Contribuições recentes em teoria econômica têm sugerido que os efeitos do gasto do governo sobre o consumo privado dependem da interação entre agentes otimizadores e não-otimizadores, dada a restrição de liquidez dos últimos. Este trabalho analisa empiricamente tal hipótese estimando modelos de correção de erros em painel uniequacionais (P-ECM) e multiequacionais (P-VECM) para um painel com 48 países, assumindo uma estrutura de dependência de corte transversal e utilizando alguns dos mais recentes procedimentos de cointegração em painel. Sob a hipótese de que em países em desenvolvimento existe uma maior fração de agentes não-otimizadores (restritos ao crédito), analisa-se a existência de efeitos distintos entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Os resultados indicam que o gasto do governo crowds in o consumo privado agregado no longo prazo, sugerindo que o gasto do governo e o consumo privado podem ser descritos como bens complementares, e que os efeitos são duas vezes maiores nos países em desenvolvimento relativamente aos desenvolvidos, dando suporte às hipóteses testadas. / Recent contributions in economic theory have proposed that the observed effects of government spending on private consumption depend on the interaction between optimizing and non-optimizing agents, i.e., those who are liquidity constrained. This dissertation empirically analyzes this hypothesis by estimating panel error-correction models both uniequational (P-ECM) and multiequational (P-VECM) in a panel of 48 countries, assuming cross-sectional dependence structure and applying some of most recently developed methodologies on panel cointegration. Under the hypothesis that developing countries have a higher fraction of non-optimizing agents (with credit constraints), the dissertation analizes the existence of different effects on developed and developing countries. The results show that government spending crowds in private consumption in the long run, suggesting that government spending and private consumption can be described as complementary goods, and that the effects are two times as larger in developing countries as in developed ones, supporting the tested hypothesis.

Esta dissertação tem o propósito de avaliar a experiência de Brasil, Chile e México comparativamente a de Austrália, Finlândia, Suécia, Reino Unido, Nova Zelândia e Canadá sob o regime de metas inflação (IT). Dessa forma, o interesse central deste estudo é o efeito das políticas monetárias adotadas sobre produto dos países emergentes, em um contexto de excessiva volatilidade da taxa de câmbio, elevada dívida pública e baixa credibilidade das instituições. Para atingir este objetivo, optouse pela conjugação do método analítico descritivo, análise do histórico dos países sob IT, e de um exercício econométrico. A variável através do qual o desempenho econômico dos países será analisado, para fins de comprovação empírica, é a taxa de sacrifício, construída a partir da razão entre hiato do produto, medido pelo filtro HP, e o logaritmo da variação da inflação. Os resultados empíricos deste trabalho, bem como o histórico dos países, sugerem que a taxa de sacrifício dos emergentes é, em média, superior a dos industrializados. As fraquezas presentes nas economias emergentes, como falta de coordenação entre políticas monetária e fiscal, vulnerabilidade externa, que se manifesta na excessiva volatilidade e sensibilidade da taxa de câmbio a choques externos, entre outras, são as possíveis explicações para este fenômeno. / This thesis main objective is evaluate and compare the experience of Brazil, Chile and Mexico against the experience of Australia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom, New Zealand and Canada under the inflation targeting (IT) regime. In this regard, the central interest of this study is the effect of the monetary policy adopted over the emerging countries GDP, in a context of extreme exchange rate volatility, high public debt and low institution’s credibility. To reach this goal, it was combined the analytical descriptive method with an econometrical exercise. The variable, through which the country’s economic performance was analyzed, for ends of empirical evidence, is the sacrifice rate, built from the GDP gap, measured through HP filter, and the inflation variation logarithms. The empirical results of this work, as well as the countries historical experience, suggest that emerging countries sacrifice ratio is, on average, higher than for the industrialized ones. The weaknesses found in these economies, as lack of monetary and fiscal policy coordination, external vulnerability, manifest through exchange rate volatility and high sensitivity to external shocks, among others, are the possible explanations for this phenomenon.

