Own Group Recognition Bias (OGRB) is a robust phenomenon defined by being better able to recognize individuals from one's own ethnic group compared to other groups. A number of researchers agree that this bias is a function of perceptual and social contact. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of contact in the OGRB, particularly in its social dimension, and to understand more broadly how a set of social and cognitive components can act on face recognition. This work was based on two main approaches. The first was to assess the effects of social and cognitive components on the ability of European observers to recognize European and North-African faces. Specifically, I investigated contact patterns, prejudice, interaction anxiety and visual strategies in the context of the OGRB. To this end, I first created and tested scales to measure aspects of social contact, and prejudice towards North-African individuals. The social contact investigation was of three major sub-components of contact, including contact avoidance. The prejudice scale contained two attitudinal components, with items assessing ethnic prejudice and affective states. Then, I set up an experimental protocol using an eye-tracker and physiological measures to assess the impact of different components such as contact, intergroup anxiety, visual strategies and prejudice on face recognition. The main objective of this first part of the thesis was to determine the multiple interdependent effects between cognitive and social elements on intergroup face recognition abilities. The results of the experimental protocol confirmed the existence of an OGRB in European participants towards North-African individuals; however, the impact of social variables on face recognition was not conclusive. The study of visual strategies, however, showed clearer results. In a second part of my thesis, I addressed the notion of within-group variability and how this component can be integrated with the different elements mentioned above. First, I conducted a systematic review of the notion of 'phenotypicality bias', which is defined as the activation of prejudice based on perceived typicality of an ethnicity. This review highlighted an underdeveloped body of work that challenges the conception of the ethnic group as a homogeneous entity. In a second phase, I tested a set of protocols on the representation and perception of within-group variability for stimuli from African, European and North-African groups. This work allowed me to highlight elements perceived as typical of a given group and to create and validate standardised photographic material with different levels of perceived ethnic typicality. Finally, I manipulated this ethnic typicality in a final experimental face recognition protocol in order to assess its impact on the OGRB. The results of this last study also confirm an OGRB for African and North-African stimuli in a European population. The impact of within-group variability on recognition was relatively clear, especially for ethnic other-group faces.

Own Group Recognition Bias (OGRB) is a robust phenomenon defined by being better able to recognize individuals from one's own ethnic group compared to other groups. A number of researchers agree that this bias is a function of perceptual and social contact. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of contact in the OGRB, particularly in its social dimension, and to understand more broadly how a set of social and cognitive components can act on face recognition. This work was based on two main approaches. The first was to assess the effects of social and cognitive components on the ability of European observers to recognize European and North-African faces. Specifically, I investigated contact patterns, prejudice, interaction anxiety and visual strategies in the context of the OGRB. To this end, I first created and tested scales to measure aspects of social contact, and prejudice towards North-African individuals. The social contact investigation was of three major sub-components of contact, including contact avoidance. The prejudice scale contained two attitudinal components, with items assessing ethnic prejudice and affective states. Then, I set up an experimental protocol using an eye-tracker and physiological measures to assess the impact of different components such as contact, intergroup anxiety, visual strategies and prejudice on face recognition. The main objective of this first part of the thesis was to determine the multiple interdependent effects between cognitive and social elements on intergroup face recognition abilities. The results of the experimental protocol confirmed the existence of an OGRB in European participants towards North-African individuals; however, the impact of social variables on face recognition was not conclusive. The study of visual strategies, however, showed clearer results. In a second part of my thesis, I addressed the notion of within-group variability and how this component can be integrated with the different elements mentioned above. First, I conducted a systematic review of the notion of 'phenotypicality bias', which is defined as the activation of prejudice based on perceived typicality of an ethnicity. This review highlighted an underdeveloped body of work that challenges the conception of the ethnic group as a homogeneous entity. In a second phase, I tested a set of protocols on the representation and perception of within-group variability for stimuli from African, European and North-African groups. This work allowed me to highlight elements perceived as typical of a given group and to create and validate standardised photographic material with different levels of perceived ethnic typicality. Finally, I manipulated this ethnic typicality in a final experimental face recognition protocol in order to assess its impact on the OGRB. The results of this last study also confirm an OGRB for African and North-African stimuli in a European population. The impact of within-group variability on recognition was relatively clear, especially for ethnic other-group faces.

