Medicine has come a long way in recent years with reliable treatments for many cancers. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has very few treatment options available. PDAC has a dismal 5 year survival rate of 4% and a median survival span of 6 months from point of diagnosis; with a high rate of chemotherapy and radiation resistance. A better understanding of the molecular events leading to cancer progression is needed in order to improve the treatment and prognosis of PDAC patients. We begin to elucidate the functional importance of PHLPP on suppressing progression and metastasis of PDAC. PHLPP belongs to a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. Our previously published studies have demonstrated that PHLPP plays a tumor suppressor role in colon cancer by negatively regulating Akt and inhibiting cell proliferation. To determine the effect of PHLPP on cell migration and invasion, stable cells were generated to knock down or overexpress PHLPP in PDAC cells. The ability of cells to migrate and invade was examined using Transwell assays. We found that increased PHLPP expression significantly reduced the rate of migration and invasion in PDAC cells whereas knockdown of PHLPP had the opposite effect. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying PHLPP-mediated inhibition of migration and invasion in PDAC cells, we discovered that the expression level of β4 Integrin was decreased in PHLPP overexpressing cells and increased in PHLPP knockdown cells. The increased expression of β4 Integrin has been shown to promote PDAC development and metastasis, although the mechanism leading to β4 Integrin upregulation is less clear. Interestingly, we found that the expression of β4 Integrin was highly sensitive to PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity in cells in which inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling significantly decreased the expression of β4 Integrin. Moreover, the quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of β4 Integrin was not altered by changes in PHLPP expression or PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity, thus suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism. Taken together, these results identify a tumor suppressor role of PHLPP in PDAC. Mechanistically, PHLPP suppresses PDAC cell migration and invasion by negatively controlling β4 Integrin expression through its ability to inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.

L'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique (PDAC) est une maladie agressive à pronostic sombre et à forte mortalité. Il est donc crucial de rechercher de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et de nouveaux traitements. Une option intéressante pourrait être le ciblage du métabolisme du Fer. En effet, la transformation cellulaire s'accompagne généralement d'un accroissement des besoins en fer et de l'augmentation du récepteur de la transferrine de type 1, TfR1, le récepteur majeur impliqué dans l'approvisionnement des cellules en Fer par l'internalisation de la transferrine plasmatique chargée en fer. Nous avons utilisé un anticorps monoclonal humain IgG1 anti-TfR1 (H7) pour cibler le TfR1 dans le PDAC. Le traitement in vitro de 3 lignées de PDAC, établies à partir de tumeurs primaires de patients (BxPC3 et HPAC) ou d'une métastase hépatique (CFPAC) par H7 inhibe la viabilité cellulaire en réduisant la prolifération et induisant l'apoptose. H7 bloque efficacement l'internalisation de la transferrine chargée en Fer avec pour conséquence une baisse du Fer libre intracellulaire, une augmentation du TfR1 et une diminution de la ferritine, protéine de stockage du fer. Le traitement par H7 induit également l'expression du suppresseur de tumeur NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1), une cible prometteuse dans le cancer du pancréas, et la formation de sphères par la lignée HPAC in vitro, montrant que la déprivation en fer inhibe aussi les cellules initiatrices de tumeur dans ce modèle. Enfin, H7 recrute les cellules Natural Killer in vitro et induit efficacement l’ADCC (cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendante des anticorps). In vivo, dans 2 modèles de PDAC chez la souris (greffe de la lignée BxPC3 ou d’une tumeur dérivée d’un patient (PDX)), H7 diminue la croissance tumorale et augmente l'activité anti-tumorale du traitement chimiothérapeutique standard (gemcitabine). Ces résultats suggèrent que le ciblage du TfR1 par l'anticorps H7, seul ou en combinaison avec le traitement chimiothérapeutique standard est une stratégie prometteuse pour le traitement du PDAC. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease associated with poor diagnosis and high mortality. It is therefore necessary to search for new therapeutic targets and treatments. One of the interesting options would be targeting iron metabolism. Indeed, cell transformation is generally accompanied with increased needs for iron together with increased expression of the transferrin receptor 1, TfR1, the major receptor involved in cellular iron supply via the internalization of plasma transferrin loaded with iron.We have used a fully human internalizing anti-TfR1 antibody (IgG1), namely H7, to target TfR1 in PDAC. On three PDAC cell lines, BxPC3, HPAC (established from primary tumor), and CFPAC (established from hepatic metastasis), H7 treatment decreased cellular viability in vitro as a result of combined proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. H7 blocked efficiently transferrin internalization, and, likely due to a decrease in the labile iron pool, induced the upregulation of TfR1 and the downregulation of the iron storage protein ferritin. Interestingly, H7 treatment also induced the expression of the metastasis suppressor N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a promising therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. H7 also decreased the ability of HPAC cell line to form tumor sphere in vitro indicating its inhibitory effect tumor initiating cells. Finally, H7 was able to recruit Natural killer cells and mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity on PDAC cell lines in vitro. In vivo, both in a PDAC cell line (BxPC3) and a patient derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model, H7 treatment decreases tumor growth and increases the anti-tumor activity of the Gemcitabine standard treatment. These data provide evidence that targeting pancreatic cancer with the iron depriving anti-TfR1 antibody, alone or in combination with gemcitabine might be a promising strategy in PDAC.

Introdução: O Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático é um tumor bastante agressivo que apresenta uma alta de letalidade e, para o qual, poucas opções terapêuticas estão disponíveis. Isto pode ser parcialmente explicado pela complexidade derivada de múltiplas aberrações genéticas e da população celular mista presente em um tumor pancreático, o que também pode explicar o curso clínico heterogêneo observado na prática diária. Ultimamente, pesquisas científicas têm contribuído para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o impacto das alterações epigenéticas no desenvolvimento de múltiplos tipos de câncer, porém no pâncreas essas alterações ainda são incertas e, por isso, foco de investigação. A desregulação epigenética parece estar envolvida no ciclo celular da célula tumoral, incluindo o crescimento celular, diferenciação, progressão tumoral e morte celular, e a acetilação das histonas é um importante mecanismo que regula a transcrição de genes envolvidos nesses processos. Padrões globais de modificações das histonas foram recentemente apontados como preditores de desfecho em pacientes com câncer, mas poucos estudos têm sido realizados nesta área, inclusive em Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP). Objetivos: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de investigar o padrão de modificação de acetilação das histonas em adenocarcinoma pancreático, através da análise imunohistoquímica. Materiais e métodos: Uma análise clinicopatológica retrospectiva foi realizada em 119 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pâncreas entre os anos de 2005 e 2011, e realizado estudo imunohistoquímico com os anticorpos contra H4K12ac, H3K9ac e H3K18ac. Marcação nuclear positiva para cada histona foi medida quanto à intensidade e expressão, sendo classificadas em grupos de baixa ou de alta intensidade/expressão. Os resultados foram analisados em relação aos parâmetros clinicopatológicos de cada paciente. Resultados: Houve uma relação positiva entre diferenciação tumoral e alta expressão de H4K12ac (P <0,05), bem como a intensidade forte dos três marcadores correlacionou-se positivamente com o estágio do tumor (P <0,01). Análise univariada mostrou pior sobrevida em pacientes com níveis elevados de expressão de H4K12ac (p = 0,038) e H3K18Ac (P = 0,033). Modelo de risco proporcional de Cox revelou o efeito prognóstico independente de níveis elevados de H4K12ac H3K18ac (taxas de risco de 1,6 e 1,7, respectivamente, p <0,05), especialmente para pacientes em estágios iniciais. Sugerimos como hipótese que as modificações na acetilação das histonas H4K12 e H3K18 podem ser consideradas fatores prognósticos importantes para o câncer de pâncreas, embora o mecanismo envolvido necessite de mais investigação. Aumentando a compreensão e o conhecimento sobre o padrão de acetilação das histonas, poder-se-ão finalmente gerar novas idéias para um diagnóstico molecular racional e novas abordagens terapêuticas. / Introduction: Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (DPAs) is a highly aggressive tumor, with a high letality rate, for which few therapeutic options are available. This may be partially explained by the notorious complexity derived from the multiple genetic aberrations and mixed cellular population present in a pancreatic tumor, which can also explain the heterogeneous clinical course observed in daily practice. Lately, there is an increase in the literature about the impact of epigenetic changes on the development of several cancer, however in the pancreas these changes are still uncertain. Epigenetic deregulation may be involved in tumor cell biology, including cell growth, differentiation, tumor progression and cell death, and histone acetylation is a major