Orientador: Leandro Gobbo Braz / Resumo: Braghiroli KS. Mortalidade perioperatória e por fator anestésico em pacientes geriátricos: revisão sistemática com metanálise e análise de metarregressão [tese]. Botucatu. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2020. Introdução: o número de procedimentos anestésico-cirúrgicos está aumentando nos pacientes geriátricos, pois este grupo etário está em aumento progressivo dentro da população mundial. A presente revisão comparou as incidências de mortalidade perioperatória e mortalidade por fator anestésico em pacientes geriátricos de acordo com o IDH (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano) dos países e com o tempo. Métodos: realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais da literatura mundial sobre as incidências de mortalidade perioperatória e mortalidade por fator anestésico em pacientes geriátricos. Para a estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados até 30 de setembro de 2019: Medline, Embase, LILACS e SciELO. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico de Freeman-Turkey e um modelo de efeito randômico para comparar com a metanálise proporcional a incidência de mortalidade perioperatória e mortalidade por fator anestésico, de acordo com o IDH dos países (alto e baixo-IDH) e o período de tempo (pré-1990 e versus 1990-2019). Utilizou-se um modelo de efeito fixo para a análise de metarregressão, analisando-se a incidência de mortalidade perioperatória e mortalidade por fator anestésico ao longo do tempo e do IDH dos países. Resultados: foram i... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Braghiroli KS. Anesthesia-related and perioperative mortality in geriatric patients according country Human Development Index status: a systematic review with meta-regression and meta-analysis [Ph.D. thesis]. Botucatu: Medical School, São Paulo State University; 2020. Background: There is an increase in anesthetic procedures performed in geriatric patients, since the worldwide population is ageing. This is the first review of the literature related to global perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality rates in older patients according to country Human Developed Index (HDI) status and time. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify worldwide observational studies in which older patients were submitted to anesthesia with perioperative and/or anesthesia-related mortality rates. Databases searches of Medline, Embase, LILACS and SciELO from inception to September 30th, 2019. We applied Freeman-Turkey transformation and a random-effects model to perform proportion meta-analysis to compare perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality in low- and high-HDI and in two time periods (pre-1990 versus 1990-2019). Perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality rates were analyzed by time and country HDI status using a fixed-effects model to perform meta-regression. Results: Twenty-five studies from 12 countries fulfilled the inclusion criteria with more than 4 million anesthetic procedures administered to older patients undergoing anesthesia. In high-HDI countries, the rat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

En este trabajo se utilizan datos diarios de los mercados de acciones y divisas para estimar los modelos GARCH y GJR comparando países emergentes con países de altos ingresos. En ambos modelos, se toma la distribución Normal como base y se consideran distribuciones con colas pesadas: la distribución t-Student, la distribución GED, la distribución NIG y la distribución NRIG, tanto en su versiones simétricas como asimétricas para capturar las características de los retornos. Los principales resultados son los siguientes: (i) en todos los mercados y países se seleccionan modelos con distribuciones de colas pesadas: t-Student (S) y error generalizada (GED); (ii) es importante incluir efecto apalancamiento para el mercado de acciones, pero esto no es concluyente para el mercado de divisas; (iii) incorporar una distribución asimétrica en los retornos resulta necesario para todos los mercados de acciones, aunque esto no es necesario para algunos mercados de divisas. / This paper uses daily data from stock and Forex markets in order to estimate GARCH and GJR models comparing emerging countries with high-income countries. In both models, the Normal distribution is taken as the basis and some heavy-tailed distributions are considered: the Student t-distribution, the GED distribution, the NIG distribution and the NRIG distribution, all in their symmetric and skewed versions to capture the characteristics of the returns. The main results are as follows: (i) in all markets and countries, models with heavy-tailed distributions are selected: Student’s t (S) and generalized error (GED); (ii) it is important to include the leverage effect for stock markets, but this is not conclusive for the Forex markets; (iii) incorporating an asymmetric distribution in returns is necessary for all equity markets, although this is not necessary for some currency markets.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el impacto que tuvo el tratado de libre comercio entre el Perú y la Unión Europea en el comercio bilateral de ambas regiones. Para dicho objetivo, se utilizará el modelo gravitacional de comercio a fin de analizar las variaciones en los flujos comerciales de estas dos regiones. De este modo, se comprobará si durante los años posteriores al acuerdo comercial, se ha producido un aumento en el flujo de las exportaciones e importaciones de productos hacia y desde los países que conforman la Unión Europea como consecuencia de este acuerdo o, si por el contrario, ha habido una caída en estos. Estos resultados se obtendrán a través de la medición del impacto del acuerdo comercial en la creación y desviación comercial. La metodología utilizada para estos fines será el de Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML). Los primeros resultados de la investigación sostienen que existe creación de comercio en el caso de las exportaciones y desviación comercial en el caso de las importaciones. / This paper has set the target of evaluating the impact of the free trade agreement between Perú and European Union, specifically, in their bilateral trade. In order to accomplish this target, this work will utilize the gravity model of trade to analyze the changes in the trade flows from both regions. Therefore, it will be tested if during the following years after the trade agreement existed a raise in the trade flows (exports and imports) or, conversely, there has been a dicrease in these. These results will be obtained through the measurement of trade agreement impact in trade creation and trade diversion. The metodology to be used will be the Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML). The first outcomes of the research state that there is trade creation in the case of exports and trade diversion in the case of imports.

