Research into the origins of our own social behavior begins with understanding how environmental elements lead to complex social interaction. Social structure emerges from these interactions as a bottom-up process, whose patterning constitutes the very framework of a society. Studies of behavioral mechanisms are important in determining the full repertoire that results in the social and dominance structures of a species. Hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol facilitate and fluctuate in response to social interactions and measuring their relative values among individuals is a valuable tool in testing functional hypotheses of behavioral mechanisms. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate several fundamental, under-, or previously unstudied behavioral mechanisms and hormonal correlates that shape the unique social system of bonobos. The first study describes the pattern of expression of harassment behavior among immatures and tests predictions generated by the Exploratory Aggression and Rank Improvement hypotheses. Results demonstrate that immatures use harassment to test the nature of existing inter-individual relationships and to explore the parameters of aggressive behaviors and furthers our understanding of juvenile development of aggression and integration into the dominance hierarchy. The second study describes the pattern of occurrence of infant handling and tests predictions generated by several functional hypotheses, including examining the relationship between oxytocin and handling behaviors. Results show a significant sex difference in expression of handling where, during adolescence, male interest in infants sharply declines whereas females continue to handle infants, the expression of which was correlated with oxytocin. These results primarily support the Learning-to-Mother hypothesis and provide insight into the role oxytocin may play in facilitating care-giving behaviors in young females. The final study explores the patterning of female sexual behavior and male aggression, and investigates whether male constraint of female choice imposes a cost to females through induction of a stress response. Results show that while females exercise unconstrained mate choice through proceptive behaviors, males influence female receptivity through aggression and sexual coercion, shedding light on the degree to which rank related asymmetry in male mating success reflects female choice vs. constraint of choice. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:34:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857473.pdf: 3554157 bytes, checksum: f1179ae0cc604b148d1290a6cc7ec051 (MD5) / A década de 60 do século XX é reconhecidamente um período de grande movimentação contracultural. A luta pelos direitos civis realizada principalmente pelos negros é uma das faces mais importantes desta contracultura, que se desenrola nos Estados Unidos da América e em outras partes do mundo. O músico nigeriano Fela Kuti é fortemente influenciado pelo jazz, e pelo movimento negro, criando um estilo musical chamado Afrobeat e toda uma cena contracultural nigeriana, que floresce na década de 70. A obra deste músico será abordada através de suas contradições internas que, segundo entendemos, surgem de sua maneira peculiar de compreender as questões que se colocavam em sua época, e de sua maneira singular de compreender o papel da cultura africana no mundo / The 60's of the last century is recognized as a period of great countercultural movement. The struggle for civil rights realized mainly by the black people is one of the most important faces of this counterculture, which takes place in the United States and other parts of the world. The Nigerian musician Fela Kuti is strongly influenced by jazz and by the black movement, he creates a musical style called Afrobeat and a whole countercultural scene in Nigeria during the 70's. The work of this musician will be analised through its internal contradictions which, according to our understand, spring from his unique way of understanding the issues that were placed at his time, and his singular way of understanding the role of African culture in the world

