Diploma thesis entitled focuses on acute pain in general, as well as on post-operation pain, which is one of the types of acute pain. The first part of the thesis deals with acute pain as such and its characteristics. The second part deals with intensive care units (ICU). The third part contains description of post-surgery pain, treatment thereof, and the nurse?s role in taking care of clients suffering post-surgery pain. Three goals have been outlined. Goal 1: Identification of the techniques that nurses use at ICUs to sooth clients? pain. Goal 2: Map the monitoring the pain of clients hospitalized at ICUs. Goal 3: Find out whether the techniques for reducing pain of clients hospitalized at ICUs are effective. A quality-oriented research was applied for evaluation of the results, using a method of non-standardized interview with nurses and clients.The results can be used as a comparative overview of the most common pain-reducing techniques and proof of their effectiveness for clients.

Paediatricians and nurses belong to primary health care providers in the in child care while nurses have been taking over a key role in the primary health care. Their position is becoming stronger under the conditions of growing demands in the current health system. This survey was carried out as a combination of quantity and quality research. A questionnaire and an interview for nurses and parents was worked out as a major tool of the research. The survey included 102 nurses in paediatricians' offices. 112 parents and five nurses were interviewed in the range of the research work. There were six objectives set for the thesis. The first objective was to find out whether nurses in primary paediatricians' offices use nursing procedures. The hypothesis set up for the first objective was as of the following: nurses in primary paediatricians office do not use nursing procedures. This was proven on the grounds of the answers received in the survey. The second objective was to find out whether nurses keep their own nursing books and records. The second hypothesis set up was worded as of the following: Nurses in primary paediatricians' offices do not keep their own nursing records. This hypothesis was proven as well. The third objective was to find out whether nurses from primary paediatricians' offices visit families as a part of their service to families. The hypothesis for the third objective was worded as of the following: Nurses from primary pediatricians' offices visit patiens in their homes. The hypotehsis was proven on the groundsof the survey. The fourth objective was to find out whether nurses in primary paediatricians' office observe children in familes with bad socio-economic backgrounds. The hypothesis was worded as of the following: nurses observe children in familes with bad socio-economic;backgrounds. This hypothesis was proven as a fact. The fifth objective was to find out whether nurses are informed about community care. The fifth hypothesis was worded as of the following: nurses in primary paediatricians' offices are not informed about community care. This hypothesis was not proven. The sixth and the seventh objectives were to find out what the range of awareness about community care in parents' minds exists and whether parents are satisfied with nursing care provided by paediatricians and nurses. The hypotheses were worded as of the following: parents are not aware of community care and they consider paediatricians' and nurses' care substantial. The sixth hypothesis abot the range of parents' awareness of commuinity care was not proven, while the seventh hypothesis about satisfaction of nursing care by paediatricians and nurses was proven. In the frame of quality reasearch and on the grounds of four research questions two hypothese were set up. The first one is worded as of the following: Paediatric nurses in primary paediatric care consider community care as necessary and inevitable to provide a thourough care in familes with bad socio-economic backgrounds. The second one is worded as of the following. Paediatric nurses consider cooperation with nurses in other fields of the system as necessary and that eduaction towards well-being is desperately needed. Nurses should be aware of their roles within the health care system. They are no longer just nurses providing care and doers of doctors' commands. They have to learn how to operate successfully in other roles such as: managers, researchers, legislative assistants, advisors, educators and etc.

Introduction Nursing is a independent scientific discipline with one main aim: maintain and support health of population. Nursing care is performed by skilled nurse using nursing techniques. Particular nursing techniques are always modified by current state of health and needs of patient. Together with other disciplines, also nursing must refect changes of the modern age. Nursing practice and theory lead to qualitative changes by implementing of evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice in nursing is process connecting best nursing experience and expertise of nurses, which together determine the optimal care. Goals of the thesis To complete this thesis, three goals were determined. Firts goal was to find out, what was the source of particular nursing techniques performed by nurses. Second goal was to find out, if "good practise" was used when performing particular nursing techniques. Last goal was to fin out, what was the general knowedge of the "evidence based practise" phrase among nurses. Materials and methods Research investigation of the thesis was performed using the methods of qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative research was perfefomed using the questionnaires distributed among general nurses working at inpatient wards. Results of research were evaluated using graphs and tables. Pearson´s chi square test was used for statistical processing. Qualitative research was executed using the direct observation method. Six different categories were set. Data were colected to record form, which was later on used for analysis of observed figures. Observation was focused on comprehensive hygienic care, divided into following categories: oral hygiene, care of hospital clothing, bathing of not self-sufficient patient, care of nails, skin and washing the hair. Results Results of the thesis allowed to clarify links between performing the hygiene care and evidence-based practise / good practise. These results can also be used as a contribution on coferences regarding this topic and as a material in teaching the nursing. Using the statistically preocessed data, hypotehsis were evaluated. H1: General nurses perform particular nuring techniques more based on habitual practise of their department than on local professional health care standards. H1 was confirmed. H2: General nurses perform particular nursing techniques more based on habitual practise of their department then on EBN. H2 was confirmed. H3: General nurses with the bachelors or masters degree have better awareness of EBN than nurses witout university degree. H3 was confirmed. Research question was asked - What is the role of EBN in particular nursing techniques? Observation study revealed that EBN is not of high importance in performing nursing hygiene care. Conclusion Thesis could highlight weaknesses in providing hygienic care and evidenced based nursing. It could also inspire all who perform their job with joy and respect and wish all the best for their patients. Last but not least, thesis could inspire all who want to provide fist-rate and safe care and leave the work with self-satisfaction.