Andreas Huyssen señalaba que el mundo se está musealizando y vive obsesionado con el pasado y la memoria. Lo que con Huyssen bien podríamos denominar como cultura de la memoria ha llevado a la pregunta por el recuerdo a cierto agotamiento. La reciente e imparable tendencia inflacionista de la memoria implicada en esa dinámica ha generado numerosos análisis, la mayoría de los cuales son sólo parcialmente satisfactorios cuando no directamente insuficientes. En este sentido vincular la cuestión de la memoria sobre una dimensión biopolítica ofrece no sólo una dimensión inédita sobre fenómenos actuales que, como la “judealización” de la memoria o la utilización del derecho como un instrumento de representación del pasado, marcan el paso de las sociedades democráticas actuales, sino también un marco idóneo desde donde plantear el alcance político del problema. El núcleo del trabajo se centra en el desarrollo del vínculo entre memoria y biopolítica con vista a arrojar luz en medio de un debate donde predomina una enorme confusión. En este sentido, basada en las indagaciones genealógicas de parte relevante de la filosofía italiana (Giorgio Agamben y Roberto Espósito), la primera parte de la investigación trata de dar a pensar la memoria como un dispositivo que se apropia del pasado a costa de excluir su vida; en otras palabras, de pensar de qué manera se inscribe el cuerpo cuando hacemos una operación de memoria. Asimismo, en la medida de esa operación constituye el lugar de la soberanía y produce la humanidad del ser vivo, su estatuto es inseparable de la máquina antropogenética que procede mediante el gesto mismo de la inscripción de lo animal en la polis, por el que se constituye el yo que recuerda. Por otro lado, el otro frente de análisis es de signo histórico-genealógico y tiene como labor esencial poner en relación la especificidad y el alcance de la hipótesis propuesta con una constelación de autores que directa o indirectamente se hacen cargo del mismo problema. Esto no quiere decir que esta búsqueda quiera confirmar la infabilidad de la tesis propuesta. Más bien al contrario, plantearlo así permite por un lado penetrar en la cuestión desde otros ángulos haciendo posible de ese modo introducir una perspectiva crítica, y por otro, sugerir la posibilidad de anclar genealógicamente el problema en una tradición, atendiendo, claro está, a la especificidad y relevancia del modo en el que esta tradición se manifiesta. Todas estas reflexiones requieren un aparato teórico que tenga como principal característica un diálogo fértil con una buena parte del pensamiento contemporáneo, en particular con todos aquellos que prestan una mayor atención a sus registros políticos y genealogico-políticos. Dado que la cuestión de la memoria no es originaria y está íntimamente ligada al arte de contar historias, se analizarán los soportes narrativos que, desde sus diferentes dominios, den cuenta de esta problemática. Entre ellos el trabajo se hace cargo de una fuente fundamental, el cine, mediante la cual rastrearemos los términos en los que la relación ente la memoria y la imagen tiene o no una repercusión política directa. / Fragments for a genealogy of memory José Miguel Burgos Mazas. University of Murcia Andreas Huyssen noted that the world is musealized and obsessed with the past and memory. What with Huyssen well we could call memory culture has led to the question of the recall certain exhaustion. Recent unstoppable inflationary trend of memory involved in this dynamic has generated numerous analyzes, most of which are only partially satisfactory if not downright inadequate. In this sense link the issue of memory on a biopolitical dimension offers not only an unprecedented dimension on current phenomena such as memory prosecution or use of law as an instrument of representation of the past, set the pace of the today's democratic societies, but also an ideal framework to raise the political scope of the problem. The core of the work focuses on the development of the link between memory and biopolitics with a view to shed light in the midst of a debate where enormous confusion prevails. In this sense, based on genealogical inquiries from relevant part of the Italian philosophy (Giorgio Agamben and Roberto Esposito), the first part of the research is to think of memory as a device that appropriates the past at the expense of excluding its life; in other words, to think how the body falls when we make a memory operation. Also, to the extent that operation constitutes the place of sovereignty and produces humanity of the living, their status is inseparable from anthropogenetics machine that comes through the act itself of registration of the animal in the polis, by which the self is reminiscent. On the other hand, the other front analysis is of historical and genealogical sign and its essential work to relate the specificity and scope of the proposed hypothesis with a constellation of authors that are made directly or indirectly by the same problem. This does not mean that this search want to confirm the infallibility of the thesis proposal. Quite the contrary, this way allows penetrate the matter from other angles enabling thereby enter a critical perspective, and on the other, suggest the possibility of anchoring genealogically the problem in a tradition, based, of course, to the specificity and relevance of the way in which this tradition is manifested. All these considerations require a theoretical device that has as main feature a fertile dialogue with much of contemporary thought, particularly those who pay more attention to their political and genealogical and political records. Since the question of memory is not original and is closely linked to the art of storytelling, narrative supports from different domains, realize these problems are discussed. Among them we can distinguish one main sources, film, through which will track the terms in which the entity relationship memory and the image is or is not a direct political impact.