mechanism that regulates gene transcription. Patterns of global histone modifications have been recently suggested as outcome predictors in cancer patients, but few studies have been conducted on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the predictive value of histone acetylation modifications on pancreatic cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic analysis was undertaken in 119 patients diagnosed with PDAC between 2005 and 2011, and immunohistochemistry performed with antibodies against H4K12ac, H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Positive nuclear staining for each histone was measured as the intensity and expression, being classified into low or high-staining groups. Results were analyzed in relation to patients’ clinicopathologic parameters. Results: There was a positive relationship between tumor differentiation and H4K12ac high scores (P<0.05) and staining of the three markers correlated positively with tumor stage (P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed worse survival in patients with high detection levels of H4K12ac (p=0.038) and H3K18Ac (P=0.033). A backwards Cox proportional hazards model revealed the independent prognostic effect of high H4K12ac and H3K18ac levels (hazard ratios of 1.6 and 1.7 respectively, p<0.05), especially for patients at early stages. We hypothesize that acetylation of H4K12 and H3K18 may be considered valuable prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer, although the mechanism involved needs further investigation. Increasing insights into histone acetylation modifications can ultimately generate new ideas for rationally and molecularly based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Introdução: a superexpressão de HER-2 tem correlação com maior agressividade em carcinomas de mama e estômago, e a sua detecção já foi incorporada como rotina na análise destas neoplasias. Critérios ideais para avaliação do HER-2 em câncer de pâncreas permanecem incertos. Objetivos: avaliar o status do HER-2 e o seu valor preditivo em adenocarcinoma pancreático. Materiais e métodos: análise clinicopatológica e imuno-histoquímica de 112 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de pâncreas com base nos critérios propostos para câncer de mama (HercepTest™) e de estômago (ToGA Trial). Resultados: pelo HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) casos apresentaram escore 3+, 3 (2.7%) escore 2+ e 104 (92.9%) escores 0/1+. Na análise pelo ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtiveram escore 3+, 32 (28.6%) escore 2+ e 71 (63.4%) escores 0/1+. Todos os casos positivos pelo HercepTest™ também o foram para o ToGA Trial. Pacientes com hiperexpressão (3+) apresentaram sobrevida média maior que aqueles sem (0 a 2+) tanto pelo HercepTest™ quanto pelo ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 meses, p = 0.029 e 40.7 vs. 10.1 meses, p = 0.013, respectivamente). Os demais parâmetros não mostraram correlação com a expressão de HER-2. Conclusão: diferenças na incidência e no significado prognóstico da superexpressão podem ser decorrentes do pequeno tamanho amostral e do uso de dois critérios diferentes de positividade para HER-2. Estes resultados servem com impulso para novas investigações de superexpressão e amplificação do HER-2 utilizando, além da imuno-histoquímica, métodos como FISH e SISH, a fim de se obter mais opções terapêuticas para oferecer aos pacientes, como agentes anti-HER-2. / Introduction: HER-2 overexpression is correlated with aggressiveness in breast and gastric cancers, and its detection has been incorporated as routine in the analysis of these neoplasms. Ideal criteria for evaluation of HER-2 in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. Objectives: to assess the HER-2 status and its predictive value in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Material and methods: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis were undertaken in 112 patients with pancreatic cancer using the criteria proposed for breast (HercepTest™) and stomach cancer (ToGA Trial). Results: using HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) cases had a score of 3+, 3 (2.7%) had a score of 2+ and 104 (92.9%) had scores of 0/1 +. By ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtained score of 3+, 32 (28.6%) had a score of 2+ score and 71 (63.4%) had scores of 0/1 +. All positive cases by HercepTest™ also went to the ToGA Trial. Patients with overexpression (3 +) showed greater survival than those without (0 to 2 +) by both HercepTest™ and ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 months, p = 0.029 and 40.7 vs. 10.1 months, p = 0.013, respectively). Other parameters did not show correlation with the expression of HER-2. Conclusion: differences in incidence and prognostic significance of overexpression may be explained from small sample size and the use of two different criteria of positivity for HER-2. These results serve as an impulse for new investigations of overexpression/amplification of the HER-2 using, besides immunohistochemistry, FISH and SISH methods, in order to get more treatment options to provide patients, as agents anti-HER-2.