Orientador: Teresa Maria Malatian / Banca: Fabiana de Souza Fredrigo / Banca: Samuel Alves Soares / Resumo: Considerado a "Era dos Impérios", o período que abarca os anos de 1875 a 1914 caracterizouse não apenas pela corrida imperialista dos países europeus em direção à África e à Ásia, mas também pela emergência dos Estados Unidos como um novo pólo de poder no cenário internacional - fato esse que resultou na passagem da hegemonia britânica para a norteamericana com a constituição do Pan-americanismo. Com essa diretriz de política externa, observou-se o crescente interesse da nação do norte pela América Latina, no sentido de ampliar suas áreas de influência, aumentando conseqüentemente seus investimentos. Levando-se em conta a relevância dessa temática, visto ter sido foco de intensos debates na produção intelectual do período, pretendeu-se com esse trabalho analisar a trajetória pessoal do historiador e diplomata pernambucano Manuel de Oliveira Lima (1867-1928) e de seu contemporâneo Joaquim Nabuco (1849-1910), com o fito de verificar suas posições em relação ao Pan-americanismo e, como conseqüência, o papel que a temática e a prática diplomática pan-americana (criticada ou defendida) teve no processo de ruptura entre os dois intelectuais. Sabe-se que, ambos os intelectuais alcançaram posição de destaque no cenário diplomático republicano, tendo se sobressaído Oliveira Lima como um dos principais críticos do Pan-americanismo e da diplomacia brasileira, que se conduzia no sentido de estreitar relações com os Estados Unidos, ao passo em que Joaquim Nabuco caracterizou-se como um dos seus mais importantes defensores e propagandistas / Abstract: Considering the "Empire Era", the period that includes the years from 1875 to 1914, characterize itself not only the imperialist run of the European countries in direction to Africa and Asia, but also by the emergency of the United States as a new power pole in the international political scene - a fact that resulted in the passing of the British hegemony to the North- American with the constitution of the Pan-Americanism. With this external politics' directive, it was observed the increased interest of the North's nation to the Latin America with the purpose to make bigger its influences areas, consequently increasing its investments. Considering the relevance of this theme, seeing the focus of intense discussions in the intellectual production of the period, it was intended with this work to analyze the personal trajectory of the historian and diplomat of Pernambuco, Manuel de Oliveira Lima (1867 - 1928) and his contemporary Joaquim Nabuco (1849 - 1910), with the purpose of verifying his positions in relation to the Pan-Americanism and, as consequence, the performance that the theme and the Pan-American diplomatic practice (criticized or defended) had in the rupture process between the two intellectuals. We know that, both intellectuals reached the distinction position in the republican diplomatic scene, had stood out Oliveira Lima as one of the main critics of the Pan-Americanism and of the Brazilian diplomacy, that conducted itself to make smaller the relationship with the United States, considering that Joaquim Nabuco characterized himself as one of the most important defenders and advertisers / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-16T02:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000460261-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 1039886 bytes, checksum: f6e2cbd09bbe681d9946b27a09204b03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This dissertation deals with the actions of the Brazilian Chancellor San Tiago during the negotiations of the Punta del Este Conference, 1962. It aims understand a conceptual change in Brazil's international insertion during this negotiation, changing from Pan-Americanism, which prescribed a priority relation with the United States and with inter-American system, for the neutralism and/or Latin Americanism, which prescribed the universalization of these relations globally, and also the deepening relationship between the underdeveloped countries of the continent. The dissertation concludes that, initially, Dantas intended to prevent the convening of the Conference because it could cause negative innovations in the functioning of the Inter-American system, incorporating harmful aspects of the cold war. He elaborated, with this objective, a plan of neutralization of Cuba to isolate it from that influence system, favoring the regional rather than global. However, as their strategies failed, the Brazilian Chancellor changed its initial position, prescribing that the Cuban case should be treated as an event of the dynamics of the cold war, favoring the global from the regional front. With this conceptual change, it is possible to perceive the inflection on Brazil's international insertion. / A presente dissertação trata da atuação do chanceler brasileiro San Tiago durante as negociações da Conferência de Punta del Este, 1962. O objetivo é compreender uma mudança conceitual na inserção internacional do Brasil durante essa negociação, de um pan-americanismo, o qual prescrevia como prioritária as relações com os Estados Unidos e com sistema interamericano, para o neutralismo e/ou latino-americanismo, que prescrevia a universalização dessas relações no âmbito global e, também, o aprofundamento das relações entre os países subdesenvolvidos do continente. A dissertação conclui que, inicialmente, Dantas pretendia evitar a convocação da Conferência porque ela poderia causar inovações negativas no funcionamento do sistema interamericano, incorporando aspectos prejudiciais da Guerra Fria. Ele elaborou, com esse objetivo, um plano de neutralização de Cuba para isolar o sistema dessa influência, privilegiando o regional em detrimento do global. No entanto, conforme suas estratégias de negociação falhavam, o chanceler brasileiro modificou sua posição inicial, prescrevendo, por fim, que o caso cubano deveria ser tratado como um evento da dinâmica da Guerra Fria, privilegiando o global frente ao regional. Com essa mudança conceitual, é possível perceber a inflexão na inserção internacional do Brasil.