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis de doctorado es conocer la organización del espacio y la sociedad que le dio forma y habitó en los actuales municipios de Aledo y Totana (Murcia) durante los siglos XV y XVI, un periodo cronológico fundamental, la transición entre el fin de la Edad Media y el inicio de la Moderna, pues a lo largo del mismo tuvieron lugar los cambios que definirán la trayectoria histórica de las poblaciones de Aledo y Totana. Por ese motivo se consideró necesario clarificar en lo posible el medio natural, el territorio, el poblamiento y las comunicaciones, las características urbanas de ambas localidades, las actividades agrícola y ganadera y sus espacios, los aprovechamientos del monte, etc., para hacer el seguimiento de la evolución del conjunto en dicho marco temporal. Con el fin de alcanzar el objetivo propuesto hemos manejado la siguiente información disponible: fuentes documentales de los siglos XIII-XVI, en mayor medida, resultados de prospecciones e intervenciones arqueológicas y datos arqueológicos obtenidos de la propia documentación escrita, y bibliografía. La combinación de fuentes escritas y testimonios arqueológicos suele ser muy valiosa, y en nuestro caso, ha sido muy importante en algunos campos (sistema defensivo, red de caminos, sistemas hidráulicos, etc.). En cuanto a las conclusiones de este estudio destacamos: Aledo y Totana, en cuanto a su evolución como núcleos urbanos, siguieron caminos diferentes. Ambos pertenecían a la Orden de Santiago desde 1257. A finales del siglo XIII, Totana, que estaba en el valle de Guadalentín, se despobló mientras Aledo mantuvo habitantes al estar situado en un lugar elevado y defendido por una muralla. Era un enclave bien adaptado a tiempos de inseguridad por la proximidad de la frontera con el reino de Granada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XV, el reino de Murcia entraba en una fase de crecimiento económico y poblacional y Totana renació como aldea de Aledo. A partir del XVI, al estar situada cerca de grandes vías de comunicación, y con muchas tierras por roturar en el valle, se desarrolló más que la villa. De hecho, el concejo se trasladó a Totana en 1545. Desde entonces, Aledo perdió muchos habitantes y no se recuperó. Totana pasó de tener una ermita, un horno de pan y una carnicería a contar a finales del siglo XVI con varios hornos de pan, edificios religiosos, almazaras, ventas, taller de alfarería, abastecimiento de agua, etc. Aledo, por su parte, mantuvo las dotaciones que tenía a principios de dicha centuria. Los límites territoriales de Aledo con los términos vecinos (Lorca, Alhama y Mula) quedaron establecidos definitivamente por sentencias reales, tras pleitos, a finales del siglo XV. En la etapa bajomedieval, en el término de Aledo había cuatro huertas llamadas del común, de todos los vecinos: Patalache, las Viñas, El Colomí y Tirieza, y Totana, las tres últimas especializadas en vid, olivo y morera, respectivamente. En el XVI, el aumento de población trajo consigo el aumento de las zonas de regadío, en esta ocasión, de propiedad particular. También se incrementó la producción de cereal, buena prueba de ello es que en el siglo XV había un molino harinero y a finales del XVI eran siete. Desde la concesión del fuero a Aledo, el concejo administró una dehesa alrededor de la villa, el Buhalaje, mientras el resto del término quedaba en manos de los comendadores. Ahora bien, en la década de 1520, la Orden se centró en percibir rentas y derechos señoriales y el concejo se hizo con la gestión de todo el territorio. / The following doctoral thesis’ main aim is to know both the space organization and the society that shaped it and lived in the current villages of Aledo and Totana during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which was a crucial chronological period. It portrays the transition from the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the Modern Era, and over the course of this period, the changes which will determine the history of Aledo and Totana took place. It is for this reason that it was necessary to clarify such aspects as the environment, the land, the settlement and communication, the urban characteristics of these two villages, the agricultural and farming activities and their areas, or the use of the mountain, in order to provide a useful follow-up of their evolution in this period. Having this purpose in mind, the following available information has been used: Firstly, and to a large extent, documentary sources from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries have been very useful. Secondly, the results found in some archaeological survey reports and the data obtained from the written paperwork itself, have also been of paramount importance. Finally, some more information was collected from the bibliography. The combination of written sources and archaeological evidence is usually very valuable, and in this study, it has been especially important in some fields; for instance, the defensive fields, the road network, or the hydraulic system, to name but a few. As far as the conclusions of this study are concerned, the ones below are highlighted: First of all, and in terms of its evolution as urban areas, it is clear that Aledo and Totana took different routes. Both villages belonged to the Order of Santiago since 1257. However, at the end of the thirteenth century, Totana, which was located in the Valley of Guadalentín, became depopulated, whereas Aledo kept inhabitants because it was placed in an elevated location and it was defended by a wall. It was also a privileged spot in times of instability, due to its closeness to the border with the Kingdom of Granada. From the second half of the fifteenth century on, the Kingdom of Murcia experienced an economic and population growth, and Totana witnessed its own revival as the small village of Aledo. In the sixteenth century, Totana developed more than Aledo, since the former was located near the most important communication roads, and it also owned much land to clear and replant. In fact, the municipal council moved to Totana in 1545. Ever since, Aledo lost many of its inhabitants and never recovered. Secondly, Totana moved from having a shrine, a bakery stove and a butcher’s to counting on several bakery stoves, religious buildings, mills, selling points, a pottery workshop, and its own water supply in the sixteenth century. Aledo, on the other hand, kept its original endowment since the beginning of the century. Thirdly, Aledo’s territorial boundaries with its neighbouring territories, i.e. Lorca, Alhama and Mula, were finally established by royal decrees at the end of the fifteenth century, and not without some litigation. Fourthly, in the late Middle Ages, Aledo had four orchards, referred to as “common areas”: Patalache, Las Viñas, El Colomí and Tirieza, and Totana, the last three of them dedicated to grapevine, olive trees, and mulberry tree, respectively. In the sixteenth century, the population growth brought along an expansion of areas of irrigation, this time private property. There was also a growth in cereal production. A proof of that is that there used to be a flour mill in the fifteenth century and by the end of the sixteenth century there were seven of them. Finally, it is important to point out that after Aledo received its town charter, the council managed a meadow named Buhalaje around the village, while the rest of the area remained the competence of the commanders. However, in the 1520s the Order focused on receiving the earned income and lordly rights, and the council eventually took over the management of the whole territory.