Introdução: O Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático é um tumor bastante agressivo que apresenta uma alta de letalidade e, para o qual, poucas opções terapêuticas estão disponíveis. Isto pode ser parcialmente explicado pela complexidade derivada de múltiplas aberrações genéticas e da população celular mista presente em um tumor pancreático, o que também pode explicar o curso clínico heterogêneo observado na prática diária. Ultimamente, pesquisas científicas têm contribuído para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o impacto das alterações epigenéticas no desenvolvimento de múltiplos tipos de câncer, porém no pâncreas essas alterações ainda são incertas e, por isso, foco de investigação. A desregulação epigenética parece estar envolvida no ciclo celular da célula tumoral, incluindo o crescimento celular, diferenciação, progressão tumoral e morte celular, e a acetilação das histonas é um importante mecanismo que regula a transcrição de genes envolvidos nesses processos. Padrões globais de modificações das histonas foram recentemente apontados como preditores de desfecho em pacientes com câncer, mas poucos estudos têm sido realizados nesta área, inclusive em Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP). Objetivos: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de investigar o padrão de modificação de acetilação das histonas em adenocarcinoma pancreático, através da análise imunohistoquímica. Materiais e métodos: Uma análise clinicopatológica retrospectiva foi realizada em 119 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pâncreas entre os anos de 2005 e 2011, e realizado estudo imunohistoquímico com os anticorpos contra H4K12ac, H3K9ac e H3K18ac. Marcação nuclear positiva para cada histona foi medida quanto à intensidade e expressão, sendo classificadas em grupos de baixa ou de alta intensidade/expressão. Os resultados foram analisados em relação aos parâmetros clinicopatológicos de cada paciente. Resultados: Houve uma relação positiva entre diferenciação tumoral e alta expressão de H4K12ac (P <0,05), bem como a intensidade forte dos três marcadores correlacionou-se positivamente com o estágio do tumor (P <0,01). Análise univariada mostrou pior sobrevida em pacientes com níveis elevados de expressão de H4K12ac (p = 0,038) e H3K18Ac (P = 0,033). Modelo de risco proporcional de Cox revelou o efeito prognóstico independente de níveis elevados de H4K12ac H3K18ac (taxas de risco de 1,6 e 1,7, respectivamente, p <0,05), especialmente para pacientes em estágios iniciais. Sugerimos como hipótese que as modificações na acetilação das histonas H4K12 e H3K18 podem ser consideradas fatores prognósticos importantes para o câncer de pâncreas, embora o mecanismo envolvido necessite de mais investigação. Aumentando a compreensão e o conhecimento sobre o padrão de acetilação das histonas, poder-se-ão finalmente gerar novas idéias para um diagnóstico molecular racional e novas abordagens terapêuticas. / Introduction: Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (DPAs) is a highly aggressive tumor, with a high letality rate, for which few therapeutic options are available. This may be partially explained by the notorious complexity derived from the multiple genetic aberrations and mixed cellular population present in a pancreatic tumor, which can also explain the heterogeneous clinical course observed in daily practice. Lately, there is an increase in the literature about the impact of epigenetic changes on the development of several cancer, however in the pancreas these changes are still uncertain. Epigenetic deregulation may be involved in tumor cell biology, including cell growth, differentiation, tumor progression and cell death, and histone acetylation is a major mechanism that regulates gene transcription. Patterns of global histone modifications have been recently suggested as outcome predictors in cancer patients, but few studies have been conducted on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the predictive value of histone acetylation modifications on pancreatic cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic analysis was undertaken in 119 patients diagnosed with PDAC between 2005 and 2011, and immunohistochemistry performed with antibodies against H4K12ac, H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Positive nuclear staining for each histone was measured as the intensity and expression, being classified into low or high-staining