Orientadores: Lena Virginía Soares Monteiro, Roberto Perez Xavier / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreto_CarolinaPenteadoNatividade_D.pdf: 13805186 bytes, checksum: 31ff869acc3883e50095008070e1e739 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Cinturão Sul do Cobre, Província Carajás, hospeda diversos depósitos de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro (iron oxide-copper-gold ou IOCG), tais como Sossego (corpos Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano e Sossego- Curral), Cristalino, Alvo 118, Bacuri, Bacaba, Castanha, Visconde e Jatobá, que estão localizados ao longo de uma zona de cisalhamento com direção WNW-ESSE, no contato sul entre a Bacia Carajás e as rochas do embasamento. Mapeamento geológico aliado a estudos geocronológicos (U-Pb SHRIMP IIe e LA-ICPMS) permitiram a caracterização dos litotipos hospedeiros de depósitos IOCG na porção centrooeste do Cinturão Sul do Cobre, incluindo: (1) unidades neoarqueanas de 2,74 Ga (Pórfiro Castanha, granito granofírico Sossego e intrusivas máficas); (2) unidades mesoarqueanas entre 2,87 Ga a 2,84 Ga (Tonalito Campina Verde, Trondhjemito Rio Verde e Granito Serra Dourada); (3) rochas metavulcânicas félsicas de 2,97 Ga associadas às lentes de rochas metaultramáficas; (4) rochas graníticas mesoarqueanas de 3,0 Ga (Tonalito Bacaba e Granito Sequeirinho). Alteração hidrotermal que afeta essas rochas consiste em alteração sódica regional (albita, escapolita e óxidos de ferro), sódico-cálcica (albita-actinolita), potássica (feldspato potássico-biotita), clorítica (clorita) e hidrolítica (sericita-muscovita-hematitaquartzo), silicificação e formação de epidoto-calcita-clorita. Os depósitos IOCG, entretanto, exibem variações dos padrões de distribuição das zonas de alteração hidrotermal, apontando para níveis crustais distintos de instalação dos sistemas hidrotermais, com formação de corpos de magnetita maciça e actinolititos em depósitos mais profundos (corpos Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano e depósito Castanha) e zonas de alteração clorítica e hidrolítica nos mais rasos (corpos Sossego-Curral e depósito Alvo 118). Datação de cristais de monazita hidrotermal (U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS) e molibdenita (Re-Os NTIMS) dos corpos Sequeirinho e Pista, e dos depósitos Bacuri e Bacaba, forneceram idades entre 2,71 a 2,68 Ga, enquanto que monazita hidrotermal dos corpos Sossego e Curral resultaram em idades entre 1,90 a 1,88 Ga. Adicionalmente, cristais de molibdenita do depósito Bacuri e de monazita do depósito Bacaba indicaram idades em 2,76 Ga e 2,05 Ga, respectivamente. Esses dados sugerem que múltiplos eventos hidrotermais neoarqueanos e paleoproterozóicos foram responsáveis pela alteração hidrotermal e mineralização cuprífera no Cinturão Sul do Cobre. O desenvolvimento de sistemas hidrotermais IOCG profundos (Sequeirinho-Pista, Bacaba, Bacuri, Visconde e Castanha) no Neoarqueano (2,71-2,68 Ga), associados a extensas zonas de escapolita, foi relacionado a reativações das zonas de cisalhamento em função da inversão tectônica da Bacia Carajás. No Orosiriano (1,9-1,87 Ga), a instalação de sistema(s) hidrotermal(is) IOCG em níveis crustais mais rasos resultou na formação de novos depósitos (Alvo 118) e corpos de minério (Sossego-Curral), possivelmente relacionados às fontes de calor devido à colocação dos granitos do tipo-A da província. Esse evento teria resultado em (re)mobilização do minério e sobreposição de estágios hidrotermais, tal como o desenvolvimento de alteração hidrolítica sobre alteração escapolítica preexistente. Assim, o Cinturão Sul do Cobre apresenta um notável registro de recorrência de eventos hidrotermais ao longo do tempo geológico, responsável pela formação de depósitos IOCG de classe mundial / Abstract: The Southern Copper Belt, Carajás Province, hosts several iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, including the Sossego (Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano and Sossego-Curral orebodies), Cristalino, Alvo 118, Bacuri, Bacaba, Castanha, Visconde, and Jatobá deposits. These deposits are situated within a WNW-ESE shear zone in the southern contact between the Carajás Basin and basement rocks. Geological mapping combined with geochronological studies (U-Pb SHRIMP IIe and LA-ICPMS) allowed the characterization of the host rocks of the IOCG deposits in