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<p>The main purpose of this study was to examine own and social influence on perfectionism</p><p>with individual athletes. The participants (n= 96) of this study represented ten different sports</p><p>and their ages was between 15 and 44. An interview with four of the participant was</p><p>conducted. The instruments used for this study was the Positive and Negative Perfectionism</p><p>Scale (Terry-Short et al., 1995) and for the interviews questions was based on own and social</p><p>influence. The results showed that there was a relationship between positive perfectionism</p><p>and own influence, negative perfectionism and own influence, negative perfectionism and</p><p>social influence. The results did not show any gender difference regarding perfectionism and</p><p>own/social influence. The interview gave a deeper knowledge on positive perfectionism</p><p>together with own and social influence and negative perfectionism together with own and</p><p>social influence.</p><p>Keywords: Individual athletes, Own influence, Perfectionism, Social influence</p>

The main purpose of this study was to examine own and social influence on perfectionism with individual athletes. The participants (n= 96) of this study represented ten different sports and their ages was between 15 and 44. An interview with four of the participant was conducted. The instruments used for this study was the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (Terry-Short et al., 1995) and for the interviews questions was based on own and social influence. The results showed that there was a relationship between positive perfectionism and own influence, negative perfectionism and own influence, negative perfectionism and social influence. The results did not show any gender difference regarding perfectionism and own/social influence. The interview gave a deeper knowledge on positive perfectionism together with own and social influence and negative perfectionism together with own and social influence. Keywords: Individual athletes, Own influence, Perfectionism, Social influence

In Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own the narrator clearly expresses her rage and resentment exposing the absence and exclusion of women through history and she also focuses on the unfair position of women in her contemporary society. The narrator encourages women to emancipate themselves and to be aware of the idiosyncratic nature of society that restricts them to the private sphere. The aim of this paper is to offer a different interpretation of A Room of One’s Own and demonstrate how Woolf excludes contemporary working-class women from partaking in her feminist message. In order to demonstrate the exclusion of working-class women three major perspectives have been integrated throughout the text: readings of A Room of One’s Own, a historical aspect including classism, and the significance of Woolf’s biographical background. My analysis highlights Woolf’s unintentional class bias, her ladylike manner, and the centrality of financial independence in A Room of One’s Own and displays how these features entail the exclusion of working-class women. The conclusion demonstrates that the amalgamation of the three perspectives mentioned above provides a nuanced and critical reading of A Room of One’s Own.

Abstract As technology advances, new computer, telecommunications and consumer electronic products are constantly being introduced, giving consumers more choice than in the past. However, fluctuations in the business cycle mean that competitors fight to gain market share and this often results in an oversupply of 3C products and a decline in prices. Taiwan's notebook industry is world-famous, but because of pressure from foreign companies profit margins are relatively low. The notebook producers try to control the price of the components by putting pressure on component makers. This leads to a price war between the suppliers and even the winners of this war still have to cut prices on a quarterly basis. Technology, consumer preferences and prices are all changing rapidly. Component agents are being squeezed between suppliers, who want to maintain a fixed price, and customers who want prices to be cut. This has reduced profit margins. This research focuses on how passive component agents change in response to this situation and meet the demands for higher quality, better service, lower prices and faster delivery. The case study concerns Company A, which originally acted solely as a passive component agent. It examines how, between 2002-2010, the company restructured its business and supply chain and developed its own-brand components to gain key competitive advantage and establish an operating platform. This study researched the relevant literature and information concerning Company A to produce a summary of the company's transition strategy and how it was implemented. It is hoped that this research will provide a reference for other agents which are going through a similar transition. Keywords: passive components, OEM, own-brand, competitive advantage

Most companies and organizations today depend on technology connected to the Internet. Schools and offices have therefore been providing computers, phones and other technology to the employees. The recent technological development and decline in prices for technology have contributed to making these products a part of everyday life for most people. This has made it very common for employees and students to bring their own devices into school and workplaces. The aim of this study is to define what "Bring your own device" means for Swedish companies and organizations and how it has been implemented in those. The aim is not mainly to generalize to all Swedish companies but create an understanding how the trend is used to provide a basis for continued research in this area. The questions this thesis aims to answer is: What does the term "Bring your own device" mean in the Swedish organizations and companies in which it is implemented? How is "Bring your own device" implemented in Swedish organizations and companies? What are the policies and guidelines for the Swedish organizations and companies that have implemented "Bring your own device", and how is compliance? A pragmatic approach has been used to incorporate previous studies while keeping the interview questions open to new approaches. The structure has been small-N studies that go deep into a number of cases, in order to more profoundly explain a phenomenon. Mail interviews have been used to collect data from the persons responsible for "Bring your own device" in the different organisations. The result shows that companies see "Bring your own device" as a trend where employees bring their own devices rather than firms providing employees with devices that they use privately. Respondents have not measured or examined how the introduction of BYOD has affected productivity. It seems, like in foreign studies, to be a lack of clear policies and guidelines regarding the phenomenon. / De flesta företag och organisationer är idag beroende av teknologi kopplad till Internet. I skolor och kontorslandskap har man därför sett till att förse de behoven som har funnits när det gäller datorer, telefoner och annan teknologi. De senaste årens tekniska utveckling och prisnedgång på teknologi har medverkat till att användningen av dessa produkter har blivit en del av vardagen. Detta har medfört att det har blivit allt vanligare att ta med sina egna enheter till skolor och arbetsplatser. Syftet är att definiera vad ”Bring your own device” (BYOD) innebär för svenska företag och organisationer och hur det har implementerats hos dessa. Främst är inte syftet att generalisera till alla svenska företag utan förstå hur trenden är implementerad för att ge en grund åt fortsatt forskning inom området. Frågeställningarna har varit följande: Vad innebär begreppet ”Bring your own device” i de svenska organisation-er och företag där det är implementerat? Hur är ”Bring your own device” implementerat i svenska organisationer och företag? Hur ser policys och riktlinjer ut i de svenska organisationer och företag som har implementerat ”Bring your own device”, och hur efterlevs dessa? En pragmatisk ansats har använts för att kunna dra fördel av tidigare studier samtidigt som intervjufrågorna har varit öppna för nya infallsvinklar. Upplägget har varit enligt små-N-studier där man går djupt in på ett antal fall, detta för att på ett mer grundläggande plan kunna förklara ett fenomen. För att samla in empiriska data har mailintervjuer gjorts av den ansvariga personen för ”Bring your own device” i respektive organisation. Resultatet visar att företag ser ”Bring your own device” som en trend där anställda tar med sig egna enheter snarare än att företagen förser anställda med enheter som de använder privat. De tillfrågade har inte mätt eller undersökt hur införandet har påverkat produktiviteten. Svenska företag och organisationer verkar agera på ungefär samma sätt som framkommit i utländska studier där tydliga policys och riktlinjer hos företag och organisationer kring begreppet BYOD saknas.