groups. Results were analyzed in relation to patients’ clinicopathologic parameters. Results: There was a positive relationship between tumor differentiation and H4K12ac high scores (P<0.05) and staining of the three markers correlated positively with tumor stage (P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed worse survival in patients with high detection levels of H4K12ac (p=0.038) and H3K18Ac (P=0.033). A backwards Cox proportional hazards model revealed the independent prognostic effect of high H4K12ac and H3K18ac levels (hazard ratios of 1.6 and 1.7 respectively, p<0.05), especially for patients at early stages. We hypothesize that acetylation of H4K12 and H3K18 may be considered valuable prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer, although the mechanism involved needs further investigation. Increasing insights into histone acetylation modifications can ultimately generate new ideas for rationally and molecularly based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Introdução: a superexpressão de HER-2 tem correlação com maior agressividade em carcinomas de mama e estômago, e a sua detecção já foi incorporada como rotina na análise destas neoplasias. Critérios ideais para avaliação do HER-2 em câncer de pâncreas permanecem incertos. Objetivos: avaliar o status do HER-2 e o seu valor preditivo em adenocarcinoma pancreático. Materiais e métodos: análise clinicopatológica e imuno-histoquímica de 112 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de pâncreas com base nos critérios propostos para câncer de mama (HercepTest™) e de estômago (ToGA Trial). Resultados: pelo HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) casos apresentaram escore 3+, 3 (2.7%) escore 2+ e 104 (92.9%) escores 0/1+. Na análise pelo ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtiveram escore 3+, 32 (28.6%) escore 2+ e 71 (63.4%) escores 0/1+. Todos os casos positivos pelo HercepTest™ também o foram para o ToGA Trial. Pacientes com hiperexpressão (3+) apresentaram sobrevida média maior que aqueles sem (0 a 2+) tanto pelo HercepTest™ quanto pelo ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 meses, p = 0.029 e 40.7 vs. 10.1 meses, p = 0.013, respectivamente). Os demais parâmetros não mostraram correlação com a expressão de HER-2. Conclusão: diferenças na incidência e no significado prognóstico da superexpressão podem ser decorrentes do pequeno tamanho amostral e do uso de dois critérios diferentes de positividade para HER-2. Estes resultados servem com impulso para novas investigações de superexpressão e amplificação do HER-2 utilizando, além da imuno-histoquímica, métodos como FISH e SISH, a fim de se obter mais opções terapêuticas para oferecer aos pacientes, como agentes anti-HER-2. / Introduction: HER-2 overexpression is correlated with aggressiveness in breast and gastric cancers, and its detection has been incorporated as routine in the analysis of these neoplasms. Ideal criteria for evaluation of HER-2 in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. Objectives: to assess the HER-2 status and its predictive value in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Material and methods: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis were undertaken in 112 patients with pancreatic cancer using the criteria proposed for breast (HercepTest™) and stomach cancer (ToGA Trial). Results: using HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) cases had a score of 3+, 3 (2.7%) had a score of 2+ and 104 (92.9%) had scores of 0/1 +. By ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtained score of 3+, 32 (28.6%) had a score of 2+ score and 71 (63.4%) had scores of 0/1 +. All positive cases by HercepTest™ also went to the ToGA Trial. Patients with overexpression (3 +) showed greater survival than those without (0 to 2 +) by both HercepTest™ and ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 months, p = 0.029 and 40.7 vs. 10.1 months, p = 0.013, respectively). Other parameters did not show correlation with the expression of HER-2. Conclusion: differences in incidence and prognostic significance of overexpression may be explained from small sample size and the use of two different criteria of positivity for HER-2. These results serve as an impulse for new investigations of overexpression/amplification of the HER-2 using, besides immunohistochemistry, FISH and SISH methods, in order to get more treatment options to provide patients, as agents anti-HER-2.