the central-west part of the Southern Copper Belt, which include: (1) 2.74 Ga Neoarchean units (Castanha Porphyry, Sossego granophyric granite and mafic intrusive rocks); (2) 2.87-2.84 Ga Mesoarchean units (Campina Verde Tonalite, Rio Verde Trondhjemite and the Serra Dourada Granite); (3) 2.97 Ga felsic metavolcanic rocks associated with metaultramafic lenses; (4) 3,0 Ga Mesoarchean granitic rocks (Bacaba Tonalite and Sequeirinho Granite). Hydrothermal alteration that affects these rocks consist in regional sodic (albite, scapolite and iron oxides), sodic-calcic (albite-actinolite), potassic (potassium feldspar and biotite), chlorite, and hydrolytic (sericite-muscovitehematite- quartz) alterations, silicification, and epidote-calcite-chlorite formation. However, the IOCG deposits display variations in the distribution of the hydrothermal alteration zones, pointing to distinct crustal levels in which the deposits were installed. Massive magnetite-rich and actinolite-rich bodies are recognized in deeper-emplaced deposits (Sequeirinho-Pista-Baiano orebodies and Castanha deposit), while chlorite and hydrolytic alteration zones are identified in shallower-emplaced deposits (Sossego- Curral orebodies and Alvo 118 deposit). Dating of hydrothermal monazite (U-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS) and molybdenite (Re-Os NTIMS) from the Sequeirinho and Pista orebodies and the Bacuri and Bacaba deposits rendered ages of ca. 2.71 to 2.68 Ga, whilst hydrothermal monazite from the Sossego and Curral orebodies yielded ages of ca. 1.90 to 1.87 Ga. Additionally, molybdenite crystals from Bacuri and monazite from Bacaba provided the ages of 2.76 Ga and 2.05 Ga, respectively. These data suggest that multiple discrete Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic hydrothermal events were responsible for hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at the Southern Copper Belt. The development of deep IOCG hydrothermal systems (Sequeirinho-Pista, Bacaba, Bacuri, Visconde, and Castanha) at the Neoarchean (2.71-2.68 Ga), related to extensive scapolite-rich zones, was linked to the reactivation of shear zones due to the tectonic inversion of the Carajás basin. In the Orosinian (1.90-1.87 Ga), the establishment of IOCG hydrothermal system(s) in shallower crustal levels resulted in the formation of new deposits (Alvo 118) and orebodies (Sossego-Curral). This event was possibly associated with heat sources due to the emplacement of A-type granites at the province. This event would have caused ore re (mobilization) and overprint of hydrothermal alteration zones, with the formation of hydrolytic alteration over previously formed scapolite-rich zones. Therefore, the Southern Copper Belt presents an excellent example of recurrence of hydrothermal systems along the geological time, responsible for the genesis of world-class IOCG deposits / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutora em Ciências

Not participating in physical activities is considered to be a risk factor for the health and well-being of children, especially children with physical disabilities. Nonetheless, children with physical disabilities tend to participate less in physical activities than children without disabilities. The aim of this study was to identify what individual and contextual facilitators are suggested to support the participation of children aged 6 to 18 with physical disabilities in physical activities. A systematic literature review was conducted in four databases. The search was limited to articles written in English, peer reviewed and published between January 2006 and March 2016. A qualitative content analysis with focus on a deductive manifest approach was used to analyze the data. Seven articles were selected for data analysis. Results show that facilitators on an individual level include awareness of health benefits, being motivated, having fun, and social aspects such as meeting friends. Facilitators on a contextual level include support from people in the child’s environment, accessibility, adaptive equipment, modifiable activities, positive attitudes from others, available information, knowledgeable instructors, financial support, and transportation. Occupational therapists need to be aware of the facilitators identified on both individual and contextual level when planning interventions. More research with younger children is needed.