Este trabalho é fruto de uma reflexão que busca explicações acerca tanto do apogeu quanto do declínio do nacionalismo árabe, na história, mas, sobretudo, em cinco teorias da nação e do nacionalismo, a saber, a de Ernest Gellner, a de Benedict Anderson, a de John Plamenatz, a de Elie Kedourie e, finalmente, a de Anthony Smith. Para tanto, apresentamos, em primeiro lugar, cada uma das abordagens teóricas supracitadas. Em seguida, discorremos sobre o nosso objeto, ou seja, o nacionalismo árabe, de uma perspectiva histórica (origens, auge e declínio). Por fim, procurando teorizar sobre um tema basicamente dominado por historiadores, analisamos o pan-arabismo à luz das referidas teorias e daí tiramos nossas conclusões sobre seu crescimento e sua decadência. / This research is outcome of the thinking that seeks explanations about arab nationalism\'s apogee and decline by the history, but, over all, by the Ernest Gellner\'s, Benedict Andersons, John Plamenatz\'s, Elie Kedourie\'s and, finally, Anthony Smith\'s nation and nationalism\'s theory. For that, first of all, we explain each one of the mention theoretical approach. Soon after, present the arab nationalism in the historical perspective (origins, apogee and decline). Finally, we analyze the research\'s object (pan-arabism or arab nationalism) by the five theory and get conclusions about its zenith and fall.

Since its emergence two decades ago, the Nollywood film industry is fast becoming social, cultural and economic phenomenon among Malawian audiences. Every year, Nollywood actors visit Malawi and some Malawi print media have columns dedicated to Nollywood. According to unofficial statistics carried out by this study, nine out of every ten film enthusiasts in Malawi’s rural areas are Nollywood fanatics, and at least seven out of ten people in the urban areas frequently watch Nollywood films. The films are more popular than both Hollywood and Bollywood films. It could be argued that this popularity is due to the reason that the films are cheaper to buy. Another reason is that the proliferation of free-to-air satellite dishes has made these films easily accessible for the Malawian audience. Notwithstanding these perspectives, this study reveals that unprecedented appeal to Nigerian made films is first and foremost a result of cultural identity. The study, carried out among nine communities across Malawi represented by focus groups, demonstrates that viewers enjoy watching the cultural portrayals manifested in the films by the characters which, they feel, are similar to their own real life and experiences. Taking into account the widespread patronage of Nollywood films, it is safe to assume that these films are making an impact on the local audiences. Based on focus group discussions and analysis of the six case study films by 83 participants in selected areas across Malawi between 2012 and 2013, the study findings indicate that there is a problem of power relations in Malawian society based on gender and iii sex. Men have the upperhand in decision making, access to resources and education opportunities. The study reveals that emergence of the films in Malawi is offering another perspective of gender and social relations: the films’ portrayal of women shows that it is possible for them to have equal opportunities and power relations as their male counterparts. As the case study films were representative of Nollywood films owing to the fact that they represented women/gender and gender relations similary, this study therefore suggests that the films have a potential to bring about social change in Malawian communities. Through the responses of participating audiences that encompassed both men and women, the study reveals that the cinematic portrayals, especially those of female characters, have the potential to change the social perception of women and womanhood. The study uses continentalisation ( as adapted in Omoniyi, 2014b) as a conceptual framework in interpreting and analysing audiences’ responses to female representations in Nollywood films. The study observes that both Nigerian (as depicted by the film characters) and Malawian audiences share common cultural aspects that are predominantly African. The study regards Nollywood as a vehicle of intra-continental cultural flow. For this reason, the study makes an attempt to explore the extent to which Nollywood could be effective in facilitating gender notions that are identical across African societies. The study claims that despite variations in certain elements, culturally, there are more commonalities than differences among Africans. Malawian audiences and in iv particular, female audiences could get an inspiration from the portrayals that would advance their cause in society. Arguably, the portrayals of militancy and some heroism in some female characters could go a long way to inspire the female audiences and instill confidence in them. Thus, exposure to the films for a long period could improve Malawians’ perception of women or womanhood. This thesis therefore argues that Nollywood is a vehicle for the flow of these engendered notions of power relations across the continent. Thus, these engendered notions should be identified as African approaches to gender, and with their emphasis on balanced power relations between male and female members of communities, they have the ability to/ they have a potential to deconstruct social gendered female stereotypes. This study therefore claims that Nollywood films in general offer positive, empowering representation of African women. Nollywood studies are a rather young research field, and the representation of women in those films has been poorly-studied area so far, with gender relations being largely ignored by scholars. The fact that this is the first study done on the reception of Nollywood in Malawi makes it arguably a unique and valuable contribution to knowledge.

No description available.