abstract: Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year. The metastatic progression of cancer is the number one reason for cancer related deaths. Cancer preventions rely on the early identification of tumor cells as well as a detailed understanding of cancer as a whole. Identifying proteins specific to tumor cells provide an opportunity to develop noninvasive clinical tests and further our understanding of tumor biology. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) a short peptide was identified in pancreatic cancer patient plasma that was not found in normal samples, and mapped back to QSOX1 protein. Immunohistochemistry was performed probing for QSOX1 in tumor tissue and discovered that QSOX1 is highly over-expressed in pancreatic and breast tumors. QSOX1 is a FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that is extremely efficient at forming disulfide bonds in nascent proteins. While the enzymology of QSOX1 has been well studied, the tumor biology of QSOX1 has not been studied. To begin to determine the advantage that QSOX1 over-expression provides to tumors, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to reduce the expression of QSOX1 in human tumor cell lines. Following the loss of QSOX1 growth rate, apoptosis, cell cycle and invasive potential were compared between tumor cells transduced with shQSOX1 and control tumor cells. Knock-down of QSOX1 protein suppressed tumor cell growth but had no effect on apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. However, shQSOX1 dramatically inhibited the abilities of both pancreatic and breast tumor cells to invade through Matrigel in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Mechanistically, shQSOX1-transduced tumor cells secreted MMP-2 and -9 that were less active than MMP-2 and -9 from control cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of QSOX1-mediated tumor cell invasion is through the post-translational activation of MMPs. This dissertation represents the first in depth study of the role that QSOX1 plays in tumor cell biology. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2012

Introdução: O Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático é um tumor bastante agressivo que apresenta uma alta de letalidade e, para o qual, poucas opções terapêuticas estão disponíveis. Isto pode ser parcialmente explicado pela complexidade derivada de múltiplas aberrações genéticas e da população celular mista presente em um tumor pancreático, o que também pode explicar o curso clínico heterogêneo observado na prática diária. Ultimamente, pesquisas científicas têm contribuído para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o impacto das alterações epigenéticas no desenvolvimento de múltiplos tipos de câncer, porém no pâncreas essas alterações ainda são incertas e, por isso, foco de investigação. A desregulação epigenética parece estar envolvida no ciclo celular da célula tumoral, incluindo o crescimento celular, diferenciação, progressão tumoral e morte celular, e a acetilação das histonas é um importante mecanismo que regula a transcrição de genes envolvidos nesses processos. Padrões globais de modificações das histonas foram recentemente apontados como preditores de desfecho em pacientes com câncer, mas poucos estudos têm sido realizados nesta área, inclusive em Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP). Objetivos: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de investigar o padrão de modificação de acetilação das histonas em adenocarcinoma pancreático, através da análise imunohistoquímica. Materiais e métodos: Uma análise clinicopatológica retrospectiva foi realizada em 119 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pâncreas entre os anos de 2005 e 2011, e realizado estudo imunohistoquímico com os anticorpos contra H4K12ac, H3K9ac e H3K18ac. Marcação nuclear positiva para cada histona foi medida quanto à intensidade e expressão, sendo classificadas em grupos de baixa ou de alta intensidade/expressão. Os resultados foram analisados em relação aos parâmetros clinicopatológicos de cada paciente. Resultados: Houve uma relação positiva entre diferenciação tumoral e alta expressão de H4K12ac (P <0,05), bem como a intensidade forte dos três marcadores correlacionou-se positivamente com o estágio do tumor (P <0,01). Análise univariada mostrou pior sobrevida em pacientes com níveis elevados de expressão de H4K12ac (p = 0,038) e H3K18Ac (P = 0,033). Modelo de risco proporcional de Cox revelou o efeito prognóstico independente de níveis elevados de H4K12ac H3K18ac (taxas de risco de 1,6 e 1,7, respectivamente, p <0,05), especialmente para pacientes em estágios