Amid contemporary catastrophizing about industry and the practice of photography, American artist LaToya Ruby Frazier began her photographic series Notion of Family (2002 to present) as a means of documenting the effects of economic and environmental decline in Braddock, Pennsylvania. Located nine miles south of Pittsburgh and the site of Andrew Carnegie’s first steel mill, the contemporary landscape of Braddock and the experience of its citizens mark a liminal place between the stark abandonment of completely deindustrialized sites and a continued battle with the environmental and social effects of surviving in industry’s wake. By photographing herself, her mother, her grandmother, and cousins and documenting the vicissitudes of her lived experience, Frazier uses the camera to resist real and insidious attempts at the erasure from the landscape and history of Braddock and from photographic discourse. Her work is a complex form of autobiography generated to be both representative of herself and to speak to a larger narrative about the impact of deindustrialization on marginalized communities. She uses the historical tension between absence and presence to make histories, realities and subjectivities present against the cultural and environmental forces striving to render them absent. / text

The purpose of this thesis is to give a description of the main features of the carnival in Rome over a period of time from the late seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century, the last two hundred years of its effective existence. To appreciate the form of the festival over this period, which in its essential characteristics remained basically unchanged, something must be said about the earlier centuries, where there were notable differences and emphases. The final form of the carnival was established in the second half of the seventeenth century. Given the time-scale and the number of factors involved, a thematic rather than a chronological sequence has been followed in order to establish in which ways the earlier carnival differed from the later. Chapter One is devoted to the earlier years. There is a serious lack of documentation for the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, especially in relation to the enjoyment of the ordinary people. Most refernces to the occasion tend to concentrate on the more aristocratic manifestations, or on the official and more organized events. In the Middle Ages and for much of the sixteenth century the carnival held a position of importance in the civic calendar of Rome, in the form of the Games of Agone and Testaccio. They were organized by the S.P.Q.R., the city magistrates and the `Rioni'. With the progressive establishment of Papal power from the mid fifteenth century, and the choice of the via Lata for the main events, the importance of the people's games declined (the games of Testaccio dying out some time in the early seventeenth century) and this reflected the gradual decline of the people's power. With the increasing power of the Papacy and the new Papal aristocracy in the seventeenth century, a process of control, reform and refinement of the carnival took place - political control, moral reform under the impetus of the Counter-Reformation, the regulating of the carnival to remove the violence and disorders of earlier years, a refining of the features of the carnival which removed some of the crudeness and vulgarity. These moves concerned particularly the carnival of the people, of which only glimpses are recorded; the years after the mid sixteenth century are those in which the Church and the cultural elite distanced themselves from the popular culture which had been shared by all in the Renaissance period - and the carnival was the prime example of this culture. Annual edicts dictated the rules to be observed in the conduct of carnival; initially extremely severe, they were softened somewhat in the course of the seventeenth century, particularly in relation to the participation of women in the celebrations. This chapter ends with a look at the innovations of Paul II, who gave the carnival its essential form and duration in 1466, by his move to the Corso (via Lata), his introduction of the classical `Trionfo', which was in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a celebration of the city and the Pope, and in the seventeenth century of the aristocracy. Some reference will be made to the most popular masks seen in the seventeenth century carnival. The chapter ends with a look at the races, increased in number and in variety by Paul II. For most of this period the horse-race was only one of a number of races; only in the second half of the seventeenth century did it become the sole kind. Chapter Two covers the period up to 1789; a period of relative stability, free from political tension and troubles. The form of the carnival was now virtually complete - only the `Moccoli' ceremony of the last evening had still to be added. This chapter gives a description of the various features of the carnival which remains generally valid for later periods, though more details and more emphasis will be noted on certain points in later chapters. The focus was now firmly on the Corso, by this time the venue for all the main events of the carnival - the public events. The games of Agone and Testaccio were over, and the other locations which had been occasionally used no longer figured in the celebrations. The aristocratic domination of the occasion had declined considerably; the focus was on the people and their pleasure, the aristocracy preferring, as Goethe indicated, to mix with the crowd on the street. Foreigners were an increasing presence, but had not yet begun to take such an enthusiastic part in the proceedings as they did later. A description of individual features will be given, the masks, some indication of the scenes played out on the Corso, the confetti battles (with a look at the projectiles used in earlier periods), the `moccoli' evening, the races ( the one area where the aristocracy maintained control for the greater part of the century). Chapter Three covers the period between 1789 and 1815 - a period of upheaval, with the arrival of revolution in the city. The political dimension was brought into the carnival, the element of conflict absent for so many years. With war in Europe the numbers of foreigners visiting the city diminished considerably; there is much less information available from foreign observers for this period. The political tension, already apparent even before the arrival of the French in 1798, came to