M.A. (Applied Linguistics) / Much research has focused on general strategy use during simultaneous interpreting (SI), while little research has been conducted on how interpreters’ choice of strategies relates to source text (ST) delivery speed (DS). Hence, it is unclear whether interpreters use the same strategies when confronted with fast speech, average speech, and slow speech; or, whether they use different strategies under these three conditions. This research argues that interpreters use specific strategies to cope with the different ST delivery speed during simultaneous interpreting within the Pan-African Parliament (PAP). The PAP consists of delegates from African countries with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In order to facilitate communication in this multilingual setting, the PAP has adopted six official working languages. However, the latter still do not resolve institutional communication barriers; hence the need for such services as simultaneous interpreting. The PAP is situated in Midrand, South Africa, and plays an important role in African politics. It offers SI in English and French. Nevertheless, no previous studies on simultaneous interpreting have been conducted at the PAP. Thus, through empirical research based on primary data consisting of recordings of simultaneous interpreting in French and English at the PAP, this study examines interpreters’ use of strategies. The main focus of the study is the strategies for fast, average, and slow delivery speed identified by Gile (1995), during actual interpreting at the PAP The study categorises these interpreting strategies into meaning-based (lexical dissimilarity) or form-based (lexical similarity) and indicates those that are more appropriate for each DS during SI. By differentiating the various strategies used by interpreters to deal with all three ST delivery speeds, this study creates an awareness about and clarifies how certain interpreting conditions, such as speed, affect interpreters’ coping tactics. In particular, the study demonstrates that the faster the speed, the more form-based (FB) the strategies will be; and, the slower the speed, the more interpreters will resort to meaning-based (MB) strategies. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that strategies that lead to meaning-based interpreting are more successful than the others which lead to a form-based interpreting.

Solar evaporite systems are man-managed ecosystems which are highly vulnerable to biological,physical and chemical disturbances. The problems encountered in such systems are in many cases found to be associated with the microbial ecology and the design of the system. This project focussed on investigating the nature of organic compounds contaminating soda ash produced at a solar evaporite production system located at Sua Pan in Botswana. Several years after the plant was commissioned, problems, including accumulation of total organic carbon (TOC) and discolouration of the soda ash product were encountered. The salt produced also retained high moisture content and was coloured pink. These phenomena impacted severely on the economic performance of the enterprise. This study was aimed at determining the origin and fate of these organic compounds within the system in order to elucidate the nature of the problem and also to conceptualise a remediation strategy suitable to reducing its impact. This was achieved by analysis of both dialysed and solvent extracts of the influent brine (well-brine), brine in the ponds (T-brine) and the bicarbonate filter cake. Although complete identification of the organic compounds isolated was not undertaken in this study, spectroscopic analysis of compounds isolated, by UV, IR, NMR and MS, strongly indicated that fulvic acids, a component of the influent well-brine organics, contribute to the organic contamination of the final product. Part of this component, however, is degraded during the ponding process. It was shown that an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by Dunaliella. spp., which proliferates in the evaporation ponds, contributes in a major way to the accumulation of TOC in the system. This was demonstrated by relating the sugar profile of carbohydrates isolated from the pond brine and final product, being arabinose, xylose, 2-o-methyl hexose, mannose, glucose and galactose. Studies reported show that EPS production was enhanced when algal cultures were exposed to stress conditions of high illumination, increasing salinity and temperature, and nitrogen limitation. Studies undertaken for the development of a remediation process for this system have shown that nutrient stripping and bacterial systems could be applied to deal with the dissolved TOC fraction, whereas adsorption systems could deal with the particulate fractions. Algal systems showed most potential for the removal of nutrients in the influent well-brine compared to chemical processes.Complete removal of ammonium and phosphorus removal efficiencies of pproximately 50% were achieved in an unoptimised pilot-scale Dunaliella-based HRAP. While similar effects were demonstrated for chemical processes, some economic constraints were noted. The potential of halophilic bacterial systems for the degradation of organic compounds in brine was also demonstrated. The limitations on the performance of such systems, associated with the low metabolic diversity, and poor immobilisation of physico-chemical processes were found to have a very low impact on the dissolved TOC fraction of the brine, the removal of the particulate material was found to result in a 35% TOC reduction in the final soda ash product and the production of a white final product.halobacteria, however, were noted. Although physico-chemical processes were found to have a very low impact on the dissolved TOC fraction of the brine, the removal of the particulate material was found to result in a 35% TOC reduction in the final soda ash product and the production of a white final product. Apart from a description of the microbial ecology of the ponds and the identification of major contributions to the TOC of the final product, a number of remediation strategies were evaluated and are described. These include chemical and biological stripping of nutrients sustaining microbial TOC production in the ponds, and also biological and physico-chemical processes for their removal once formed. Future studies to undertake the further development of these proposals has been described

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