Esta investigación se ha centrado en el estudio de la consanguinidad, como forma restrictiva en las relaciones de parentesco durante el Antiguo Régimen. Matrimonio y organización social formaban un tándem inseparable y la consanguinidad era uno de las principales estrategias en donde consensuar alianzas familiares. La consanguinidad matrimonial era una práctica prohibida por la Iglesia, pero estaba regulada por ella misma: las dispensas matrimoniales se convierten en el medio para validar estas alianzas prohibidas. La finalidad de este trabajo ha sido el conocer la evolución de la consanguinidad en sus diferentes formas, su incidencia en el matrimonio y su repercusión social. Se ha conocido de dónde surge el concepto de consanguinidad, no solo de forma canónica, sino las implicaciones sociales que el mismo conlleva. Las interpretaciones desde la Historia social, la Antropología, el Derecho canónico, la Sociología e incluso la biometría, han sido esenciales para poder abordar este tema, con empleo de nuevas categorías de análisis sobre el matrimonio, las estrategias sociales y las alianzas entre familias. Es evidente que durante el Antiguo Régimen nos encontramos en plena fase de cambio y transformaciones. En primer lugar se definió una muestra en torno a los registros matrimoniales de matrimonios consanguíneos, con lo que se han detectado diferentes modelos, pudiendo medir cuantitativamente el impacto de la consanguinidad en determinadas zonas. Ha sido necesario emplear documentación procedente de archivos diocesanos, con objeto de conocer en profundidad la práctica católica en torno a la consanguinidad, completándolo con documentación de archivos y bibliotecas nacionales e internacionales. El uso de diferentes escalas en esta tesis, nos ha ayudado a entender la complejidad del problema, en dos niveles que van desde las Diócesis españolas, pasando por Madrid, hasta Roma. Así hemos podido descifrar el funcionamiento de este tipo de alianzas y su validación por parte de la Iglesia. Luego se ha investigado la casuística de las dispensas matrimoniales y toda la teoría canónica de los impedimentos. El parentesco comienza a ser reglamentado, con una teoría sobre impedimentos, a partir del Concilio de Trento, con restricciones hasta el cuarto grado de consanguinidad. Se ha profundizado en la variación y tipología de los impedimentos matrimoniales, como base jurídica que maneja la Iglesia durante la Edad Moderna. El entramado de vías, para poder resolver y legitimar las dispensas matrimoniales, ha sido otro de nuestros objetivos, abordado en la tercera parte de la tesis doctoral. Existe toda una serie de instituciones que regulan y legislan las dispensas matrimoniales, desde la Dataría Apostólica al Tribunal de Penitenciaría. El empleo de fuentes vaticanas ha permitido conocer la complejidad existente durante la Edad Moderna. El discurso de la consanguinidad y su argumentación tiene dos vías claramente enfrentadas, como es la legislación católica frente a la potestad del Estado. Además, hemos sido capaces de analizar toda la estructura que regula el parentesco, desde los expedicioneros hasta la misma autoridad del Papa. La transición de los siglos XVIII y XIX, muestra toda una serie de cambios, a partir de la política regalista existente en España. Las tensiones de España, frente a la Dataría Apostólica de Roma, tienen una continuidad a lo largo del XVIII y una fuerte ruptura a principios del siglo XIX. La obtención de dispensas tenía una serie de requisitos, y uno de ellos era el económico y las tasas evolucionan paulatinamente, aunque hemos comprobado que en determinados momentos, no tienen un precio fijo. El inicio del siglo XIX, esta cuestión llegará a su punto máximo, con la promulgación del Decreto de Urquijo en 1799, donde se rompe con Roma, en cuanto a la solicitud de dispensas matrimoniales. Se otorga una mayor autonomía a los Obispos en esta materia, creándose diferentes problemas en las diócesis. El sistema, en cuanto a la regulación de las dispensas y el parentesco, comienza a fragmentarse en el siglo XIX. La última parte de nuestro trabajo se ha trasladado al estudio de caso, de diversas familias en el Reino de Murcia. Se ha procurado de establecer ciertos indicadores, en función de diferentes variables biométricas, en donde poder estudiar a fondo familias en las que se emplea la consanguinidad como estrategia matrimonial. Se han seleccionado dos tipos de grupos sociales para realizar este análisis: oligarquías urbanas y poblaciones rurales. La consanguinidad se convierte, no solo en una estrategia matrimonial, sino una forma de organización, pero con mecanismos de parentesco distintos, pues en las zonas agrarias la consanguinidad presenta un carácter múltiple. El objetivo era perpetuar la parentela. Con todo ello se ha conseguido establecer una nueva interpretación sobre la consanguinidad, en cuanto a su regulación y prohibición. Se ha conseguido profundizar en toda la práctica referente a la concesión de dispensas matrimoniales en