the surface at various moments, most notably in the remarkable example of passive resistance to the French command which took place in the carnival of 1809. The French, in 1798-99, made an unsuccessful attempt to reform and renew the carnival, to turn it into a `f^ete réolutionnaire' (`la Festa Saturnale'); but very soon things were back to normal - or almost, since the `moccoli' ceremony banned in 1790, was not resumed till 1811. The traditional masks, some of which had been outlawed, were back in those closing years of the period. There was a further increase in the freedom allowed to women, and the mask of the peasant girl, or `Ciociara' was becoming the most popular female costume. Chapter Four continues the story up to 1848. With the end of hostilities and the Restoration of Papal government foreigners flocked back to Rome, and began to play a more active role, in the masked ball, private or public, but also on the Corso - particularly in the confetti battles, where their participation was so violent that they often offended the Romans. The freedom of the young women was even more noticeable in these years. The quality of the horses presented for the races had deteriorated. The familiar masks were very much in evidence, but there was an increase of more primitive and grotesque ones - animals, giants, physical deformities. There is more evidence of little scenes played out on, and off, the Corso, and praise of the skill of the Romans in comic improvisation. There were, however, numerous foreign observers who denied the ability of the Romans to `support' character, and who preferred the masked ball, their concept of masking - based on historical, artistic, literary models. Such masks began to appear on the Corso, too. This chapter ends with a look at the political situation after 1830. Even before this year some of the more sensitive foreign observers had sensed an unease and a tension under the light-heartedness of the affair, indications that perhaps some of the inhabitants of Rome had not welcomed the Pope back so whole-heartedly. The carnival of 1831, in the middle of the rebellion in the Papal States, brought this to the surface

This study warns that Scottish education is in danger of losing a valuable and venerable element of the school curriculum: the Classics. In order to demonstrate what Scottish education stands to lose, this study defends one particular element of the Classics, rhetoric, understood as the practice of effective speaking and effective writing for the purpose of persuasion. Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence (CfE), first conceived in 2002 and implemented in 2010, is still a fledgling curricular initiative and schools are currently in an adjustment phase while existing syllabus content and pedagogical approaches are reviewed in order to better reflect the aims and purposes of the new curriculum. With increased focus on teacher autonomy, flexibility, personalisation and choice (Scottish Government 2008), now is an ideal time, I claim, to reveal and defend the contribution of rhetoric to this curriculum. This study promotes the learning and teaching of rhetoric in Scottish secondary schools, citing its potential to enrich not just the Classics but many areas of the curriculum, and makes particular claims for its contribution to cultivating critical and responsible citizens. Set against a broader backdrop of political and philosophical influences on curriculum reform and educational policy, this research examines the origins, aims and purposes of CfE and suggests that, although clearly influenced by supranational expectations regarding employability, economic growth and adequately equipping the future workforce, the curriculum appears to uphold the value of the Arts and Humanities and places education for citizenship at its core. These moves imply progress, at least in Scotland, towards ameliorating the ‘crisis in the Humanities’ and making room for increased focus on cross-curricular skills and abilities which are considered important for responsible citizenship: literacy, speaking and listening, argumentation and debate. The retention of Classical languages in Scotland’s new curriculum offers renewed hope, at least at the policy level, for the revitalisation of Classics teaching in Scottish schools. Yet despite their inclusion in the curriculum, they have received no promotion and there are no teacher training places available in Classical languages in Scotland so, at a practical level, the future of the subjects remains in crisis. By focussing on the educational merit of just one feature of the Classics, this study aims to highlight the value of rhetoric in CfE and in so doing raise the profile and improve the image of Classical language education. I argue that the Classical rhetorical framework, developed as a method for citizens to represent themselves effectively in public, has much to offer the development of literacy, critical literacy and critical thinking. These skills are shown to be linked to citizenship education and particular attention is paid to what is meant by ‘responsible citizenship’ in CfE. The argument is made that popular interpretations of the policy imply personally responsible or participatory conceptions of citizenship, but I promote a maximal interpretation in the form of ‘justice-oriented’ citizenship (Westheimer and Kahne 2004: 242). I defend that it is this conception of citizenship which is optimal for Scottish democracy both to appeal to the Scottish democratic intellect (Davie 1961) and to advance the values of wisdom, justice, compassion and integrity, the values inscribed on the mace in the Scottish Parliament (Gillies 2006). Despite ambiguity in CfE regarding the form of democracy envisaged for the 21st century, I argue that the study of rhetoric cultivates knowledge and skills which are particularly pertinent and beneficial to deliberative democracy and that in such a conception of democracy, rhetoric complements critical argumentation as a method of deliberation between citizens. I claim that it does so by facilitating narrative imagination, engaging the emotions and by providing a communicative bridge between diversely positioned deliberators. After highlighting and defending the value of rhetoric in CfE, the study concludes with the consideration of how rhetoric might best be positioned in the curriculum and advances a number of possible pedagogical models for its delivery, the most practical of which is offered by a cross-curricular approach but the most desirable of which is conferred by Classical languages.