The aim of this thesis is to inform in detail about the latest clinical and nursing practice trends concerning the needs of patients in vegetative state and their carers. It also deals with relations in the system of long-term nursing care, providing medical and social services and rehabilitation. It also tries to point out the most pressing problems of the current situation of patients in vegetative state and their families, especially in terms of patient discharge to home care and availability of services specified for this target group. The latest findings and proven methods will be summarized in a simple and understandable form, which will serve as a guide both for health professionals and caregivers.For this thesis the Review and synthesis method will be used. The overview of current knowledge and studies in the field of care for patients in vegetative state will be synthesized and focused on home care with recommendations for practice and indications of weak spots.Long-term follow-up nursing and rehabilitative care is necessary for these patients. A special chapter is focused on the specific needs of patients in vegetative state and appropriate nursing care, rehabilitation and release issues. The fundamental part is the consistency of formal and informal care, caregiver preparation for their future role and related socio-economic issues. In conclusion the legal and ethical aspects of the whole field are mentioned regarding medical and nursing care of patients in vegetative state.In line with the objective of this thesis a manual will be created for potential informal carers on how to care for their loved ones, where to go in the case of emergency and what steps to take during the intermediate stage of institutional and home care. The results can be used for further exploration and as an additional source of information for health professionals.

The availability of the health care in the 19thcentury was not very good from the geographical and economical point of view because in the countryside the care was provided by less qualified people. The care of a child was mainly only at home. Mothers took care of the children on their own. They got information and experience from elder more experienced women in their surroundings. There are many myths and superstition related to the health care at this time. The culture of the society and the religious views influenced the treatment of children at that time. The paediatrics as an independent branch of science began to develop at the turn of the 19thand 20thcentury. In connection to this progress the attention was also focused on development of children´s health care. There were established first children´s departments and the care moved slowly to hospitals. The ways of the care of children changed during the historical development. A big progress in treatment of children was in the 20th century. The nursing schools and other hospitals were established. We can also register an increase in number of professional literature dealing with treatment and education of children of different age period. The consultancy for the mother and the child started to extend. The myths and superstitions were slowly forced out of information with scientific basis. The care of community was developed in the middle of the 20th century. It was a response to the bad availability of the health care in the country. In 80s of the 20th century has been introduced a new way of care of the mother and the child in maternity units, so called roaming-in that has functioned successfullytoday. The main priority of the children´s health care is to ensure good health care for children at all age, not only in hospital but also in the health. The goal of this thesis was to map the development of the health care at children´s age in the area of the Czech Republic. The research was based on the qualitative method. Acquired results through a content analysis data were divided according to particular periods of time. Mapping of the development of the health care at children´s age in the area of the Czech Republic may provide a complete view not only for nurses but for all medical staff and non-professional people.

Spiritual Care in Hospitals in the South Bohemian Region In contemporary holistic perspective, we see man as an integrated unity existing and functioning in four dimensions. These are biological, psychological, social and spiritual dimensions. All these spheres create a whole; they are inseparable and they influence each other. Therefore, caring for the ill can be characterized as a combination of these aspects {--} taking care of his biological needs, assistance in his social needs, identification and fulfilling of his psychological needs and help in meeting his spiritual needs. Spiritual needs are inherent in man{\crq}s nature and so it would be erroneous to suppose that they are present and pronounced only in people who are believers. The intensity of the urge to satisfy these needs changes during life. Research done on this topic has revealed that this kind of need intensifies in old age and illness. In some countries, it is already common that hospitals employ spiritual workers or hospital chaplains. In the Czech Republic, there has been a discussion going on regarding the introduction of the hospital chaplain function and several hospitals have one already. The goal of this work is to present an overview of the offer and ways of providing spiritual care in the individual hospitals in the South Bohemian region and to find out whether the offer of spiritual care in these hospitals corresponds with the needs and interest of the patients. The work should also find out what kind of spiritual assistance the patients are interested in {--} whether they would welcome if the hospitals employed their own chaplains or if regular visit of a clergyman suffice, and also, who should perform the role of the hospital chaplain {--} whether a clergyman or a qualified layman. The hypotheses will be verified through a quantitative research. To find out the intensity and kind of interest of patients in satisfying their spiritual needs and to ascertain the level of their satisfaction with offered services, a method of questionning will be used. The research will be conducted through a standardized questionnaire and a guided interview with patients who are unable to fill it in. Possible ways of satisfying spiritual needs will be assessed by the method of questionning through guided interviews with head nurses in the individual hospitals in the South Bohemian region.