España. Práctica hasta el momento abordada levemente, pero determinante en la comprensión de diversos aspectos sociales, políticos y económicos. En conjunto, este trabajo a contribuido a comprender la fragmentación de un modelo de familia, establecido por la Iglesia en que los enlaces consanguíneos estaban prohibidos. / This research has focused on the study of consanguinity, as restrictively kinship relations during the Old Regime. Marriage and social organization formed an inseparable tandem and inbreeding was one of the main strategies where consensus family alliances. Consanguinity marriage was a practice forbidden by the Church, but was regulated by herself: marriage dispensations become the means to validate these alliances prohibited. The purpose of this work was to determine the evolution of inbreeding in its different forms, its impact on marriage and its social impact. It has been known where the concept of consanguinity arises not only from canonical form, but the social implications that it entails. Interpretations from social history, anthropology, canon law, sociology and even biometrics, have been essential to address this issue, with the use of new categories of analysis on marriage, social strategies and alliances between families. It is clear that during the old regime we are in the throes of change and transformation. First a sample was defined around the marriage records of consanguineous marriages, which have been detected different models can quantitatively measure the impact of inbreeding in certain areas. It has been necessary to use documents from diocesan archives in order to learn more about the Catholic practice around inbreeding, complete with documentation of national and international files and libraries. The use of different scales in this thesis, it has helped us understand the complexity of the problem, on two levels ranging from Spanish Diocese, to Madrid, to Rome. So we were able to decipher the workings of such alliances and its validation by the Church. Then it investigated the casuistry of marriage dispensations and all the canonical theory of the impairments. The relationship begins to be regulated, with a theory about impediments, since the Council of Trent, restricted to the fourth degree of consanguinity. It has deepened variation and typology of the impediments to marriage as the legal basis that manages the Church in the Modern Age. The network of roads in order to solve and legitimize the marriage dispensations, has been one of our objectives addressed in the third part of the thesis. There is a whole series of institutions that regulate and legislate marriage dispensations, from the Court of Dataria Apostolic Penitentiary. Vatican sources employment has shown the existing complex during the Modern Age. The speech of consanguinity and his argument has two clearly opposing ways, as is the Catholic law against State authority. Furthermore, we have been able to analyze the entire structure that regulates the relationship, from the same “expedicioneros” to papal authority. The transition from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shows a number of changes from the existing royalist policy in Spain. Tensions of Spain, facing the Apostolic dates from Rome, have a continuity throughout the eighteenth and a strong break in the early nineteenth century. Obtaining waivers had a number of requirements, and one of them was the economic and rates evolve gradually, but we found that at certain times, they have a fixed price. The early nineteenth century, this question will reach its peak, with the promulgation of Decree Urquijo in 1799, where it breaks with Rome, regarding the request for marriage dispensations. Greater autonomy given to the bishops in this matter, creating different problems in the diocese. The system, in terms of regulating waivers and kinship begins to fragment in the nineteenth century. The last part of our work has shifted to the case study of several families in the Kingdom of Murcia. Efforts have been made to establish certain indicators, in terms of different biometric variables, in which to thoroughly study families in which inbreeding is used as a marriage strategy. We have selected two types of social groups to perform this analysis: urban oligarchies and rural populations. Inbreeding becomes not only a double strategy, but a form of organization, but with different mechanisms of kinship, as in farming areas inbreeding it has a multiple character. The aim was to perpetuate the relatives. Yet it has managed to establish a new interpretation on consanguinity, in terms of regulation and prohibition. It has managed to deepen the practical concerning the granting of marriage dispensations in Spain. Practice so far addressed slightly, but crucial in the understanding of various social, political and economic aspects. Overall, this work has contributed to understanding the fragmentation of a family model established by the Church in which consanguineous links were banned.