Dans l’école des Tenants des anciennes traductions, les rNying ma pa-s, on trouve, en plus de la lignée de transmission orale dite longue (ring brgyud bka’ ma), une lignée de transmission courte des trésors (nye brgud gter ma). Par « trésors », on entend des textes qui auraient été cachés par Padmasambhava et ses disciples et qui, au moment où les circonstances l’exigent, sont redécouverts par des religieux prédestinés : les gter ston-s. Ceux-ci sont des milliers mais seuls certains d’entre eux, les cinq rois gter ston-s, font autorité pour authentifier un trésor et son découvreur. Le quatrième d’entre eux, Padma gling pa (1450-1521), naquit au Bhoutan où il œuvra et établit des centres religieux. Il étendit également sa sphère d’influence au Sud du Tibet où il fonda l’un de ses monastères principaux : Lha lung. Après sa mort, sa tradition spirituelle continua de se développer grâce à trois lignées d’incarnations. Bien loin de là, dans l’Ouest de l’Himalaya, la tradition rituelle de ce gter ston est encore aujourd’hui pratiquée dans la Vallée des nuages au Spiti. Jusqu’à présent, l’introduction de cette tradition, si éloignée de son lieu d’origine, reste mystérieuse. La présente étude vise, après avoir évoqué le cadre historique de la Vallée, à reconstituer dans un deuxième temps, grâce à des manuscrits que l’on croyait un temps perdus ainsi qu’à la tradition orale, l’histoire de cette tradition religieuse depuis son introduction jusqu’à nos jours. Dans un troisième temps, ce travail expose les pratiques et le calendrier rituel de la Vallée. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée au Rituel des vivants (gSon chog), rituel incontournable des habitants de la Vallée. / In the school of the Followers of the old translations, the rNying ma pa-s, there is not only the Long lineage of the oral transmission (ring brgyud bka’ ma) but also the Short lineage of the treasures (nye brgyud gter ma). “Tresaures” are texts that were hidden by Padmasambhava and his disciples and discovered by predestined religious figures : the gter ston-s, when the circumstances so require. Those gter ston-s are thousands but only few of them, the five gter ston-s kings are recognized authority who can authentify a treasure and its discoverer. The fourth of them Padma gling pa (1450-1521), was born in Bhutan where he built several important religious complexes. During his life time, he extended his influence to the South of Tibet where he founded one of his main monasteries : Lha lung. After his death, his tradition continued to develop thanks to three incarnation lineages. On the western part of the Himalaya, in the Clouds Valley, in Spiti, the ritual tradition of this gter ston is nowadays still practiced. Until recently, the introduction of this ritual tradition far from its place of origin, remained quite a mystery. After an evocation of the historic context, the present study attempt, secondly, thanks to old manuscripts that were supposed to be lost and thanks to the oral tradition, to redraw the history of this religious tradition from its origin until now. Thirdly, this work exposes the practices and the religous agenda of the Valley. Finally, its last part focus on the Ritual of the living beings (gSon chog) which is a key ritual in the life of the inhabitants of the Valley.