Cette thèse de doctorat, en Sciences de Gestion, a pour terrain de réflexions et d’actions de recherche, le projet WITE 2.0 consacré à l’analyse technico-organisationnelle d’un dispositif TIC en développement : une plateforme intégrée de télétravail. Cette plateforme permet de travailler «à distance» en mode connecté ou non, à partir de n’importe quel terminal (PC, téléphone, tablette), sur un mode «client léger» et dans un environnement de type cloud computing. De la conception de cette plateforme ont émergé des questionnements relatifs à la place des technologies d’information et de communication (TIC) dans les activités de travail réalisées «à distance» de son collectif de travail. Notre stratégie de recherche est constituée de deux grandes phases d’actions de recherche : la première consistait à connaître la diversité des configurations de «télétravail» et la seconde à comprendre les modes d’appropriation et les limites des technologies de communication unifiée entrant en jeu dans la conception de la plateforme. Ces deux phases ont été conduites dans une perspective de l’«action située» et suivant une méthodologie qualitative fondée sur des études par entretiens et par observations. Les résultats rendent compte des réalités des pratiques de travail à distance en situation de mobilité équipée, des limites des équipements et des tactiques construites par les acteurs pendant la «mise en pratique» de la technologie. Ces résultats révèlent aussi les normes, souvent tacites, et valeurs d’usages de ces nouvelles technologies et permettent d’appréhender leur conception au travers des recommandations managériales englobant leurs aspects technique, d’usage et de service. / This doctoral thesis in Management Sciences concerns the project WITE 2.0 dedicated to the analysis and the design of technical and organizational ICT device : an integrated platform for teleworking. This platform allows you to work "remotely" on a connected mode or not, from any device (PC, phone, tablet), on a "thin client" and in a work environment like « cloud computing ». Some questions have emerged related to the design of the platform : these questions concern the role of the information and communication technologies (ICT) in the progress of remote working. Our design of research is divided into two research’s actions : firstly, we wanted to know the diversity of remote working configurations and secondly, we wanted to understand how the appropriation’s codes and norms of the new technologies (used for the platform) take place. We followed an « situed action » perspective and a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews and observations. In our results, we describe the remote working’s realities, the limitations of the technologies and the tactics built by the workers while they « enact » the technology remotly. We discovered some use’s norms, often in a tacit dimension, and use’s values of these new technologies. Finally we gave some managerial recommandations concerning the technical, use and service aspects.

<p>Faces constitute one of the most important stimuli for humans. Studies show that women recognize more faces than men, and that females are particularly able to recognize female faces, thus exhibiting an own-sex bias. In the present thesis, three empirical studies investigated the generality of sex differences in face recognition and the female own-sex bias. <i>Study I</i> explored men’s and women’s face recognition performance for Bangladeshi and Swedish female and male faces of adults and children. Result showed sex differences, favoring women, for all face categories. <i>Study II </i>assessed boys’ and girls’ ability to recognize female and male faces from two age- and ethnic groups. The result demonstrated that girls recognize more faces than boys do, but that no sex differences were present for Swedish male faces. The results from <i>Study I</i> and <i>II</i> consistently demonstrate that females show reliable own-sex biases independent of whether the female faces were young, old, or of Bangladeshi or Swedish origin. In an attempt to explain the mechanisms of sex differences in face recognition and the female own-sex bias, <i>Study III</i> investigated men’s and women’s recognition performance for androgynous faces, either labeled “men”, “women”, or “faces”. The result showed that women told to remember “women” recognized more faces than women told to remember faces labeled “men” or “faces”, and that sex differences were present for androgynous faces, regardless of the label. Based on these findings, it is suggested that females’ attention is in particular directed towards other females, resulting in an own-sex bias. It is also suggested that there may be a difference in females’ and males’ orientation toward other individuals. This difference can have a biological base, which together with socialization may result in sex differences in face recognition. </p>