Objetivos: Esta Tesis Doctoral aborda la figura del Catedrático de Derecho Penal, Mariano Ruiz-Funes, en sus múltiples facetas: como político comprometido con la II República y como activista en el gobierno republicano en el exilio, al tiempo que su trayectoria como intelectual y jurista en el exilio. En nuestro trabajo hemos profundizado en su biografía política e intelectual desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, para intentar valorar el papel de Mariano Ruiz-Funes en el proyecto liberal-democrático de la II República, su quiebra durante la guerra civil y la continuidad en el exilio mexicano. Asimismo, se ha prestado atención a la obra ensayística y jurídica del penalista en el exilio, muestra de su vinculación con las corrientes políticas y de pensamiento más humanitarias en su concepción de la pena de muerte, el delito político, los crímenes de guerra o el genocidio, y reflejo de la huella trascendental del exilio republicano en los países que le dieron refugio. Metodología: Esta investigación, con clara vocación multidisciplinar, ha tenido como eje fundamental el análisis exhaustivo del archivo personal de Mariano Ruiz-Funes, de una gran riqueza y nunca antes trabajado, lo que nos ha permitido realizar u estudio pormenorizado de su obra política y diplomática, pero también de su obra jurídica, pues contamos con los artículos originales mecanografiados y manuscritos de su obra jurídica publicada. Este cruce de disciplinas y riqueza de fuentes se traduce en un trabajo de investigación que hemos abordado desde distintas perspectivas, jurídica, cultural y político-social, algo que no es muy habitual en la historiografía sobre el periodo, máxime al incluir como elemento de análisis histórico la aportación del pensamiento jurídico por medio del análisis de la bibliografía de época generada por Mariano Ruiz-Funes. Esta multiplicidad de perspectivas contribuye, además, a desentrañar, de forma más completa, el periodo de estudio en el que se circunscribe esta investigación (1923-1953) a partir de los distintos contextos que lo conforman, etapa primorriverista, II República, Guerra Civil y exilio, buscando siempre la aportación de Ruiz-Funes al transcurrir de estos procesos históricos a partir de su inquebrantable apuesta por el republicanismo liberal y democrático, tanto en España como en el exilio. Conclusiones: Las conclusiones a las que nos lleva esta investigación son la aportación que Mariano Ruiz-Funes realizó en el proceso de elaboración de la Constitución de 1931, cuyas aportaciones son claves para entender el proceso de modernización llevado a cabo durante el periodo republicano, como la Ley de Congregaciones religiosas, la Reforma Agraria y, ya en plena Guerra Civil, con la responsabilidad en la constitución del aparato judicial de la República en guerra, así como su labor inestimable como encargado de negocios en Varsovia y embajador en Bélgica. La figura de Mariano Ruiz-Funes favorece una heterogénea y diversificada visión del exilio de 1939 en México: examinar su obra, tanto política en la constitución del gobierno republicano en el exilio, como su obra jurídica y ensayística, que constituye una aportación valiosa para de poner en valor lo que este exilio significó el exilio, también, para el país de acogida: en instituciones como La Casa de España (después El Colegio de México) en el caso de Mariano Ruiz-Funes en su campo profesional del Derecho, el Proyecto del Instituto de Estudios Penales y los Cursos de Doctorado en la UNAM. Una de las aportaciones más interesantes y novedosas de esta investigación a los estudios del exilio es la puesta en valor y análisis de la obra escrita de Mariano Ruiz-Funes. Partimos del estudio de las publicaciones puestas en marcha por los exiliados, más trabajadas desde la Literatura y la Filosofía que desde la Historia, centrándonos en la obra ensayística de Mariano Ruiz-Funes en el exilio, en la que el penalista murciano aborda la temática España vista desde fuera, como un país que está oprimido en manos de una dictadura que rechaza el liberalismo y una justicia con garantías, que trastoca y elimina el modelo de lo que había sido la II República, pero lo más interesante de esta faceta, consideramos que es su capacidad de análisis sobre la Europa en guerra y las consecuencias de la guerra, donde podemos ver, claramente, un nexo entre los conceptos políticos y la criminología, especialidad del Derecho en la que Mariano Ruiz-Funes va a destacar como un consumado especialista. Precisamente nuestro trabajo también reivindica el análisis del elemento jurídico para mostrar la importancia del exilio en esta esfera científica, pues constituyó un verdadero motor allá donde fue acogido, mientras que para España supuso la pérdida de una de sus generaciones más prolíficas en todas las disciplinas del Derecho. En el caso de Mariano Ruiz-Funes, profundizamos en su fundamentación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario, pues fue uno de los pioneros en la conceptualización y contenido del delito de genocidio. / Objectives: This doctoral thesis addresses the figure of Professor of Criminal Law, Mariano Ruiz-Funes, in its many facets: political commitment to the Second Republic and as an activist in the Republican government in exile, while his intellectual career as a lawyer in exile. In our work we have deepened their political and intellectual biography from a multidisciplinary perspective, to try to assess the role of Mariano Ruiz-Funes in the liberal-democratic project of the Second Republic, its bankruptcy during the civil war and continuity in Mexican exile. It has also paid attention to the legal essays and criminal in exile, shows its