Dans l’école des Tenants des anciennes traductions, les rNying ma pa-s, on trouve, en plus de la lignée de transmission orale dite longue (ring brgyud bka’ ma), une lignée de transmission courte des trésors (nye brgud gter ma). Par « trésors », on entend des textes qui auraient été cachés par Padmasambhava et ses disciples et qui, au moment où les circonstances l’exigent, sont redécouverts par des religieux prédestinés : les gter ston-s. Ceux-ci sont des milliers mais seuls certains d’entre eux, les cinq rois gter ston-s, font autorité pour authentifier un trésor et son découvreur. Le quatrième d’entre eux, Padma gling pa (1450-1521), naquit au Bhoutan où il œuvra et établit des centres religieux. Il étendit également sa sphère d’influence au Sud du Tibet où il fonda l’un de ses monastères principaux : Lha lung. Après sa mort, sa tradition spirituelle continua de se développer grâce à trois lignées d’incarnations. Bien loin de là, dans l’Ouest de l’Himalaya, la tradition rituelle de ce gter ston est encore aujourd’hui pratiquée dans la Vallée des nuages au Spiti. Jusqu’à présent, l’introduction de cette tradition, si éloignée de son lieu d’origine, reste mystérieuse. La présente étude vise, après avoir évoqué le cadre historique de la Vallée, à reconstituer dans un deuxième temps, grâce à des manuscrits que l’on croyait un temps perdus ainsi qu’à la tradition orale, l’histoire de cette tradition religieuse depuis son introduction jusqu’à nos jours. Dans un troisième temps, ce travail expose les pratiques et le calendrier rituel de la Vallée. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée au Rituel des vivants (gSon chog), rituel incontournable des habitants de la Vallée. / In the school of the Followers of the old translations, the rNying ma pa-s, there is not only the Long lineage of the oral transmission (ring brgyud bka’ ma) but also the Short lineage of the treasures (nye brgyud gter ma). “Tresaures” are texts that were hidden by Padmasambhava and his disciples and discovered by predestined religious figures : the gter ston-s, when the circumstances so require. Those gter ston-s are thousands but only few of them, the five gter ston-s kings are recognized authority who can authentify a treasure and its discoverer. The fourth of them Padma gling pa (1450-1521), was born in Bhutan where he built several important religious complexes. During his life time, he extended his influence to the South of Tibet where he founded one of his main monasteries : Lha lung. After his death, his tradition continued to develop thanks to three incarnation lineages. On the western part of the Himalaya, in the Clouds Valley, in Spiti, the ritual tradition of this gter ston is nowadays still practiced. Until recently, the introduction of this ritual tradition far from its place of origin, remained quite a mystery. After an evocation of the historic context, the present study attempt, secondly, thanks to old manuscripts that were supposed to be lost and thanks to the oral tradition, to redraw the history of this religious tradition from its origin until now. Thirdly, this work exposes the practices and the religous agenda of the Valley. Finally, its last part focus on the Ritual of the living beings (gSon chog) which is a key ritual in the life of the inhabitants of the Valley.

Nos depósitos lateríticos de níquel, em função das condições morfoclimáticas e estruturais que reinaram durante o período de desenvolvimento do perfil de alteração, o níquel pode estar associado a várias fases minerais, de tal forma que importantes diferenças na composição do minério são registradas, tanto dentro de um mesmo depósito, quanto entre depósitos de diferentes regiões. A alteração intempérica dos dois corpos de rochas ultramáficas (V1 e V2) do Vermelho, serra dos Carajás (PA) levou à formação de um depósito laterítico de níquel com teores médios da ordem de 1,2% a 1,8%Ni, de acordo com os cálculos de reservas efetuados pela Rio Doce Geologia e Mineração S/A - DOCEGEO. Dois tipos de minério foram definidos para este depósito: o minério silicatado, constituído principalmente por serpentinas acompanhadas por cloritas, esmectitas, opacos e quartzo em menor proporção, com teores médios mais elevados, e o minério oxidado, onde a goethita é o mineral predominante e podem ocorrer também, esmectitas, cloritas, quartzo e opacos. No entanto, como é habitual neste tipo de perfil, estes teores não são devidos a minerais neoformados de níquel. Os teores médios são, portanto, resultado da presença do níquel em uma ou várias das fases minerais presentes no minério. Neste trabalho, amostras provenientes de alguns poços de pesquisa abertos pela DOCEGEO, tanto no corpo V1 quanto no corpo V2, foram estudadas detalhadamente, após descrição petrográfica, com auxilio de técnicas como difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão (MEV-MET), microssonda eletrônica (ME), espectroscopia do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia Mössbauer. Com base nos dados de composição química e mineralógica, as amostras foram classificadas em três tipos: rocha fresca a parcialmente alterada, minério silicatado e minério oxidado. Na rocha fresca, os teores médios de níquel situam-se em torno de 0,3%NiO e o níquel está presente nas serpentinas, cloritas e flogopitas, em teores da mesma ordem. No minério silicatado, o níquel está igualmente distribuído nas serpentinas, que são nos minerais mais