This diploma thesis is focused on social work in home hospice care. The aim of the thesis is to map and describe the specifics of social work in particular mobile hospice organization Cesta domů, z. ú.. First, a palliative and hospice care is defined in the thesis with respect to current situation in the Czech republic. In the following part I define the needs of a dying person in home care. I also discuss potential sources of financial support for the families. Part of the thesis contains investigation based on interviews with social workers from organization Cesta domů, z .ú.

As a result of urgent medicine acceleration and neurosurgery care improvement individuals that had minimum chance of life saving in the past survive brain insults. Increasing occurrence of people with apallic syndrome is a consequence of this progress. This thesis compares domestic and institutional care of apallic people. It examines whether the care quality and complexity are comparable. As the domestic care is more economical for the government it has to be supported in the times of insufficient funds for health care. Quantitative research technique of non-standardized interview was used for data collection. The research sample consisted of six healthcare workers and six family members caring for apallic patients. One respondent had a son in institutional care, however she took him temporarily to domestic care. Questions for healthcare staff and for caring family members were prepared separately. The results show that apallic patients in domestic care achieve substantially better results. The physical load is comparable, mental load is higher for family members. The basal stimulation, which is extremely important for apallic patients, is purposefully applied in institutional care only, as it is provided by trained staff there. The results of this work were presented at the 4th National Student Conference organized by the Faculty of Healthcare Studies of the Pardubice University. The data are published in the proceedings: SOUSEDÍKOVÁ, Zuzana. Comparison of nursing care about apallic patients in domestic and institutional care. In VI. National Student Scientific Conference of Bachelor and Master Programmes General Nurse, Midwife, Healthcare Rescuer, Nursing. Pardubice: Pardubice University, 2011. p. 18. ISBN 978-80-7395-391-1. The thesis will also be provided to the Cerebrum Association, which is going to publish it on its website and provide it to its clients, who are in touch with patients after brain injury. Distribution of this work among people having individuals with insulted brain around is the best way how to highlight the urgency of the problem.

For many years, great attention has been devoted to the care of the elderly due to global aging of population. Almost all people want to spend their old age at home in their environment. This idea is supported by many experts who deal with the issue of old age and point to the advantages that it entails for both the senior and for the society. Therefore, it is paradox that many old people are placed in various health and social care facilities despite a wide range of various external services that enable seniors to stay in their home environment. That is why this master thesis aims to compare the nursing care provided to elderly people in their home environment with the care provided in institutions, both from perspective of a nurse who provides the care and from perspective of the elderly person or members of their family. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part focuses on explaining the old age and the changes that come along with the old age. It also points out how old age is perceived in contemporary society. Further, it deals with different types of senior care that is most frequently divided into family, health and social care. The practical part is focused directly on individual families of seniors who live at home supported with home care, and to families who have a member in the department for the chronically ill (DCI). In the practical part I also focused on nursing staff, particularly nurses who come into contact with the seniors every day. A qualitative research method was used for the research survey. The technique of in-depth interview was used for data collection. The first part of the research group consisted of nurses working in DCI and nurses working in home care. The second part of the group consisted of seniors who reside in DCI and their families and the elderly who use home care services and their families. Interviews with the nurses, seniors and their families are divided into individual categories: awareness, reason for placement to DCI, satisfaction with the care provided, the advantages and disadvantages of home care/DCI, differences in care in DCI and at home, in foods and drinks, positioning and incidence of pressure sores, hygiene, administering medicines, re-bandaging, in bowel habits, behavior of staff/family, facilities for a senior. The investigation shows that families consider hospital care and home care to be very good, but it can be seen that home care nurses enjoy greater trust of the family and have much closer relationship than those in a hospital. Both groups of nurses think that the care they provide is of high quality and professional, but point to the lack of funding that a hospital and a home care agency have. A very surprising fact emerged that families that have an elderly person in institutional care are eager for the placement since they believe that they would not be able to care of them properly themselves. The investigation cannot clearly assess which type of care is best because both methods have their positives and downsides for every party involved and there are different variables, such as the health condition of the elderly, their family or social background. Quantitative research over a longer period of time would be required for thorough mapping of the entire situation which could monitor the provided care in the long run and also take into account the above variables that may change over time.

Social care for the elderly Abstract The thesis deals with the issue of social care in the Czech Republic with regard to persons in retirement age. The main aim of this diploma thesis was to summarize the basic facts about this care and to provide the reader with a clear list of possible improvements or alternatives of social care for the elderly in various social security areas. In the introductory part, the paper first examines whether there is a need to address this topic and whether the Czech population is really getting old. These hypotheses have been confirmed on the basis of statistical data. This analysis also showed that resolving aging in the Czech Republic can solve support for family care. This form of care is the cheapest and easiest form of care in the Czech cultural and social environment. For this reason, the second chapter examines specifically family care in the Czech Republic. It deals first with the advantages and disadvantages of family care, then mentions the issue of gender imbalance in providing this care and the contemporary phenomenon of the sandwich generation. In one subchapter, the work mentions also the disproportionation of the old-age pension benefit of a family care provider where this care is provided for more than 15 years, and how this benefit could be proportionally...