relationship to the political currents of thought and humanitarian in his conception of the death penalty, political crime, war crimes or genocide and transcendental reflection of Republican exile footprint in countries gave refuge. Methodology: This research, with a clear multidisciplinary cornerstone had as comprehensive analysis of the personnel file Mariano Ruiz-Funes, of great wealth and never worked, what has allowed us to perform or detailed study of his political and diplomatic but also his legal work, because we have the original articles and typed manuscripts of his legal work published. This cross-disciplinary and richness of sources results in a research paper we have addressed from different perspectives, legal, cultural, political and social, something not very common in the historiography of the period, especially to include as an element of analysis historical contribution of legal thought through analysis of the literature of the period generated by Mariano Ruiz-Funes. This multiplicity of perspectives contributes also to unravel, more fully, the study period in which this research is limited (1923-1953) from the different contexts that shape it, primorriverista stage, II Republic, Civil War and exile, always seeking input from Ruiz-Funes the passing of these historical processes from its unwavering commitment to liberal and democratic republicanism, both in Spain and in exile. Conclusions: The conclusions that this research leads are the contribution Mariano Ruiz-Funes made in the preparation of the 1931 Constitution, whose contributions are key to understanding the process of modernization carried out during the Republican period, and the Law religious congregations and Agrarian Reform, and during the Civil War, with responsibility in the constitution of the judiciary of the Republic at war, and their invaluable work as charge d'affaires in Warsaw and ambassador to Belgium. The figure of Mariano Ruiz-Funes favors a heterogeneous and diversified vision of exile in Mexico 1939: examine his work, both politically in the constitution of republican government in exile, as his legal work and essays, which is a valuable contribution to value what this meant exile exile also to the host country: in institutions such as The House of Spain (after El Colegio de Mexico) in the case of Mariano Ruiz-Funes in his professional field of law, the Project Criminal Studies Institute and doctoral courses at UNAM. One of the most interesting and novel contributions of this research to the study of exile is the enhancement and analysis of the written work of Mariano Ruiz-Funes. We investigated publications launched by the exiles, most worked from the Literature and Philosophy since history, focusing on essays Mariano Ruiz-Funes in exile, in which the criminal approaches the subject Murcia Spain view from outside, as a country that is oppressed in the hands of a dictatorship that rejects liberalism and justice with guarantees, which disrupts and removes the model of what had been the Second Republic, but the most interesting of this facet, we believe that is its ability to analysis of wartime Europe and the consequences of war, we can see clearly a link between political concepts and criminology, law specialty in which Mariano Ruiz-Funes will stand out as an accomplished specialist . Indeed our work also claims legal element analysis to show the importance of exile in this scientific field, because there was a real driver where he was welcomed, while for Spain meant the loss of one of his generations most prolific in all disciplines of Right. In the case of Mariano Ruiz-Funes, elaborate on its foundation of international humanitarian law, as it was one of the pioneers in the concept and content of the crime of genocide.

No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Tesis (magíster en derecho internacional) - Universidad de Chile, University of Heidelberg, 2009. / The Doha Ministerial Declaration, adopted on November 14th, 2001, along with recognizing the contribution of the WTO in trade development, emphasized the development of a work program mainly in benefit of developing countries and less developed countries, from hereon LDC’s. Within this context, finding a solution to the access of agricultural products from developing countries and LDC’S to the markets of developed countries, hereon DC’s was defined as a priority. Additionally, other important matters were established. Among others, the subject matters outlined in the Singapore Agenda, which were taken forward by DC’S and emerging countries in light of their novelty. These subject matters focus on the relationship between trade and investment, the interaction between trade and competitiveness policies, transparency in awarding of public contracts and trade facilitation. The WTO had not previously dealt with any of these subjects, especially regarding competitiveness policies and the awarding of public contracts. Trade Facilitation has turned into an increasingly far-reaching subject, as countries have began lowering their tariffs on the basis of unilateral policies or multilateral commitments. Tariffs have thus ceased to bear the relevance they had a few years ago and today doesn’t constitute significant barriers to international trade. Furthermore, it is worth noting at this point, the proliferation of trade agreements that have lowered or eliminated tariffs among partners.1 Therefore, in this new scenario many countries have looked for new forms of protectionism, leaded by the classic subsidies and procedures and practices that hinder or increase the price of international trade have been established, especially importations and transit of goods.