abundantes, e nas cloritas e, em menor quantidade, ocorre nos produtos amorfos e goethita que começam a se formar neste nível. Os silicatos, de origem hipógena se enriquecem incorporando o níquel liberado durante as transformações minerais que se processam nos níveis superiores do perfil de alteração, chegando a teores da ordem de 2-3%NiO. Nas demais fases minerais os teores são da ordem de 1,5%. No minério oxidado, a serpentina desaparece e o níquel associa-se à goethita e às cloritas. Quando ocorrem bolsões de quartzo neste nível, as esmectitas e o talco mal cristalizado associados são também portadores de níquel. As cloritas do minério oxidado, que chegam a conter até 15% de NiO, constituem a fase mineral que mais concentra níquel, o qual situa-se, principalmente, na camada brucítica, em substituição ao Mg. No entanto, apesar de apresentar teores bem mais baixos (1,5%), a principal fase mineral portadora de níquel é a goethita, por ser o mineral mais abundante. Indicações de substituição diadóquica de Fe pelo Ni nestes minerais foram obtidas através de estudos de detalhe. As esmectitas, com cerca de 9% de NiO, e o talco niquelífero são minerais que, quando presentes, causam um aumento do teor médio de níquel do minério oxidado que chega a valores anômalos da ordem de 5%NiO. Nas esmectitas, do tipo nontronitas, o níquel encontra-se na camada octaédrica, distribuído em domínios alternados e domínios ferríferos. Devido à alta concentração de níquel nas cloritas e nas esmectitas, esses minerais têm um papel importante na composição do teor médio do minério nos níveis onde estão presentes. No corpo V2, onde as cloritas são mais abundantes, o minério oxidado possui teores de níquel mais elevados do que no corpo V1. O teor médio no minério oxidado, de 1,2%Nio, é inferior aos teores das fases portadoras de níquel, cloritas e goethita. Essa diluição é devida à presença de opacos e microssilicificações no plasma goethítico que não contém níquel. A originalidade do depósito de níquel do Vermelho está, ao contrário do estabelecido para os demais depósitos deste tipo, na presença, no minério oxidado, de outra fase mineral além da goethita como concentradora de níquel, as cloritas niquelíferas. / Weathering of two ultramafic bodies (V1 and V2) of the Vermelho sector of the Serra dos Carajás (PA) led to the formation of lateritic nickel deposit with mean Ni contents of about 1.2% and 1.8%, according to reserves calculations by Rio Doce Geologia e Mineração S/A- DOCEGEO. Two ore types were defined for this sector: the silicate ore, richer in Ni, is mainly composed of serpentine accompanied by chlorite, smectite, opaque minerals and a lower quartz content; and the oxide ore in which goethite is the main mineral, but in which smectite, chlorite, quartz and opaque minerals are also found. On the other hand, as is common in this type of situation, the nickel concentrations are not due to the presence of newly-formed nickel minerals, but to its presence in one or other of the major minerals of the ore. In this study, samples from DOCEGEO prospection pits opened in the V1 and V2 bodies were subjected to detailed study, including initial petrographic examinations followed by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe and Fourier transform infrared and Mossbauer spectrometry studies. The chemical and mineralogical compositions allow the samples to be classified in three types: fresh to partially altered rock, silicate ore and oxide ore. In fresh rock, mean Ni concentrations are around 0.3% NiO, and Ni is present in serpentite, chlorite and phlogopite, in which the concentrations are of roughly the same order. In the silicate ore, Ni is equally distributed between serpentine - the most abundant mineral - and chlorite, and occurs in lesser quantity in amorphous products and goethite, which being to appear in this ore type. The hypogene silicates become enriched in Ni by incorporation of Ni liberated during the mineral transformations which occur in the upper levels of the alteration profiles. These silicates contain 2-3% NiO, while other phases present contain about 1.5% NiO. In the oxide ore, serpentine dissappears and Ni becomes associated with goethite and chlorite. Where quartz lenses are found, smectites and poorly crystallized talc also contain Ni. Chlorites of the oxide ore contain up to 15% NiO, which substitutes Mg in the brucite layer. Nevertheless, even though its Ni content is much less (1.5% NiO), the most important Ni-bearing phase is goethite, the most abundant mineral. Diadochic substitution of Fe by Ni seems to occur. The presence of smectites with ~ 9% NiO and nikelliferous talc is responsible for anomalous ore grades of about 5% NiO. In nortronites, Ni occurs in the octahedral layer in domains which alternate the ferriferous domains. The Ni-rich smectites and chlorites play an important role in determining ore grades. In the V2 body in which chlorite is more abundant, the oxide ore is richer than in V1. The mean grade (1.2% NiO) of oxide ore is less than the concentrations in Nibearing phases as a result of the dilution effect caused by opaque minerals and silicified microbodies in the goethite plasma mass, which do not contain Ni. The most interesting point about the Vermelho Ni deposits, compared to other deposits of similar type, resides in the presence of a Ni -bering mineral - the nickeliferous chlorite - other than goethite in the oxide ore.