iniciais. Sugerimos como hipótese que as modificações na acetilação das histonas H4K12 e H3K18 podem ser consideradas fatores prognósticos importantes para o câncer de pâncreas, embora o mecanismo envolvido necessite de mais investigação. Aumentando a compreensão e o conhecimento sobre o padrão de acetilação das histonas, poder-se-ão finalmente gerar novas idéias para um diagnóstico molecular racional e novas abordagens terapêuticas. / Introduction: Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (DPAs) is a highly aggressive tumor, with a high letality rate, for which few therapeutic options are available. This may be partially explained by the notorious complexity derived from the multiple genetic aberrations and mixed cellular population present in a pancreatic tumor, which can also explain the heterogeneous clinical course observed in daily practice. Lately, there is an increase in the literature about the impact of epigenetic changes on the development of several cancer, however in the pancreas these changes are still uncertain. Epigenetic deregulation may be involved in tumor cell biology, including cell growth, differentiation, tumor progression and cell death, and histone acetylation is a major mechanism that regulates gene transcription. Patterns of global histone modifications have been recently suggested as outcome predictors in cancer patients, but few studies have been conducted on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the predictive value of histone acetylation modifications on pancreatic cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic analysis was undertaken in 119 patients diagnosed with PDAC between 2005 and 2011, and immunohistochemistry performed with antibodies against H4K12ac, H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Positive nuclear staining for each histone was measured as the intensity and expression, being classified into low or high-staining groups. Results were analyzed in relation to patients’ clinicopathologic parameters. Results: There was a positive relationship between tumor differentiation and H4K12ac high scores (P<0.05) and staining of the three markers correlated positively with tumor stage (P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed worse survival in patients with high detection levels of H4K12ac (p=0.038) and H3K18Ac (P=0.033). A backwards Cox proportional hazards model revealed the independent prognostic effect of high H4K12ac and H3K18ac levels (hazard ratios of 1.6 and 1.7 respectively, p<0.05), especially for patients at early stages. We hypothesize that acetylation of H4K12 and H3K18 may be considered valuable prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer, although the mechanism involved needs further investigation. Increasing insights into histone acetylation modifications can ultimately generate new ideas for rationally and molecularly based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Introdução: a superexpressão de HER-2 tem correlação com maior agressividade em carcinomas de mama e estômago, e a sua detecção já foi incorporada como rotina na análise destas neoplasias. Critérios ideais para avaliação do HER-2 em câncer de pâncreas permanecem incertos. Objetivos: avaliar o status do HER-2 e o seu valor preditivo em adenocarcinoma pancreático. Materiais e métodos: análise clinicopatológica e imuno-histoquímica de 112 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer de pâncreas com base nos critérios propostos para câncer de mama (HercepTest™) e de estômago (ToGA Trial). Resultados: pelo HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) casos apresentaram escore 3+, 3 (2.7%) escore 2+ e 104 (92.9%) escores 0/1+. Na análise pelo ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtiveram escore 3+, 32 (28.6%) escore 2+ e 71 (63.4%) escores 0/1+. Todos os casos positivos pelo HercepTest™ também o foram para o ToGA Trial. Pacientes com hiperexpressão (3+) apresentaram sobrevida média maior que aqueles sem (0 a 2+) tanto pelo HercepTest™ quanto pelo ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 meses, p = 0.029 e 40.7 vs. 10.1 meses, p = 0.013, respectivamente). Os demais parâmetros não mostraram correlação com a expressão de HER-2. Conclusão: diferenças na incidência e no significado prognóstico da superexpressão podem ser decorrentes do pequeno tamanho amostral e do uso de dois critérios diferentes de positividade para HER-2. Estes resultados servem com impulso para novas investigações de superexpressão e amplificação do HER-2 utilizando, além da imuno-histoquímica, métodos como FISH e SISH, a fim de se obter mais opções terapêuticas para oferecer aos pacientes, como