le déclin et le rétablissement génétique dans une population suite à un important déclin démographique et à un programme de renforcement. De plus, j’ai testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle les croisements entre individus résidents et relocalisés auraient comme conséquence une augmentation de la valeur adaptative des agneaux dans une population touchée par un problème de consanguinité. J’ai détecté une assimilation progressive des mouflons relocalisés dans la population locale grâce à une augmentation graduelle de la centralité à l’intérieur des réseaux sociaux et à une diminution de l'évitement des résidents. Les mouflons déplacés ont passé plus de temps en vigilance et ont augmenté leur vigilance lorsqu’ils formaient des groupes avec un plus grand nombre de résidents locaux. Les mouflons déplacés ont accumulé significativement moins de masse que les résidents pendant le premier été suivant leur translocation. Mes résultats suggèrent que les mouflons relocalisés ont besoin d'au moins un an pour s'habituer à leur nouvel environnement et s'intégrer socialement à la population locale. Mes résultats présentent une rare description des processus sociaux et des coûts physiologiques relatifs à la libération d’animaux ainsi qu'une des premières utilisations des réseaux sociaux pour décrire l’intégration sociale d’individus relocalisés lors d’un programme de renforcement de population en nature. La chute drastique de la taille de la population à la fin du XXe siècle a entraîné une importante perte d'hétérozygotie et de diversité allélique sur deux générations. Après l’ajout de mouflons provenant d'une autre population, les agneaux descendants de mouflons relocalisés étaient significativement plus lourds au sevrage et avaient une survie plus élevée à l’âge d’un an par rapport aux agneaux non-hybrides. L’hétérozygotie et la diversité allélique à l'échelle de la population ont significativement augmenté après deux générations grâce à l'ajout d’allèles provenant d'individus relocalisés. Mes résultats appuient une littérature croissante en faveur de la translocation en tant qu'outil de conservation en milieu naturel. Dans l’ensemble, mon projet montre que le suivi post-translocation des individus relocalisés et des populations ciblées, autant au niveau comportemental que génétique, peut fournir des indices sur le succès ou l'échec des programmes de renforcement. L’utilisation d’une approche intégrée combinant différentes composantes de la translocation est une avenue prometteuse pour l’étude des translocations en milieu naturel.