O trabalho que se apresenta tem como propóstio avaliar o processo de projeto participativo da Casa de Memória em Altamira, cidade do Estado do Pará. A exigência da construção das Casas de Memória, uma na cidade de Altamira e outra na cidade vizinha de Vitória do Xingu, é uma das condicionantes do processo de licenciamento ambiental do empreendimento da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte. A partir dessa avaliação crítica, expõem-se os desafios, dificuldades, possibilidades, limites e as especificidades do processo de participação no projeto museológico e arquitetônico das Casas de Memória originários do programa de compensação socioambiental. O trabalho não corrobora com a necessidade da construção da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte e tampouco com o plano de eletrificação da Amazônia, assume-se aqui que, dada a aprovação da construção da usina as edificações das Casas de Memória, o acervo e as atividades propostas pelo projeto de museologia são uma possibilidade desejável de compensação para a população. Como arquiteto, urbanista e paisagista acredito ser importante o registro e a documentação das transformações, dos valores naturais e culturais da paisagem e da população impactadas. Entendo as Casas de Memória como espaço vivo, animado e apropriado pela população que contribua com a compreensão, o enfrentamento e rsistência frente às transformações e a história da comunidade. A hipótese que se quer provar é de que apenas adotando o processo participativo de trabalho e construção do acervo e do projeto, as casas terão alguma chance de ser concretizada a contento, ou seja, apenas com o envolvimento efetivo da população afetada pela construção da barragem no processo teremos a chance de vê-los apropriem-se do espaço e conotem o valor seimbólico que o espaço remete, caso contrário, o espaço servirá como um museu da cidade que sediará a edificação / The present study aims to evaluate the participatory design process of the Memory House in Altamira, Pará State. The requirement of memory houses construction, one in the city of Altamira and another in the nearby town of Vitória do Xingu, is one of the conditions of the environmental licensing process to the construction of Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant. Fromthis critical evaluation, i expose challenges, difficulties, possibilities, limits and specificities of the participation in the museum and architectural desing of the memory houses originating from environmental compensation program process. The study does not corroborate the need to build the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte, nor with the electrification plan of the Amazon. Otherwise, it is assumed here that, give the approval of the construction of the plant, buildings of memory houses, the collection and activities proposed by the museology project is a desirable possibility of compensation for the population. As an architect, urban planner and landscaper designer, I think the registration and documentation of change, natural and cultural values of the landscape and the affected population is important. I understand the memory houses as living space, lively and taken by the population, a space that contributes to the understanding, facing and resistance before the change and the history of the community. The hypothesis we want to prove is taht only by adopting the participatory process of work and construction of the collection and design, the houses will have any chance of being implemented satisfactorily, in other words, only with the effective involvement of the population affected by the dam construction in the process, we will have the chance to see them take the space and understand all the symbolic value that the space refers, otherwise the space will mwerely serve as a city museum which will host the building.

So Hon-tou. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-59). / Text and abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Table of contents --- p.iii / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter I: --- "Relationship between the pipa and the guqin, and other instruments" --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Establishment of authority and legitimacy of the editor's own edition --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Influence of the record industry --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- A Compilation of the Textual Parts from the Anthologies --- p.25 / Conclusion --- p.54 / Selected bibliographical references --- p.55