agentes anti-HER-2. / Introduction: HER-2 overexpression is correlated with aggressiveness in breast and gastric cancers, and its detection has been incorporated as routine in the analysis of these neoplasms. Ideal criteria for evaluation of HER-2 in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. Objectives: to assess the HER-2 status and its predictive value in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Material and methods: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis were undertaken in 112 patients with pancreatic cancer using the criteria proposed for breast (HercepTest™) and stomach cancer (ToGA Trial). Results: using HercepTest™ 5 (4.5%) cases had a score of 3+, 3 (2.7%) had a score of 2+ and 104 (92.9%) had scores of 0/1 +. By ToGA Trial, 9 (8.0%) obtained score of 3+, 32 (28.6%) had a score of 2+ score and 71 (63.4%) had scores of 0/1 +. All positive cases by HercepTest™ also went to the ToGA Trial. Patients with overexpression (3 +) showed greater survival than those without (0 to 2 +) by both HercepTest™ and ToGa Trial (43.88 vs. 10.3 months, p = 0.029 and 40.7 vs. 10.1 months, p = 0.013, respectively). Other parameters did not show correlation with the expression of HER-2. Conclusion: differences in incidence and prognostic significance of overexpression may be explained from small sample size and the use of two different criteria of positivity for HER-2. These results serve as an impulse for new investigations of overexpression/amplification of the HER-2 using, besides immunohistochemistry, FISH and SISH methods, in order to get more treatment options to provide patients, as agents anti-HER-2.

Le cancer du pancréas est un cancer très agressif et de pronostic très sombre. Il est diagnostiqué tardivement et se montre résistant aux traitements. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de mettre en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs spécifiques de cette pathologie dévastatrice. Le but de notre étude était de rechercher un marqueur « génétique » de ce cancer au sein du gène de la lipase sels biliaires-dépendante (BSDL) localisé en position 9q34.3 et plus particulièrement au niveau de l'exon 11 de ce gène codant pour le domaine C-terminal de la protéine et constitué de séquences répétées (séquences VNTR). L’analyse des électrophérogrammes obtenues après séquençage de Sanger à partir des amplicons de PCR réalisées sur l’ADNg extraits de tissus de patients atteints de cancer du pancréas, a permis d’identifier deux altérations génétiques : (i) la présence d’un SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) synonyme référencé rs488087, impliquant la transition c.1719C>T ; qui semble être associée au développement d’un cancer du pancréas sporadique et pourrait être un potentiel facteur prédictif de ce cancer permettant de cibler des populations à risque, (ii) la présence d’une insertion d’un nucléotide C induisant l'apparition d'une protéine BSDL tronquée présentant une séquence C-terminale modifiée contre laquelle ont été développé des anticorps polyclonaux. Cette nouvelle séquence pourrait constituer un potentiel marqueur diagnostique et/ou thérapeutique du cancer du pancréas. Ces deux altérations génétiques constituent ainsi de potentiels marqueurs du cancer du pancréas. / Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease progressing asymptomatically until death within months after diagnosis. In this context, it is necessary to identify new specific markers to develop diagnostic tools and to target an at risk population. The aim of our study was to find a "genetic" marker in the bile salt-dependant lipase gene (BSDL). The human BSDL gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 9 in 9q34.3 with a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the coding region of exon 11. The electropherograms obtained after Sanger sequencing analysis of gDNA amplified from pancreatic cancer tissue samples allowed us to highlight: (i) the presence of a SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) involved in c.1719C>T transition which is referenced rs488087. rs488087 seems to be associated with the sporadic pancreatic cancer development and may be a predictive factor of pancreatic cancer for targeting an at risk population, (ii) the presence of a C nucleotide insertion leading to a premature stop codon with truncated protein and to the modification of the C-terminal sequence end. This new C-terminal sequence, alteration could be used as a potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic marker. Finally, these two genetic alterations identified in BSDL gene could constitute potential markers of pancreatic cancer.